Low-frequency somatic copy number alterations in normal human lymphocytes revealed by large-scale single-cell whole-genome profiling.

Genomic-scale somatic copy number alterations in healthy humans are difficult to investigate because of low occurrence rates and the structural variations' stochastic natures. Using a Tn5-transposase-assisted single-cell whole-genome sequencing method, we sequenced over 20,000 single lymphocytes from 16 individuals. Then, with the scale increased to a few thousand single cells per individual, we found that about 7.5% of the cells had large-size copy number alterations. Trisomy 21 was the most prevalent aneuploid event among all autosomal copy number alterations, whereas monosomy X occurred most frequently in over-30-yr-old females. In the monosomy X single cells from individuals with phased genomes and identified X-inactivation ratios in bulk, the inactive X Chromosomes were lost more often than the active ones.

Association of carotid duplex ultrasonography screening with stroke and mortality among patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting.

OBJECTIVE: Selection criteria for carotid duplex ultrasonography screening (DUS) before coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is primarily based on limited observational analysis, and the risks associated with carotid artery stenosis (CAS) detected by this approach to preoperative DUS are uncertain. This study aimed to determine the association of carotid DUS with stroke and mortality among patients undergoing CABG. METHODS: Adult patients with coronary artery disease who underwent isolated CABG or CABG with concomitant valvular or congenital procedure were identified. CHA2DS2-VASc score was assessed before CABG, and patients were recorded as high risk if they had a score of 3 or higher. The primary outcomes were stroke and all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes included ischemic stroke, non-ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, and cardiovascular mortality. RESULTS: Among 8958 patients who underwent CABG, 70.9% (n = 6347) received carotid DUS preoperatively (low-risk, 57.3%; high-risk, 42.7%). In the low-risk cohort, there was no significant difference in the risk of stroke (20.7 per 1000 patient-years for CAS vs 13.1 per 1000 patient-years for no CAS; adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.78-1.68) or mortality (20.5 per 1000 patient-years for CAS vs 16.8 per 1000 patient-years for no CAS; aHR, 1.33; 95% CI, 0.97-1.83) at 15 years. In the high-risk cohort, CAS was associated with significantly higher risks of stroke at 30 days (433.2 vs 279.5 per 1000 patient-years; aHR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.00-3.70) and mortality at 15 years (38.4 vs 32.7 per 1000 patient-years; aHR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.01-1.57) compared with no CAS. CONCLUSIONS: CAS did not impact the incidence of stroke or mortality in the low-risk cohort who underwent CABG. However, in the high-risk cohort, CAS was associated with a significant increase in the risks of 30-day stroke and 15-year mortality, indicating selective carotid DUS is necessarily recommended for these patients.

Efficient Nitrogen Reduction on Weyl Antiferromagnet Mn3 Sn.

Topological semimetals have gradually emerged as excellent catalysts owing to their robust surface states. Recently, Mn3 X (X=Sn, Ge, and Ir), which exhibits noncollinear antiferromagnetic phases at room temperature, has been found to possess energy bands that are characteristic of Weyl semimetals. In this study, we demonstrate that the perfect Mn3 Sn (001) surface is favorable for N2 reduction with a low onset potential. According to a theoretical criterion, the catalytic performance of the (001) surface of Mn3 Sn is higher than that of the (001) surfaces of the homologues Cr3 Sn and Mo3 Sn. The construction and catalytic performance of other types of Mn3 Sn surfaces are also investigated. Our findings highlight the feasibility of applying topological Weyl semimetals as electrocatalysts for N2 reduction.

Crystalline-Amorphous Heterophase PdMoCrW Tetrametallene: Highly Efficient Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts for a Long-Term Zn-Air Battery.

Metallenes have received sustained attention owing to their unique microstructure characteristics and compelling catalytic applications, but the synthesis of multielement crystalline-amorphous metallenes remains a formidable challenge. Herein, we report a one-step wet chemical reduction method to synthesize composition-tunable crystalline-amorphous heterophase PdMoCrW tetrametallene. As-synthesized PdMoCrW tetrametallene is composed of approximately six to seven atomic layers and has flexible crimpiness, a crystalline-amorphous heterophase structure, and high-valence metal species. Time-dependent experiments show that PdMoCrW tetrametallene follows a three-step growth mechanism that includes nucleation, lateral growth, and atom diffusion, respectively. The novel ultrathin structure, optimized Pd electronic structure, and hydrophilic surface together greatly promote the activity and stability of PdMoCrW tetrametallene in the alkaline oxygen reduction reaction. Pd75.9Mo9.4Cr8.9W5.8/C exhibits excellent mass and specific activities of 2.81 A mgPd-1 and 4.05 mA cm-2, which are 20.07/14.46 and 23.42/16.20 times higher than those of commercial Pt/C and Pd/C, respectively. Furthermore, a Zn-air battery assembled using Pd75.9Mo9.4Cr8.9W5.8/C as a cathode catalyst achieves a peak power density of 156 mW cm-2 and an ultralong durability of 329 h. This study reports an effective strategy for constructing crystalline-amorphous quaternary metallenes to advance non-Pt electrocatalysts toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance and for a Zn-air battery.

LPA2 Contributes to Vascular Endothelium Homeostasis and Cardiac Remodeling After Myocardial Infarction.

RATIONALE: Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the most dangerous adverse cardiovascular events. Our previous study found that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is increased in human peripheral blood after MI, and LPA has a protective effect on the survival and proliferation of various cell types. However, the role of LPA and its receptors in MI is less understood. OBJECTIVES: To study the unknown role of LPA and its receptors in heart during MI. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this study, we found that mice also had elevated LPA level in peripheral blood, as well as increased cardiac expression of its receptor LPA2 in the early stages after MI. With adult and neonate MI models in global Lpar2 knockout (Lpar2-KO) mice, we found Lpar2 deficiency increased vascular leak leading to disruption of its homeostasis, so as to impaired heart function and increased early mortality. Histological examination revealed larger scar size, increased fibrosis, and reduced vascular density in the heart of Lpar2-KO mice. Furthermore, Lpar2-KO also attenuated blood flow recovery after femoral artery ligation with decreased vascular density in gastrocnemius. Our study revealed that Lpar2 was mainly expressed and altered in cardiac endothelial cells during MI, and use of endothelial-specific Lpar2 knockout mice phenocopied the global knockout mice. Additionally, adenovirus-Lpar2 and pharmacologically activated LPA2 significantly improved heart function, reduced scar size, increased vascular formation, and alleviated early mortality by maintaining vascular homeostasis owing to protecting vessels from leakage. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that LPA-LPA2 signaling could promote endothelial cell proliferation through PI3K-Akt/PLC-Raf1-Erk pathway and enhanced endothelial cell tube formation via PKD1-CD36 signaling. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that endothelial LPA-LPA2 signaling promotes angiogenesis and maintains vascular homeostasis, which is vital for restoring blood flow and repairing tissue function in ischemic injuries. Targeting LPA-LPA2 signal might have clinical therapeutic potential to protect the heart from ischemic injury.

The earliest optimal timing for total-body 68Ga-fibroblast activation protein inhibitor-04 PET scans: an evidence-based single-centre study.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the earliest optimal timing for positron emission tomography (PET) scans after 68Ga-fibroblast activation protein inhibitor-04 ([68Ga]Ga-FAPI-04) injection. METHODS: This prospective study enrolled patients who underwent 60-min dynamic 68Ga-FAPI-04 total-body PET/CT scans; the images were reconstructed at 10-min intervals (G0-10, G10-20, G20-30, G30-40, G40-50, and G50-60), and the [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 uptake patterns were evaluated. The standardised uptake value (SUV), liver signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and lesion-to-background ratios (LBRs) for different time windows were calculated to evaluate image quality and lesion detectability. The period from 30 to 40 min was then split into overlapping 5-min intervals starting 1 min apart for further evaluation. G50-60 was considered the reference. RESULTS: A total of 30 patients with suspected malignant tumours were analysed. In the images reconstructed over 10-min intervals, longer acquisition times were associated with lower background uptake and better image quality. Some lesions could not be detected until G30-40. The lesion detection rate, uptake, and LBRs did not differ significantly among G30-40, G40-50, and G50-60 (all p > 0.05). The SUVmean and LBRs of primary tumours in the reconstructed images did not differ significantly among the 5-min intervals between 30 and 40 min; for metastatic and benign lesions, G34-39 and G35-40 showed significantly better SUVmean and LBR values than the other images. The G34-39 and G50-60 scans showed no significant differences in uptake, LBRs, or detection rates (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The earliest optimal time to start acquisition was 34 min after injection of half-dose [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-04. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: This study evaluated 68Ga-fibroblast activation protein inhibitor-04 ([68Ga]Ga-FAPI-04) uptake patterns by comparing the image quality and lesion detection rate with 60-min dynamic [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 total-body PET/CT scans and identified the earliest optimal scan time after [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 injection. KEY POINTS: • A prospective single-centre study showed that the earliest optimal time point to start acquisition was 34 min after injection of half-dose [68Ga-fibroblast activation protein inhibitor-04 (68Ga]Ga-FAPI-04). • There were statistically significant differences in standardised uptake value, lesion-to-background ratios, and lesion detectability between scans before and after 34 min from the injection of [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-04, but these values did not change further from 34 to 60 min after injection. • With a reasonable acquisition time, the image quality could still meet diagnostic requirements.

Advances in uremic toxin detection and monitoring in the management of chronic kidney disease progression to end-stage renal disease.

Patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) rely on dialysis to remove toxins and stay alive. However, hemodialysis alone is insufficient to completely remove all/major uremic toxins, resulting in the accumulation of specific toxins over time. The complexity of uremic toxins and their varying clearance rates across different dialysis modalities poses significant challenges, and innovative approaches such as microfluidics, biomarker discovery, and point-of-care testing are being investigated. This review explores recent advances in the qualitative and quantitative analysis of uremic toxins and highlights the use of innovative methods, particularly label-mediated and label-free surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, primarily for qualitative detection. The ability to analyze uremic toxins can optimize hemodialysis settings for more efficient toxin removal. Integration of multiple omics disciplines will also help identify biomarkers and understand the pathogenesis of ESKD, provide deeper understanding of uremic toxin profiling, and offer insights for improving hemodialysis programs. This review also highlights the importance of early detection and improved understanding of chronic kidney disease to improve patient outcomes.

Global patterns of rebound to normal RSV dynamics following COVID-19 suppression.

BACKGROUND: Annual epidemics of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) had consistent timing and intensity between seasons prior to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic (COVID-19). However, starting in April 2020, RSV seasonal activity declined due to COVID-19 non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) before re-emerging after relaxation of NPIs. We described the unusual patterns of RSV epidemics that occurred in multiple subsequent waves following COVID-19 in different countries and explored factors associated with these patterns. METHODS: Weekly cases of RSV from twenty-eight countries were obtained from the World Health Organisation and combined with data on country-level characteristics and the stringency of the COVID-19 response. Dynamic time warping and regression were used to cluster time series patterns and describe epidemic characteristics before and after COVID-19 pandemic, and identify related factors. RESULTS: While the first wave of RSV epidemics following pandemic suppression exhibited unusual patterns, the second and third waves more closely resembled typical RSV patterns in many countries. Post-pandemic RSV patterns differed in their intensity and/or timing, with several broad patterns across the countries. The onset and peak timings of the first and second waves of RSV epidemics following COVID-19 suppression were earlier in the Southern than Northern Hemisphere. The second wave of RSV epidemics was also earlier with higher population density, and delayed if the intensity of the first wave was higher. More stringent NPIs were associated with lower RSV growth rate and intensity and a shorter gap between the first and second waves. CONCLUSION: Patterns of RSV activity have largely returned to normal following successive waves in the post-pandemic era. Onset and peak timings of future epidemics following disruption of normal RSV dynamics need close monitoring to inform the delivery of preventive and control measures.

Real-world data of 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy for Bowen's disease: A 10-year retrospective study in the skin of color patients (2011-2021).

BACKGROUND: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been strongly recommended as an excellent alternative treatment for Bowen's disease (BD). However, reported data on 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated PDT (ALA-PDT) with red light irradiation are limited and the long-term effectiveness remains to be determined, especially in dark-skinned populations. METHODS: Medical records of BD patients who received ALA-PDT with red light irradiation between February 2011 and June 2021 were reviewed and summarized. Univariate and multivariate analyses of clinically relevant variables that may affect treatment outcomes were performed to identify risk predictors. RESULTS: The overall clearance rate of 122 BD lesions was 89.3% with a median follow-up time of 36 months. The correlation between the effectiveness and fluorescence intensity of pre-PDT or PDT sessions was statistically significant after eliminating the interference of confounding factors. All recurrences occurred in the first two years following ALA-PDT. CONCLUSION: ALA-PDT is an effective treatment for BD in the skin of color patients. Well-executed operation and effective pre-treatment are the determinants of effectiveness. Fluorescence intensity of pre-PDT appeared to be a significant predictor of final effectiveness. In addition, two years of follow-up is necessary following ALA-PDT.

Year-Round Respiratory Syncytial Virus Transmission in The Netherlands Following the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Prospective Nationwide Observational and Modeling Study.

We initiated a nationwide prospective study to monitor respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-related pediatric hospitalizations in 46 hospitals throughout the Netherlands between May 2021 and August 2022. We showed year-round RSV transmission in the Netherlands after an initial 2021 summer outbreak. The pattern was unprecedented and distinct from neighboring countries. We extended a dynamic simulation model to evaluate the impact of waning immunity on pediatric RSV hospitalizations in the Netherlands using 4 different scenarios. Our results suggest that the observed continuous RSV transmission pattern could be associated with waning immunity due to the period of very low RSV circulation during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Individualized targeting is warranted in subcallosal cingulate gyrus deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: A tractography analysis.

Subcallosal cingulate gyrus (SCG) is a target of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for treatment-resistant depression. However, previous randomized controlled trials report that approximately 42% of patients are responders to this therapy of last resort, and suboptimal targeting of SCG is a potential underlying factor to this unsatisfactory efficacy. Tractography has been proposed as a supplementary method to enhance targeting strategy. We performed a connectivity-based segmentation in the SCG region via probabilistic tractography in 100 healthy volunteers from the Human Connectome Project. The SCG voxels with maximum connectivity to brain regions implicated in depression, including Brodmann Area 10 (BA10), cingulate cortex, thalamus, and nucleus accumbens were identified, and the conjunctions were deemed as tractography-based targets. We then performed deterministic tractography using these targets in additional 100 volunteers to calculate streamline counts compassing to relevant brain regions and fibers. We also evaluated the intra- and inter-subject variance using test-retest dataset. Two tractography-based targets were identified. Tractography-based target-1 had the highest streamline counts to right BA10 and bilateral cingulate cortex, while tractography-based target-2 had the highest streamline counts to bilateral nucleus accumbens and uncinate fasciculus. The mean linear distance from individual tractography-based target to anatomy-based target was 3.2 ± 1.8 mm and 2.5 ± 1.4 mm in left and right hemispheres. The mean ± SD of targets between intra- and inter-subjects were 2.2 ± 1.2 and 2.9 ± 1.4 in left hemisphere, and 2.3 ± 1.4 and 3.1 ± 1.7 in right hemisphere, respectively. Individual heterogeneity as well as inherent variability from diffusion imaging should be taken into account during SCG-DBS target planning procedure.

Superiority of complete bi-atrial ablation procedure for atrial fibrillation in rheumatic mitral valve disease.

INTRODUCTION: The necessity of complete bi-atrial lesion created by radiofrequency clamp and pen for nonparoxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease (RMVD) remains unclear. METHODS: From January 2014 to December 2018, patients with RMVD concomitant with nonparoxysmal AF who underwent mitral valve surgery concomitant surgical ablation were retrospectively enrolled. We divided patients into Group A (complete bi-atrial lesion set created by radiofrequency clamp and pen) and Group B (simplified lesion sets created by radiofrequency clamp alone including bi-atrial ablation with incomplete mitral isthmus line and stand-alone left atrial ablation) according to the surgical ablation lesion sets. Propensity score matching was applied to analyze freedom from atrial tachyarrhythmias between the two groups. RESULTS: Two hundred eight (38.5%) and 332 (61.5%) patients were divided into Group A and Group B, respectively. In Group B, the proportion of patients with recurrent atrial flutter in the subgroup of bi-atrial ablation with incomplete mitral isthmus line was higher than that in Group A (p = .044). After propensity score matching, there were 203 patients in each group. Better freedom from atrial tachyarrhythmias without antiarrhythmic drugs was obtained in Group A (83.1%, 79.6%, and 65.4%) than Group B (73.1%, 68.4%, and 52.7%) at 12, 36, and 60 months after operation (p = .012). CONCLUSION: The application of radiofrequency clamp and pen to create complete bi-atrial lesion set in surgical ablation for nonparoxysmal AF in RMVD was associated with superior long-term efficacy.

Insight into the underlying molecular mechanism of dilated cardiomyopathy through integrative analysis of data mining, iTRAQ-PRM proteomics and bioinformatics.

BACKGROUND: DCM is a common cardiomyopathy worldwide, which is characterized by ventricular dilatation and systolic dysfunction. DCM is one of the most widespread diseases contributing to sudden death and heart failure. However, our understanding of its molecular mechanisms is limited because of its etiology and underlying mechanisms. Hence, this study explored the underlying molecular mechanism of dilated cardiomyopathy through integrative analysis of data mining, iTRAQ-PRM proteomics and bioinformatics METHODS: DCM target genes were downloaded from the public databases. Next, DCM was induced in 20 rats by 8 weeks doxorubicin treatment (2.5 mg/kg/week). We applied isobaric tags for a relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) coupled with proteomics approach to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in myocardial tissue. After association analysis of the DEPs and the key target genes, subsequent analyses, including functional annotation, pathway enrichment, validation, were performed. RESULTS: Nine hundred thirty-five genes were identified as key target genes from public databases. Meanwhile, a total of 782 DEPs, including 348 up-regulated and 434 down-regulated proteins, were identified in our animal experiment. The functional annotation of these DEPs revealed complicated molecular mechanisms including TCA cycle, Oxidative phosphorylation, Cardiac muscle contraction. Moreover, the DEPs were analyzed for association with the key target genes screened in the public dataset. We further determined the importance of these three pathways. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that TCA cycle, Oxidative phosphorylation, Cardiac muscle contraction played important roles in the detailed molecular mechanisms of DCM.

Association between stress hyperglycaemia and in-hospital cardiac events after coronary artery bypass grafting in patients without diabetes: A retrospective observational study of 5450 patients.

AIMS: To investigate the impact of stress hyperglycaemia (SH) on in-hospital adverse cardiac events after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in patients without diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In total, 5450 patients without diabetes who underwent CABG were analysed. SH was defined as any two instances in which the random blood glucose level was >7.8 mmol/L after CABG in the intensive care unit (ICU). The primary outcome was major adverse cardiac events (MACEs), including in-hospital mortality, acute myocardial infarction, stroke and acute renal failure. Secondary outcomes included surgical site infection (SSI) and length of ICU stay. RESULTS: Patients with SH had higher rates of MACEs (5.7% vs. 2.3%, p < .0001) and higher SSI (3.3% vs. 1.4%, p = .0003) and longer ICU stays (2.6 ± 2.0 vs. 1.3 ± 1.3 days, p < .0001) than those without SH. Furthermore, SH was associated with a higher risk of MACEs [odds ratio (OR): 2.32, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.38-3.90], SSI (OR: 2.21, 95% CI: 1.20-3.95) and longer ICU stay (OR: 12.27, 95% CI: 9.41-16.92) after adjusting for confounders. Subgroup analysis showed that patients with SH >10 mmol/L or SH that occurred in the ICU and lasted more than 48 h had increased risks of postoperative complications (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: SH was significantly associated with an increased risk of MACEs, SSI and longer ICU stay after CABG in patients without diabetes. In addition, SH >10 mmol/L or that occurred in the ICU and lasted more than 48 h increased the risk of adverse outcomes.

Predictors and prevalence of COVID-19 vaccination in patients with focal epilepsy following resection surgery.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: In light of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, vaccination has emerged as the primary and most effective solution. The aim of this study was to examine compliance rates of vaccination and explore the factors that predict vaccine uptake among patients with epilepsy (PWE) who have undergone resection surgery. METHOD: To examine the variations in vaccination coverage, safety concerns, and factors influencing vaccination hesitancy among PWE who have undergone resection surgery, this study recruited patients with at least one-year follow-up. We utilized questionnaires to gather clinical characteristics and obtain information regarding COVID-19 vaccines. RESULTS: Among the 303 patients included in the study, a majority of 229 (75.58%) achieved a seizure-free outcome (Engel Ia). Of these patients, 178 (58.75%) received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine, and the vaccination rate has remained relatively consistent over the past six months. Nearly 94.95% of those who received the vaccine completed the full vaccination regimen, with the majority (n = 174, 97.75%) opting for an inactivated vaccine. Only three patients reported side effects unrelated to epilepsy, and one patient experienced a worsening of typical aura seizures within one month after vaccination. Notably, significant positive associations were observed between COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and adulthood (age 18 years or older) (OR = 1.820, 95% CI = 1.018-3.252, p = 0.043) as well as achieving a seizure-free outcome (OR = 2.823, 95% CI = 1.619-4.921, p < 0.001). Regarding the unvaccinated patients, approximately one-fifth expressed willingness to receive a future COVID-19 vaccine, while the remainder were hesitant (41.60%) or unsure (39.20%) about vaccination. These reservations mainly stemmed from concerns about the potential worsening of seizures and vaccine safety. CONCLUSIONS: Inactivated vaccines can be considered safe for individuals with epilepsy who have undergone resection surgery. The likelihood of being vaccinated was found to be comparatively higher among the cohort with seizure-free status or adults. To promote COVID-19 vaccination among children, it is crucial to implement comprehensive education and public awareness campaigns that emphasize the safety of vaccines. These efforts will help encourage widespread acceptance of vaccination and ensure the well-being of individuals with epilepsy.

Biphenylene network as sodium ion battery anode material.

Sodium ion batteries possess several advantages for large-scale energy storage, such as low cost and enhanced safety. However, graphite or other anode materials are not satisfactory because the large radius of Na+ hinders their embedding and removal in the charge and discharge processes. Recently, a biphenylene network (BPN), a two-dimensional (2D) carbon allotrope, has been synthesized. In this paper, we reveal the potential possibility of BPN as a Na storage material. The theoretical results indicate the advantages of BPN as a sodium battery anode. The maximum specific capacity (413 mA h g-1) is larger than that of the graphite-Li system (372 mA h g-1). With low Na+ diffusion barrier (<0.6 eV) and small volume expansion in the charging process (∼26%), BPN presents superiority to the graphite-Na system. Our findings show new insights into Na storage in BPN and provide guidance for the use of a BPN anode in sodium ion batteries.

Surface-independent CO2 and CO reduction on two-dimensional kagome metal KV3Sb5.

Two-dimensional kagome metals possess rich band structure characteristics, including Dirac points, flat bands, and van Hove singularities, because of their special geometric structures. Furthermore, kagome metals AV3Sb5 (A = K, Rb, and Cs) have garnered significant attention due to their nontrivial topological electronic structures. In this study, we theoretically demonstrate that the KV3Sb5 (001) surface is conducive to CO2 and CO reduction. The thermodynamic stability and electrochemical states of various surface types are investigated. The reaction paths reveal that the product is identical on different surfaces, and the free energy profiles exhibit low onset potentials. This paper elucidates the effect of two-dimensional topological kagome metals on CO2 and CO reduction.

iTRAQ and PRM-Based Comparative Proteomic Profiling of the Hippocampus in Rat Models of Epilepsy.

BACKGROUND: Epilepsy is a disease caused by paroxysmal abnormal supersynchronous electrical activity of brain neurons, and it is also one of the most common illnesses in neurology. Among the causes, hippocampal sclerosis may be one of the main causes of temporal lobe epilepsy. However, the pathogenesis of hippocampal sclerosis in epilepsy remains unclear. METHODS: We established an epilepsy model by intraperitoneal injection of pentetrazol (PTZ) into Sprague-Dawley rats, and applied isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) technology to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the hippocampus. We quantified a total of 3782 proteins. DEPs were defined as proteins with a fold change >1.2 (or <0.83) and a Q value (p-adjusted) <0.05. RESULTS: Comparing the epilepsy group and the control group, we identified 170 DEPs, comprising 109 upregulated and 61 downregulated proteins. According to bioinformatics analysis, the DEPs were primarily involved in long-term potentiation, the calcium signalling pathway, aldosterone synthesis and secretion, carbon metabolism, and dopaminergic synapses. Four of these proteins were validated using parallel reaction monitoring (PRM), including Glud1, Atp1a2, Prkcg and Arpc3. CONCLUSIONS: Our research results may provide further insight into the molecular pathology of hippocampal injury in epilepsy.

A case of unexpected death due to primary angiitis of the central nervous system.

Primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS) is a rare and fatal cerebral vasculitis mainly involving the arteriole of the pia mater, cerebral cortex, and spinal cord. It has an insidious onset atypical symptoms. In this paper, we reported an unexpected death due to cerebral hemorrhage caused by PACNS. According to the typical clinical manifestations (headache, dizziness, weakness of the limbs, temporary blurred vision, etc.) and pathological examination (wide degeneration and fibrinoid necrosis of blood vessel walls with inflammatory cell infiltration), as well as hematoxylin-eosin staining, immunohistochemistry for CD15 + and gram staining, we finally determined that the patient died due to cerebral vascular rupture and hemorrhage caused by PACNS. This case illustrates the value and key points of autopsy in evaluating sudden deaths.

Case report: sudden death following the administration of CAR-NK cells for lung cancer immunotherapy.

Lung cancer is a high degree of malignancy. Although surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have made significant progress and become general methods of clinical treatment, the overall survival rate is still low. In recent years, targeted therapy and immunotherapy have a rapid development in the clinical treatment of tumors. Among them, natural killer (NK) cells have the advantages of rapid killing of diseased cells and low risk of graft-versus-host reaction. It is considered a great vector for chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), making them have good application prospects in tumor immunotherapy. However, its clinical application in lung cancer needs further research. Herein, we reported a case of a lung cancer patient undergoing CAR-NK cell immunotherapy after resection, which caused a cytokine storm and sudden death after the fourth treatment. This case report provides a reference for the forensic examination of cadavers that died after immunotherapy and challenges the clinical application of cell immunotherapy.