The omentum harbors unique conditions in the peritoneal cavity to promote healing and regeneration for diaphragm muscle repair in mdx mice.

Although the primary cause of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a genetic mutation, the inflammatory response contributes directly to severity and exacerbation of the diaphragm muscle pathology. The omentum is a lymphoid organ with unique structural and immune functions serving as a sanctuary of hematopoietic and mesenchymal progenitors that coordinate immune responses in the peritoneal cavity. Upon activation, these progenitors expand and the organ produces large amounts of growth factors orchestrating tissue regeneration. The omentum of mdx mouse, a DMD murine model, is rich in milky spots and produces growth factors that promote diaphragm muscle regeneration. The present review summarizes the current knowledge of the omentum as an important immunologic structure and highlights its contribution to resolution of dystrophic muscle injury by providing an adequate environment for muscle regeneration, thus being a potential site for therapeutic interventions in DMD.

Pattern of cardiotoxin-induced muscle remodeling in distinct TLR-4 deficient mouse strains.

Tissue damage triggers innate immune response mediated by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR) that recognizes endogenous host danger molecules associated with cell death and tissue inflammation, although the precise role of TLR-4 signaling in muscle tissue repair is still uncertain. Previously, we observed that TLR-4 exerted a protective effect preventing excessive muscular damage induced by Bothrops jararacussu crude venom. This study aimed to evaluate the involvement of TLR-4 at early stages of muscular tissue remodeling in distinct mouse strains after injection of purified snake venom. Muscular injury was induced by injection of 25 µl (0.05 mg/ml) of cardiotoxin (CTX) from Naja mossambica in the gastrocnemius muscle of C3H/HeN (wild-type); C3H/HeJ mice that express a non-functional TLR-4 receptor, C57BL/6 and Tlr4 -/- (B6 background) mice. Comparing to control, Tlr4 -/- mice presented at early stages (3 DPI) of muscle injury mild inflammation with low MMP-9 activity, scarce macrophage infiltration and premature change to anti-inflammatory phenotype, low TNF-α mRNA levels and reduced myogenin expression, with low regeneration and tissue remodeling. The presence of more Ly6Cneg macrophages in Tlr4 -/- mice at 3 DPI indicates that TLR-4 may influence the differentiation into Ly6Cneg or likely affect proliferation of such cells in the muscle. The present study shows that TLR-4 deficiency and genetic background influence the outcome of muscular tissue repair in aseptic lesions and yet still maintaining some level of signaling in the TLR4-mutant mice.

Heteromorphic stamens are differentially attractive in Swartzia (Fabaceae).

The division of labour hypothesis between stamens has explained the evolution of divergent functions between dimorphic stamens in the same flower. However, little is known about whether the distinct type of stamens differs in attractiveness to pollinators. Therefore, we investigate whether the two types of stamens commonly found in Swartzia have different visual and olfactory attractants. We performed observations of anthesis dynamics, registration and collection of floral visitors, measurements of reflectance of floral parts and chemical analysis of the volatile organic compounds of the floral parts of two species, S. flaemingii and S. simplex. Both species have two distinct sets of stamens: one with smaller and abundant stamens in the centre of the flower and the other with fewer but larger abaxial stamens. The sets differ in UV reflectance (only S. simplex) and exhibit a distinct chromatic contrast. Concerning olfactory attractiveness, aliphatic compounds make up most of the odour of the two species, both whole flowers and most of their floral organs. On the other hand, only S. simplex presented apocarotenoids (as ionones) and benzenoids. Furthermore, there are differences in the proportion of volatiles emitted by the stamen in both cases, as the high proportion of sesquiterpenes among the smaller stamens compared to the larger ones. In conclusion, the two types of stamens found in S. flaemingii and S. simplex show a distinct attractiveness. In addition, our data have demonstrated diverse ways of differential attractiveness both between distinct stamens set per flower and between the two species from the same pollen flowers genus.

Anti-inflammatory activity of Eugenia punicifolia extract on muscular lesion of mdx dystrophic mice.

Eugenia punicifolia known as "pedra-ume caá" is a shrub largely distributed in the Amazon region popularly used in decoctions or infusions as a natural therapeutic agent, which can interfere on cholinergic nicotinic neurotransmission. This work aimed to investigate a putative anti-inflammatory effect of dichloromethane fraction of E. punicifolia extract (Ep-CM) in the muscular lesion of mdx dystrophic mice, considering that activation of cholinergic mechanisms mitigates inflammation. A polymer containing the Ep-CM was implanted in mdx gastrocnemius muscle before onset of myonecrosis for local slow and gradual release of bioactive compounds and mice sacrificed 7 days or 9 weeks after surgery. Comparing to control muscle, treatment did not alter choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase enzymatic activities, but decreased metaloproteases-9 and -2 activities and levels of tumor necrosis factor α and NFκB transcription factor. In addition, treatment also reduced levels of bioactive IL-1ß form and cleaved caspase-3, related to early events of cellular death and inflammatory activation and further increased myogenin expression without affecting collagen production which is associated with fibrosis. In vivo treatment of mdx dystrophic mice with Ep-CM caused significant reduction of muscular inflammation and improved skeletal muscle regeneration without inducing fibrosis.

Large mammary hamartoma of axillary supernumerary breast tissue.

Hamartoma is an uncommon breast tumor and it is extremely rare to find it in ectopic breast tissue. We report the first case, to our knowledge, of a large hamartoma axillary supernumerary breast tissue. This report describes the case of a 33-year-old Brazilian patient who detected a lump in her left axillary supernumerary breast tissue at the same time as she was diagnosed with systemic erythematous lupus and corticoid treatment was initiated. The lesion showed progressive growth, reaching considerable proportions within a year, and it was removed with good esthetic and functional results.

Intranasal administration of perillyl alcohol activates peripheral and bronchus-associated immune system in vivo.

Perillyl alcohol (POH) presents antitumoral activity but clinical application is hampered by adverse effects following oral administration. This work aimed to verify the cytotoxic effect of intranasal POH administration in the histology of lung, liver, brain; the cellularity and function of peripheral and bronchoalveolar-associated immune system. C57 adult mice received 1-min inhalation with POH, vehicle 70 % ethanol or saline buffer, once (84 µg/day) or twice (164 µg/day) during five consecutive days, and were killed 72 h after treatment. Spleen, cervical and mesenteric lymph nodes were removed for (3)H-thymidine proliferation assay, leukocyte cellularity and flow cytometry analysis. Peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage cells were collected to assess cellularity and immunoglobulin (IgA, IgM) levels. Intranasal POH did not alter body weight or liver, brain and lung morphology, but increased splenocyte and cervical lymph node cell proliferation, and IgM production without altering peripheral lymphocyte subsets. Treatment also increased the percentage of alveolar macrophages (83 %) and IgA-producing lymphocytes (15 %), a pattern characteristic of activated bronchoalveolar innate immune system. Intranasal administration of POH activated peripheral immune system and innate immunity of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue, thus suggesting a possible role for POH as a chemotherapeutic drug also in pathological processes affecting the lung.

A virtual imaging platform for multi-modality medical image simulation.

This paper presents the Virtual Imaging Platform (VIP), a platform accessible at http://vip.creatis.insa-lyon.fr to facilitate the sharing of object models and medical image simulators, and to provide access to distributed computing and storage resources. A complete overview is presented, describing the ontologies designed to share models in a common repository, the workflow template used to integrate simulators, and the tools and strategies used to exploit computing and storage resources. Simulation results obtained in four image modalities and with different models show that VIP is versatile and robust enough to support large simulations. The platform currently has 200 registered users who consumed 33 years of CPU time in 2011.

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation reduces skeletal muscle inflammation of mdx mice.

Mdx mice develop an inflammatory myopathy characterized at different ages by myonecrosis with scattered inflammatory infiltrates followed by muscular regeneration and later persistent fibrosis. This work aimed to verify the putative anti-inflammatory role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) in the mdx muscular lesion. Mitigation of myonecrosis and decreased TNFα production were accompanied by increased numbers of F4/80 macrophages expressing nAChRα7. In vivo treatment with nicotine attenuated muscular inflammation characterized by reduced metalloprotease MMP-9 activity, TNFα and NFkB content and increased muscular regeneration. Our data indicate that nAChR activation influences local inflammatory responses in the muscular lesion of mdx mice.