Association between atrioventricular node reentrant tachycardia and inducible atrial flutter.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the inducibility of atrial flutter in patients with atrioventricular (AV) node reentrant tachycardia and to determine the effect of radio-frequency ablation of the slow AV node pathway on the inducibility of atrial flutter. BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that both AV node reentrant tachycardia and atrial flutter are reentrant arrhythmias having an area of slow conduction that is located in the low posterior right atrium near the ostium of the coronary sinus. METHODS: Ninety-one patients were prospectively evaluated using a standardized atrial pacing protocol. Three groups of patients were analyzed: 42 patients with inducible AV node reentrant tachycardia, 13 with a history of spontaneous atrial flutter and 36 control patients. A subgroup of 34 patients with AV node reentrant tachycardia who underwent successful radiofrequency ablation of the slow AV node pathway underwent atrial pacing again after ablation. RESULTS: Atrial flutter was more frequently inducible in patients with AV node reentrant tachycardia (88%) and in those with a history of atrial flutter (92%) than in control patients (36%) (p = 0.0001). There were no differences between the patient groups with respect to atrial effective refractory period, P wave duration or PA interval at the His position. Among the 34 patients with AV node reentrant tachycardia who underwent atrial pacing before and after radiofrequency ablation, there were 30 with atrial flutter and 4 with atrial fibrillation before ablation and 29 with atrial flutter and 5 with atrial fibrillation after ablation (p = NS). There was no difference in the duration of the induced atrial flutter before and after ablation. The mean atrial flutter cycle length before ablation (206 +/- 22 ms) was not different from that after ablation (196 +/- 20 ms) (p = NS). CONCLUSIONS: There is a strong association between AV node reentrant tachycardia and inducible atrial flutter, suggesting that there may be a common area of perinodal atrium participating in the two tachycardia circuits. However, radiofrequency ablation of the slow pathway of the AV node reentrant tachycardia circuit does not influence the inducibility of atrial flutter.

Reversal of antiarrhythmic drug effects by epinephrine: quinidine versus amiodarone.

Although previous studies have demonstrated that the electrophysiologic effects of many antiarrhythmic agents can be reversed by catecholamines, the susceptibility of amiodarone to such reversal is unknown. The objective of this study was to compare the relative degree of reversal of the electrophysiologic effects of quinidine and amiodarone by epinephrine infusions that result in plasma epinephrine levels similar to those achieved during various physiologic stresses. Twenty-nine patients who had inducible sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia and underwent electropharmacologic testing with quinidine and amiodarone were enrolled in the study. The variables measured before and during an epinephrine infusion (25 or 50 ng/kg per min) included the sinus cycle length, mean arterial pressure, QT interval and effective refractory period at drive train cycle lengths of 600 and 400 ms. The effective refractory period measured at a drive train cycle length of 600 ms shortened less during amiodarone therapy (2 +/- 2%) than during quinidine therapy (6 +/- 4%) or than in the baseline state (6 +/- 4%; p less than 0.01). Similar results were obtained during evaluation of the effective refractory period at a cycle length of 400 ms. Epinephrine infusion, at both 25 and 50 ng/kg per min, completely reversed the effects of quinidine and partially reversed the effects of amiodarone on the effective refractory period. The effects of epinephrine on the sinus cycle length and QT interval were similar in the baseline state and in conjunction with quinidine and amiodarone. Twenty-four patients underwent programmed ventricular stimulation during amiodarone therapy alone and in conjunction with either a 25- or a 50-ng/kg per min infusion of epinephrine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Differentiation of paroxysmal narrow QRS complex tachycardias using the 12-lead electrocardiogram.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of the 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) for differentiating paroxysmal narrow QRS complex tachycardias. BACKGROUND: Previous studies evaluating the utility of the 12-lead ECG for differentiating paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia types have shown conflicting results on the usefulness of some ECG criteria, and some criteria that are considered to be useful have never been formally evaluated. METHODS: Two hundred forty-two ECGs demonstrating paroxysmal narrow QRS complex (< 0.11 ms) tachycardia (rate > or = 120 beats/min) were analyzed. All ECGs were analyzed by an observer who had no knowledge of the mechanism of the tachycardia. RESULTS: There were 137 atrioventricular (AV) reciprocating tachycardias, 93 AV node reentrant tachycardias and 12 atrial tachycardias. Six criteria were found to be significantly different between tachycardia types by univariate analysis. A P wave separate from the QRS complex was observed more frequently in AV reciprocating tachycardia (68%) and atrial tachycardias (75%). A pseudo r' deflection in lead V1 and a pseudo S wave in the inferior leads were more common in AV node reentrant tachycardia (58% and 14%, respectively); QRS alternans was present more often during AV reciprocating tachycardia (27%). When a P wave was present, an RP/PR interval ratio > or = 1 was more common in atrial tachycardias (89%). During sinus rhythm, manifest pre-excitation was observed more often in patients with AV reciprocating tachycardia (45%). By multivariate analysis, the presence of a P wave separate from the QRS complex, pseudo r' deflection in lead V1, QRS alternans during tachycardia and the presence of pre-excitation during sinus rhythm were independent predictors of tachycardia type. These criteria correctly identified 86% of AV node reentrant tachycardias, 81% of AV reciprocating tachycardias and incorrectly assigned the tachycardia type in 19% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: Several features on the ECG are useful for differentiating supraventricular tachycardia type. However, approximately 20% of tachycardias may be incorrectly classified on the basis of analysis of the ECG; therefore, the ECG should not serve as the sole means for determining tachycardia mechanism.

Repolarization abnormalities after catheter ablation of accessory atrioventricular connections with radiofrequency current.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the serial changes in T wave configuration in patients undergoing successful radiofrequency catheter ablation of accessory atrioventricular (AV) connections. Twenty-nine consecutive patients with overt preexcitation and 16 patients with a concealed accessory atrioventricular (AV) connection were included. An electrocardiogram (ECG) was recorded before ablation and 15 min, 1 or 2 days and 1 and 3 months after ablation. Postablation T wave abnormalities occurred in 22 (76%) of the 29 patients who had overt pre-excitation but in none of the 16 patients with a concealed accessory AV connection. The T wave abnormalities were not related to myocardial necrosis or echocardiographic abnormalities. The ECG location and severity of T wave changes were dependent on the accessory AV connection location and degree of baseline pre-excitation, respectively. Fourteen of 19 patients with a posteriorly located AV connection (left, right or septal) had T wave inversion or flattening in the inferior leads and 3 patients had precordial T wave peaking. Two patients with an anteroseptal AV accessory connection had both inferior T wave inversion or flattening and precordial T wave peaking. Among seven patients with a manifest left lateral accessory AV connection, two had lateral T wave inversion or flattening and two had precordial T wave peaking. There was 95% concordance between the directional change of the T wave after ablation and the direction of the delta wave on the baseline ECG.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Safety, feasibility and cost of outpatient radiofrequency catheter ablation of accessory atrioventricular connections.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate prospectively the safety, feasibility and cost of performing radiofrequency catheter ablation of accessory atrioventricular (AV) connections on an outpatient basis in 137 cases. BACKGROUND: The efficacy and low complication rate of radiofrequency ablation as performed in the hospital suggested that it might be feasible to perform it on an outpatient basis. METHODS: In 100 cases (73%) performed between September 1, 1991 and April 20, 1992, patients met criteria for treatment as outpatients. Reasons for exclusion were age < 13 or > 70 years (4), anteroseptal location of the accessory AV connection (5 patients), obesity (> 30% of ideal body weight) (4 patients) or clinical indication for hospitalization (24 patients). Patients with only venous punctures had a recovery period of 3 h and those with arterial punctures had a recovery period of 6 h. There were 63 men and 32 women (5 patients underwent two ablation procedures > 1 month apart), with a mean age +/- SD of 36 +/- 13 years. The pathway was left-sided in 67 cases and right-sided or posteroseptal in 33. RESULTS: The procedure was successful in 97 of 100 cases, with a mean procedure duration of 99 +/- 42 min. In 70 cases the patient was discharged the day of ablation, and in 30 cases the patient required a short (< or = 18-h) overnight stay because the procedure was completed too late in the day for recovery in the outpatient facility. The mean duration of observation was 4.8 +/- 1.5 h for outpatients and 15 +/- 1.4 h for patients who underwent overnight hospitalization. At follow-up study, two patients had a clinically significant complication; both had a femoral artery pseudoaneurysm detected > or = 1 week after the procedure and both required surgical repair. Thirty consecutive patients (22 outpatients and 8 hospitalized overnight) undergoing catheter ablation after January 1, 1992 were chosen for a cost analysis. The mean cost of the procedure was $10,183 +/- $1,082. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of patients undergoing radiofrequency catheter ablation of an accessory AV connection can be treated safely on an outpatient basis.

Comparison of the cost of radiofrequency catheter modification of the atrioventricular node and medical therapy for drug-refractory atrioventricular node reentrant tachycardia.

The purpose of this study was to determine the charges for radiofrequency catheter modification of the atrioventricular (AV) node in 15 patients with symptomatic AV node reentrant tachycardia despite pharmacologic therapy and to compare these charges with the estimated charges for health care utilization by the same patients before the catheter procedure was performed. There were seven men and eight women with a mean age of 50 +/- 17 years. The mean duration and frequency of symptoms were 16 +/- 9 years and 4.5 +/- 6 episodes/month, respectively. Fourteen of the 15 patients required only one procedure for diagnosis and cure of AV node reentrant tachycardia and 1 patient required two sessions. All patients underwent electrophysiologic study before discharge from the hospital to confirm the short-term efficacy of the procedure. The mean duration of the hospital stay was 3 +/- 1.5 days and the mean total charge/patient expressed in 1991 dollars was $15,893 +/- $3,338 for catheter modification. These total charges consisted of hospital charges of $8,105 +/- $2,466 and physician charges of $7,788 +/- $971. All patients had a successful outcome and required no additional antiarrhythmic therapy. The estimated cost of health care utilization for these 15 patients before cure of AV node reentrant tachycardia was $7,651/patient per year. These estimated costs included charges incurred for emergency room visits, office visits, hospitalizations and antiarrhythmic drug therapy. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that the annual health care costs incurred by patients who have symptomatic, drug-refractory paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia caused by AV node reentry are substantial.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

A prospective randomized comparison of direct current and radiofrequency ablation of the atrioventricular junction.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to compare direct current and radiofrequency ablation of the atrioventricular (AV) junction in a prospective randomized fashion. BACKGROUND: Catheter ablation of the AV junction can be performed using either direct current shocks or radiofrequency energy. To date, these two techniques have never been compared prospectively or in a randomized study. METHODS: Forty patients with drug-refractory uncontrolled atrial fibrillation-flutter (38 patients) or inappropriate sinus tachycardia (2 patients) were randomly assigned to undergo direct current ablation (20 patients) using up to four shocks of 200 to 300 J or radiofrequency ablation (20 patients) using up to 15 applications of 16 to 25 W for 30 s. If complete AV block was not successfully induced, the ablation procedure was repeated using the alternate type of energy. A rate-responsive ventricular pacemaker was implanted in each patient. The intrinsic escape rhythm was evaluated 15 min, 2 days and 3, 6 and 12 months after ablation. RESULTS: Persistent complete AV block was successfully induced during the first ablation session in 13 (65%) of 20 patients randomly assigned to undergo direct current ablation, compared with 19 (95%) of 20 patients randomly assigned to undergo radiofrequency ablation (p < 0.05). Each patient whose first ablation attempt failed had a successful outcome with the alternate type of energy. The overall efficacy of radiofrequency ablation (26 [96%] of 27 patients) was significantly greater than that of direct current ablation (14 [67%] of 21 patients, p < 0.01). The duration of the direct current and radiofrequency ablation sessions did not differ significantly. The mean peak plasma creatine kinase MB fraction concentration was significantly higher after direct current ablation (58 +/- 29 IU/liter) than after radiofrequency ablation (2 +/- 2 IU/liter) (p < 0.001). An escape rhythm was present 15 min after ablation in an equal proportion of patients undergoing direct current and radiofrequency ablation (78% and 85%, respectively, p = 0.6). An escape rhythm was present in all patients 3, 6 and 12 months after ablation. The mean escape rhythm cycle length 15 min after direct current ablation (2,074 +/- 677 ms) was significantly longer than that 15 min after radiofrequency ablation (1,460 +/- 294 ms) (p < 0.05); however, the mean escape rhythm cycle lengths did not differ significantly at 2 days or 3, 6 or 12 months after ablation. Immediate arrhythmic complications did not occur after either procedure. One patient died suddenly 6.5 months after direct current ablation. CONCLUSIONS: Radiofrequency ablation of the AV junction is more efficacious and safer than direct current ablation and should be the preferred method for inducing complete AV block in patients who are appropriate candidates for ablation of AV conduction.

Recurrence of conduction in accessory atrioventricular connections after initially successful radiofrequency catheter ablation.

The purpose of this study was to characterize the incidence and clinical features of accessory pathway recurrence after initially successful radiofrequency catheter ablation and to identify variables correlated with recurrence. Radiofrequency ablation was performed with a 7F deflectable tip catheter with a large (4 mm in length) distal electrode. Left-sided accessory pathways were approached through the left ventricle and right-sided pathways by way of the right atrium. Patients were included in the study if 1) they had an initially successful procedure, defined as the absence of accessory pathway conduction immediately after ablation, and 2) had undergone a 3-month follow-up electrophysiologic test or had documented recurrence of accessory pathway conduction. Accessory pathway conduction recurred after initially successful ablation in 16 (12%) of 130 patients. Almost half (7 of 16) of these recurrences were in the 1st 12 h after ablation, and the last occurred after 106 days. Return of delta waves on the electrocardiogram (ECG) or spontaneous paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia was the initial indication of recurrence in 15 of the 16 patients. Two patients with manifest accessory pathways exhibited recurrence with exclusively concealed accessory pathway conduction. Accessory pathways ablated from the tricuspid anulus (right free wall or septal accessory pathways) had a much higher recurrence rate (24%) than did those on the mitral anulus (6%). Fourteen of 15 patients have had successful repeat accessory pathway ablation after the initial recurrence. After a mean follow-up period of 4 +/- 3 months, there have been no repeat recurrences of any of these accessory pathways. It is concluded that accessory pathway recurrence is infrequent after successful radiofrequency catheter ablation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The economic burden of unrecognized vasodepressor syncope.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to describe the cost of prior diagnostic evaluation in patients referred for evaluation of syncope whose history was typical of vasodepressor syncope. METHODS AND RESULTS: Thirty consecutive patients who were referred for evaluation of syncope of undetermined origin and whose history was highly suggestive of vasodepressor syncope participated in this study. These 30 patients represented 19% of 158 patients referred for evaluation of syncope during the period of enrollment. All patients had positive results of an upright-tilt test, confirming the diagnosis of vasodepressor syncope. At the time of evaluation, the type and results of all diagnostic tests that had been performed prior to referral were recorded for each patient. The cost of diagnostic testing was then determined based on the 1991 cost of these tests at the University of Michigan Medical Center. A mean of 4 +/- 2 major diagnostic tests were performed before referral to the University of Michigan Medical Center. The mean and median costs of diagnostic testing per patient prior to referral were $3,763 +/- 3,820 and $2,678 (range: 0 to $16,606) respectively. Six patients underwent no major diagnostic tests prior to referral and, therefore, the cost of major diagnostic testing was zero in these patients. In the remaining patients, the mean and median costs of diagnostic testing per patient were $4,704 +/- 3,713 and $3,777 (range: $1,025 to $16,606) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrate that a diagnosis of vasodepressor syncope can be established clinically in approximately 20% of patients referred to a university hospital for evaluation of syncope of undetermined origin. Failure to recognize the clinical features of vasodepressor syncope in these patients resulted in up to $16,000 of unnecessary diagnostic testing. A greater awareness of the clinical features of vasodepressor syncope may, therefore, result in significant economic savings.

Relation between efficacy of radiofrequency catheter ablation and site of origin of idiopathic ventricular tachycardia.

The results of radiofrequency catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia (VT) in patients without structural heart disease are reported. Particular attention was focused on the relation between efficacy and the site of origin of the VT. Eighteen consecutive patients (5 women and 13 men; mean age 41 +/- 13 years) with idiopathic VT underwent catheter ablation using radiofrequency energy. Sites for radiofrequency energy delivery were selected on the basis of pace mapping. A follow-up electrophysiologic test was performed 1 to 3 months after the ablation procedure. Twenty VTs were induced. Radiofrequency catheter ablation was successful in eliminating all 10 VTs originating from the right ventricular outflow tract, and 5 of 10 from other sites in the left or right ventricle. There were no complications. The duration of ablation sessions was shorter, the frequency of identifying a site resulting in an identical pace map was higher, and the efficacy of catheter ablation was greater for VTs originating from the right ventricular outflow tract than for those from other locations. The results of this study demonstrate that radiofrequency catheter ablation of idiopathic VT is safe and effective. The efficacy of the procedure is dependent on the site of origin of the VT, with the efficacy being greater for VTs originating from the outflow tract of the right ventricle than for those from other locations.

Reduction in medical care cost associated with radiofrequency catheter ablation of accessory pathways.

The cost of definitive therapy was compared in 25 patients who underwent radiofrequency catheter ablation of accessory pathways in 1990 and 25 patients who underwent surgical ablation of accessory pathways in 1989. In the radiofrequency group, 23 of 25 patients had a single accessory pathway and the remaining 2 patients each had 2 accessory pathways. In the surgical group, 20 patients had a single accessory pathway and 5 patients each had 2 accessory pathways. The success rate was 96% in each group. The mean duration of hospitalization was 3 +/- 1 days in the radiofrequency group and 9 +/- 4 days in the surgical group (p less than 0.0001). All the cost data are expressed in fiscal year 1990/1991 dollar values. The total cost of therapy in the radiofrequency group was $14,919 +/- $6,740 compared with $53,265 +/- $12,755 in the surgical group (p less than 0.0001). The cost of radiofrequency ablation consisted of a hospital charge of $7,753 +/- $3,472 and physician fees of $7,166 +/- $3,439. The hospital charge included charges for use of the electrophysiology laboratory, hospital stay, electrocardiograms, echocardiograms and blood studies. The cost of surgery consisted of a hospital charge of $37,708 +/- $10,179 and physician fees of $15,557 +/- $3,149. The hospital charge in the surgical group included the costs of a baseline electrophysiology study, in-hospital care and a follow-up office visit. In conclusion, radiofrequency catheter ablation of accessory pathways results in a dramatic reduction in the cost of definitive therapy in patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.

Conversion of typical to "atypical" atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia after radiofrequency catheter modification of the atrioventricular junction.

Typical atrioventricular (AV) nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) is characterized by anterograde activation over a slowly conducting pathway and by retrograde activation through a rapidly conducting pathway. Preliminary reports suggest that radiofrequency catheter modification can eliminate typical AVNRT while preserving anterograde conduction. Radiofrequency catheter modification was used to treat 88 patients with typical AVNRT. After baseline electrophysiologic evaluation, the ablation catheter was positioned proximal and superior to the site of maximal His deflection. Radiofrequency energy was applied until there was significant attenuation of retrograde conduction, and elimination of AVNRT inducibility. Eighty-one patients were successfully treated and form the basis of this report. A new paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia with RP greater than PR interval was induced at electrophysiologic testing after successful ablation in 9 patients (11%). Mean atrial-His activation time was 140 +/- 31 ms, and the ventriculoatrial activation time was 170 +/- 46 ms. This arrhythmia was induced only with ventricular pacing during isoproterenol infusion and appeared to be mediated by AV nodal reentry. New retrograde dual AV nodal physiology after modification was more frequent in patients with atypical tachycardia than in those without (4 of 9 vs 2 of 72; p less than 0.0001). Although none of the patients were treated, only 1 of 9 had an episode of spontaneous atypical tachycardia during a mean follow-up of 12 months. Results of this study confirm that typical AVNRT can be rendered noninducible without the complete destruction of reentrant pathways. Because induction of "atypical" AVNRT was not predictive of spontaneous arrhythmia recurrence, it should not be an indication for additional ablation sessions or long-term drug therapy.

Inducibility of atrial fibrillation before and after radiofrequency catheter ablation of accessory atrioventricular connections.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the inducibility of atrial fibrillation in patients with an accessory atrioventricular connection (AAVC) and to determine if the inducibility of atrial fibrillation is altered after successful radiofrequency catheter ablation of the AAVC. METHODS AND RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients with an AAVC and 36 control patients were prospectively evaluated using a standardized atrial pacing protocol. The high right atrium was paced using a 25-beat drive train, 1.5-second intertrain pause, 10-mA pulse amplitude, and 2-msec pulse duration at cycle lengths of 250 to 100 msec, in 10-msec decrements. Pacing was performed twice at each cycle length. Thirty patients with an AAVC underwent repeat atrial overdrive pacing after successful radiofrequency ablation of the AAVC. Atrial fibrillation was induced in 26 (70%) patients with an AAVC and 22 (61%) controls (P = NS). Atrial flutter was induced in 11 (30%) patients with an AAVC and 13 (36%) controls (P = NS). The cumulative percentage of patients with atrial fibrillation/flutter induced at each pacing cycle length was the same in each group. There was no difference in the duration of atrial fibrillation/flutter between control patients and patients with an AAVC. Among the 30 patients who underwent repeat atrial overdrive pacing after radiofrequency ablation of an AAVC, there was no difference in the inducibility or duration of atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter after ablation compared to baseline. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that the vulnerability of the atrium to fibrillate in response to atrial pacing is independent of the presence of an AAVC.

Comparison of fixed burst versus decremental burst pacing for termination of ventricular tachycardia.

The objective of this study was to compare prospectively the efficacy of fixed burst pacing with that of decremental burst pacing in terminating VT. Forty-four patients with inducible sustained monomorphic VT were studied. The efficacy of fixed burst and decremental burst pacing for terminating 57 distinct types of VT were compared during 50 electrophysiology tests (mean VT cycle length = 334 +/- 84 msec). Termination of each type of VT was attempted with fixed burst and decremental burst pacing. Both pacing algorithms were delivered in an adaptive fashion with an increasing number of stimuli with each successive attempt at VT termination. Seventy percent of VT episodes were successfully terminated with fixed burst pacing. The mean number of stimuli required for VT termination was 5 +/- 2. Seventy-two percent of VT episodes were successfully terminated with decremental burst pacing. The mean number of stimuli required for VT termination was 5 +/- 2. For fixed burst and decremental burst pacing, the efficacy of VT termination was greater for VTs with a cycle length > 300 msec than for faster VTs (P < 0.05). The efficacy of VT termination and the incidence of VT acceleration were no different for the two pacing algorithms (P > 0.1). The results of this study demonstrate that fixed burst and decremental burst pacing are equally effective in terminating VT and that a single adaptive pacing algorithm is effective in terminating nearly three fourths of VTs.

Radiation exposure during radiofrequency catheter ablation of accessory atrioventricular connections.

BACKGROUND: Catheter ablation of accessory atrioventricular (AV) connections has been demonstrated to be effective in more than 85% of patients. One of the risks of this procedure is radiation exposure during the fluoroscopic imaging necessary to guide catheter manipulation. The objective of the present study was to measure the radiation received by patients and physicians during radiofrequency catheter ablation and to estimate the resultant somatic and genetic risks. METHODS AND RESULTS: Radiation exposure to patients and physicians was measured during attempts at radiofrequency catheter ablation of accessory AV connections in 31 consecutive patients. Radiation exposure was measured using thermoluminescent sensors placed on the patient and on the physician. Somatic and genetic risks were estimated based on the radiation levels recorded using these sensors. The durations of fluoroscopy and of the catheter ablation procedure were recorded for each patient. Catheter ablation was successful in 28 of 31 patients (90%). Mean +/- SD duration of fluoroscopy was 44 +/- 40 minutes. The largest patient radiation dose was measured over the ninth vertebral body posteriorly (median, 7.26 rem [roentgen equivalents man]; range, 0.31-135.7 rem). Median radiation dose to the thyroid was 0.46 rem (range, 0.06-7.26 rem), and median radiation dose to the posterior iliac crest was 2.43 rem (range, 0.01-8.3 rem). The greatest radiation dose to the operator was recorded at the left hand (99 mrem). Mean radiation dose to the operator's eyes was 28 mrem. CONCLUSIONS: Radiofrequency catheter ablation of accessory AV connections may result in significant radiation exposure to the patient and to the physician. Each hour of fluoroscopic imaging is associated with a lifetime risk of developing a fatal malignancy of 0.1% and a risk of a genetic defect of 20 per 1 million births. Although these risks must be recognized, they are relatively small compared with the risks associated with alternate approaches to management, including no therapy, antiarrhythmic drug therapy, and surgery.

Effects of drive train stimulus intensity on ventricular refractoriness in humans.

BACKGROUND: The strength-interval relation between the intensity of premature stimulus and the ventricular effective refractory period (VERP) has been well characterized. The effects of variation in the intensity of the basic drive train stimuli (S1) on VERP are not as well defined. This relation was studied in 44 patients undergoing clinically indicated electrophysiological study. METHODS AND RESULTS: The outputs of two stimulus isolation units were connected in parallel, allowing the intensity of S1 to be varied independently of intensity of the extrastimulus (S2). To prevent confounding effects from cycle length change, continuous overdrive pacing was performed for 3 minutes before each measurement of VERP. The effect of S1 intensity on VERP was assessed in 24 patients with S2 intensity kept constant at twice threshold. VERP shortened from 232 +/- 19 msec at an S1 intensity of 1.5 times threshold to 219 +/- 20 msec at 5 mA and 211 +/- 19 msec at 10 mA (p less than 0.0001 for baseline versus 5 mA and for 5 mA versus 10 mA). Autonomic blockade with atropine and propranolol blunted but did not completely eliminate this effect. To assess whether the effect of S1 intensity on VERP was independent of S2 intensity, S2 strength-interval curves were generated in 10 patients at low (1.5 times threshold) and high (10 mA) S1 intensities. All portions of the strength-interval curve were shifted to the left by an increase in S1 intensity. The time course of change in VERP after an abrupt increase in S1 intensity was assessed in an additional 10 patients. VERP changed slowly, requiring 18 +/- 28 seconds to shorten by 2 msec and 64 +/- 46 seconds to decrease by 10 msec after a change in S1 intensity from 1.5 times threshold to 10 mA. In a final group of 10 patients, VERP was measured using an eight-beat drive train and a 4-second intertrain interval. With this more conventional protocol, VERP shortened by 14 +/- 8 msec with an increase in S1 intensity from 1.5 times threshold to 10 mA. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing S1 intensity results in clinically significant, progressive shortening of VERP in man. This effect is independent of S2 intensity. The prolonged time course of the change in VERP after an increase in S1 intensity and the attenuation of this effect by autonomic blockade are consistent with stimulation of sympathetic nerve terminals and catecholamine release as a result of intense stimulation.

Effects of an acute increase in atrial pressure on atrial refractoriness in humans.

Contraction-excitation feedback has been studied extensively in mammalian ventricles. In contrast, little is known about contraction-excitation feedback in mammalian atria. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of acute alterations in atrial pressure, induced by varying the atrioventricular (AV) interval, on atrial refractoriness. Twenty patients without structural heart disease participated in the study. In each patient the atrial effective (ERP) and absolute refractory periods (ARP) were measured during AV pacing at a cycle length of 500 msec and an AV interval of 120 msec. Acute increases in atrial pressure were induced by pacing the atrium and ventricle simultaneously for the final two beats of the drive train. The ERP was defined as the longest extrastimulus coupling interval that failed to capture with an extrastimulus current strength of twice the stimulation threshold. The ARP was defined in a similar manner with an extrastimulus current strength of 10 mA. The ERP and ARP were determined using the incremental extrastimulus technique. A subset of patients had the pacing protocol performed during autonomic blockade. As the AV interval of the final two beats of the drive train was shortened from 120 msec to 0 msec, the peak right atrial pressure increased from 7 +/- 3 mmHg to 15 +/- 5 mmHg (P < 0.001). The increase in atrial pressure associated with simultaneous pacing of the atrium and ventricle resulted in shortening of the atrial ERP and ARP by 7.3 +/- 5.2 and 6.2 +/- 3.5 msec, respectively (P < 0.001). Similar results were obtained during autonomic blockade. these findings confirm the presence of contraction-excitation feedback in normal human atria.