Outcomes after intervention for enteral nutrition in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in multidisciplinary clinics.

INTRODUCTION/AIMS: Patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are susceptible to malnutrition, with appropriate management of nutritional interventions an active area of investigation. We sought to determine the impact of gastrostomy tube placement in ALS patients, exploring the correlation between forced vital capacity (FVC), malnutrition, and perioperative complications. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed of clinically diagnosed ALS patients treated at two multidisciplinary clinics (University of Kansas, University of Nebraska) from January 2009 to September 2020 who were referred for gastrostomy. Data collected included demographics, disease characteristics, and key gastrostomy related dates/outcomes. RESULTS: Two hundred thirty-nine patients were included with a median age of 65 years and median of 589 days from symptom onset to gastrostomy (interquartile range, 404-943). The population was predominantly Non-Hispanic White with bulbar-onset ALS. 30-day mortality was 4% and 30-day morbidity was 13%. Weight loss, body mass index, and predicted FVC at placement showed no increased 30-day morbidity or mortality association. Bulbar-onset ALS patients exhibited higher overall mortality postplacement than limb onset (odds ratio: 1.85, 95% confidence interval: 1.03-3.33). There was a 5% incidence of symptoms suggestive of refeeding syndrome. DISCUSSION: Rates of major/minor complications and 30-day mortality related to gastrostomy placement in our population were similar compared with prior studies in ALS. The lack of difference in outcomes based on FVC at procedure may suggest this is not predictive of outcome, or perhaps, high-quality perioperative respiratory management. Alternative reasons may account for the increased morbidity and mortality of gastrostomy placement in the ALS population.

Prospective study of an adalimumab combined with partial enteral nutrition in the induction period of Crohn's disease.

BACKGROUND: Adalimumab monotherapy can suppress gut inflammation and induce remission in active Crohn's disease but has some limitations. Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) is recommended for patients with mild to moderate Crohn's disease (CD), but implementation is challenging. AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness of adalimumab combined with partial enteral nutrition (PEN) in the induction therapy for Crohn's disease. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was designed and a total of 56 patients with active CD who met the criteria for enteral nutrition (EN) treatment in our hospital were selected. The baseline data of all patients were collected including age, sex and other general information. The changes in fecal calprotectin, C-reactive protein (CRP), albumin(Alb), hemoglobin (Hb), platelets (Plt), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), Crohn's disease activity index score (CDAI), simple endoscopic score (SES-CD) and body mass index (BMI) were compared between the adalimumab combined with enteral nutrition (ADA+EN) group (N = 37) the adalimumab group (ADA) (N = 19) at week 0 (W0) and treatment outcomes at week 12(W12). Additionally, the differences between the two groups before and after treatment were evaluated. Then the ADA+EN group was divided into an adalimumab combined with exclusive enteral nutrition subgroup (ADA+EEN) and an adalimumab combined with partial nutrition subgroup (ADA+PEN) according to enteral nutrition intake. The changes in fecal calprotectin, CRP, Alb, Hb, Plt, ESR and CDAI, SES-CD and BMI were compared between the  ADA+EEN group and the ADA+PEN group at week 0 (W0) and treatment outcomes at week 12(W12). The differences between the two groups before and after treatment were evaluated. To evaluate the effectiveness of the two treatments on patients' quality of life, nutritional recovery and body composition, patients in the ADA+EN group were needed to complete the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ), EQ-5D-5L, the EuroQol visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS) and body composition analysis.A total of 28 patients completed all questionnaires and body composition analyses at week 0 and week 12, including 10 patients in the ADA+EEN group and 18 patients in the ADA+PEN group, respectively. The differences of in IBDQ, EQ-5D-5L and body composition analysis were compared between the two groups at week 0 (W0) and treatment outcomes at week 12(W12). Additionally, the differences between the two groups before and after treatment were evaluated. RESULTS: These investigated indexes such as calprotectin, Hb, Plt, ESR, Alb, BMI, CRP, CDAI and SES-CD scores were significantly different before and after treatment  in the ADA+EN group (p < 0.01). However, fecal calprotectin, Hb, SES-CD scores and Alb in the ADA group were not statistically significantly different from W0 to W12 (p > 0.05). The fecal calprotectin and CDAI scores in the ADA+EN group were significantly lower than those in the ADA group after treatment. The differences in all factors before and after treatment between the ADA+PEN group and the ADA+EEN group were statistically significant (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the two groups at week 12 (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Adalimumab combined with EN are more effective than ADA monotherapy in terms of endoscopy and clinical remission. By comparing the investigated indicators such as calprotectin, Hb, Plt, ESR ,CRP and SES-CD scores, it was proven that adalimumab combined with partial enteral nutrition or exclusive enteral nutrition has the same remission effect in induced Crohn's disease. The combination of biological agents and partial nutrition can improve medical order compliance, psychological burden and quality of life. Therefore, adalimumab combined with partial nutrition can be used as the first-line treatment for CD induced remission.

Enteral Access Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized With Cardiac Disease: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

INTRODUCTION: Patients admitted with principal cardiac diagnosis (PCD) can encounter difficult inpatient stays that are often marked by malnutrition. In this setting, enteral feeding may improve nutritional status. This study examined the association of PCD with perioperative outcomes after elective enteral access procedures. METHODS: Adult patients who underwent enteral access procedures between 2018 and 2020 at a tertiary care institution were reviewed retrospectively. Differences in baseline characteristics between patients with and without PCD were adjusted using entropy balancing. Multivariable logistic and linear regressions were subsequently developed to evaluate the association between PCD and nutritional outcomes, perioperative morbidity and mortality, length of stay, and nonelective readmission after enteral access. RESULTS: 912 patients with enteral access met inclusion criteria, of whom 84 (9.2%) had a diagnosis code indicating PCD. Compared to non-PCD, patients with PCD more commonly received percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy by general surgery and had a higher burden of comorbidities as measured by the Charlson comorbidity index. Multivariable risk adjustment generated a strongly balanced distribution of baseline covariates between patient groups (standardized differences ranged from -2.45 × 10-8 to 3.18 × 108). After adjustment, despite no significant association with in-hospital mortality, percentage change prealbumin, length of stay, or readmission, PCD was associated with an approximately 2.25-day reduction in time to meet goal feeds (95% CI -3.76 to -0.74, P = 0.004) as well as decreased odds of reoperation (adjusted odds ratio 0.28, 95% CI 0.09-0.86, P = 0.026) and acute kidney injury (adjusted odds ratio 0.24, 95% CI 0.06-0.91, P = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS: Despite having more comorbidities than non-PCD, adult enteral access patients with PCD experienced favorable nutritional and perioperative outcomes.

Bilateral Exchange: Enteral Nutrition Clinical Decision Making in Pediatric Surgery Patients.

INTRODUCTION: Evidence-based medicine guides clinical decision-making; however, promoting enteral nutrition has historically followed a dogmatic approach in which patients graduate from clear liquids to full liquids to a regular diet after return of bowel function. Enhanced recovery after surgery has demonstrated that early enteral nutrition initiation is associated with shorter hospital stays. We aimed to understand postoperative pediatric nutrition practices in Kenya and the United States. METHODS: We completed a prospective observational study of pediatric surgery fellows during clinical rounds in a pediatric referral center in Kenya (S4A) and one in the United States (Riley). Fellow-patient interactions were observed from postoperative day one to discharge or postoperative day 30, whichever happened first. Patient demographic, operative information, and daily observations including nutritional status were collected via REDCap. RESULTS: We included 75 patients with 41 (54.7%) from Kenya; patients in Kenya were younger with 40% of patients in Kenya presenting as neonates. Median time to initiation and full enteral nutrition was shorter for the patients at Riley when compared to their counterparts at S4A. In the neonatal subgroup, patients at S4A initiated enteral nutrition sooner, but their hospital length of stays were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: Studying current nutrition practices may guide early enteral nutrition protocols. Implementing these protocols, particularly in a setting where enteral nutrition alternatives are minimal, may provide evidence of success and overrule dogmatic nutrition advancement. Studying implementation of these protocols in resource-constrained areas, where patient length of stay is often related to socioeconomic factors, may identify additional benefits to patients.

Management of Traumatic Duodenal Injury: Is There a Role for Early Parenteral Nutrition?

INTRODUCTION: Traumatic duodenal injuries are complex in nature and pose major challenges to trauma surgeons. These injuries are associated with high mortality rates ranging from 18% to 30% and require prompt, comprehensive care. Traumatic injury induces a hypercatabolic state that mobilizes body energy stores, leading to muscle wasting, delayed healing, and potential multi-organ failure. Nutritional support is vital in keeping up with the metabolic demands of traumatically injured patients. However, exactly when and how nutrition should be provided for traumatic duodenal injuries is unclear. We hypothesize that patients who sustain high-grade duodenal injuries (grades III-V) will be unable to tolerate enteral nutrition (EN) and may benefit from early initiation of total parenteral nutrition (TPN). METHODS: In this retrospective chart review study, we queried the trauma registry for patients admitted between January 2018 and December 2022 with duodenal injury. Individuals under the age of 18 and individuals who were pregnant were excluded. Twenty-eight patients met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. The primary endpoint was median number of days from initial injury to supplemental nutrition. We also evaluated the route used to achieve adequate nutrition based on duodenal injury grade (I-V), mortality based on duodenal injury grade, morbidity based on route of nutrition supplementation (hospital length of stay [LOS], intensive care unit LOS, and ventilator days), and complications based on route of nutrition supplementation. RESULTS: Of the 28 patients analyzed, 11 received EN, 10 received TPN (6 of which survived to transition to EN), and 7 died within 3 d of admission and did not receive any form of nutrition. The median number of days post-trauma to toleration of enteral feeding (defined as by mouth or tube feeding that meet total caloric needs based on nutritionist recommendations) was 4 d for those who did tolerate and maintained tolerance of enteral feeding, compared to 7.5 d post-trauma to initiate total parenteral feeding (P = 0.061). Injury grades I and II tolerated EN within a median of 6 d, whereas injury grades III and IV showed inability to tolerate EN until after a median of 22 d or longer (P = 0.02). Mortality increased as injury grade increased. Patients who received TPN were more likely to develop abscesses than those receiving EN (80% vs 27%, P = 0.03) but not more likely to develop a duodenal leak (P = 0.31). Patients who received TPN had longer hospital LOS (35.5 d vs 9 d, P = 0.008), longer intensive care unit LOS (17 d vs 4 d, P = 0.005), and increased ventilator days (9 d vs 1 d, P = 0.005) when compared to patients who received EN. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with higher grade duodenal injuries showed inability to tolerate EN until after a median of 22 d, and therefore, consideration should be given to initiating TPN early to mitigate the catabolic effects of malnutrition. Further studies need to be done with a larger number of patients to evaluate the effects of malnutrition in these patients.

Impact of total parenteral nutrition v. exclusive enteral nutrition on postoperative adverse outcomes in patients with penetrating Crohn's disease undergoing surgical resection: a retrospective cohort study.

Achieving optimal nutritional status in patients with penetrating Crohn's disease is crucial in preparing for surgical resection. However, there is a dearth of literature comparing the efficacy of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) v. exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) in optimising postoperative outcomes. Hence, we conducted a case-matched study to assess the impact of preoperative EEN v. TPN on the incidence of postoperative adverse outcomes, encompassing overall postoperative morbidity and stoma formation, among penetrating Crohn's disease patients undergoing bowel surgery. From 1 December 2012 to 1 December 2021, a retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary centre to enrol consecutive patients with penetrating Crohn's disease who underwent surgical resection. Propensity score matching was utilised to compare the incidence of postoperative adverse outcomes. Furthermore, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify the risk factors associated with adverse outcomes. The study included 510 patients meeting the criteria. Among them, 101 patients in the TPN group showed significant improvements in laboratory indicators at the time of surgery compared with pre-optimisation levels. After matching, TPN increased the occurrence of postoperative adverse outcomes (92·2 % v. 64·1 %, P = 0·001) when compared with the EEN group. In the multivariate analysis, TPN showed a significantly higher OR for adverse outcomes than EEN (OR = 4·241; 95 % CI 1·567-11·478; P = 0·004). The study revealed that penetrating Crohn's disease patients who were able to fulfil their nutritional requirements through EEN exhibited superior nutritional and surgical outcomes in comparison with those who received TPN.

Survival study of enteral and parenteral nutrition pathways in critically ill patients receiving vasopressors: an analysis of the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care-IV database.

This study compared survival outcomes between intensive care unit (ICU) patients receiving enteral nutrition (EN) and parenteral nutrition (PN) with vasopressor support, explored risk factors affecting clinical outcomes and established an evaluation model. Data from 1046 ICU patients receiving vasopressor therapy within 24 h from 2008 to 2019 were collected. Patients receiving nutritional therapy within 3 d of ICU admission were divided into EN or PN (including PN+EN) groups. Cox analysis and regression were used to determine relevant factors and establish a nomogram for predicting survival. The 28-d survival rate was significantly better in the EN group compared with the PN/PN+EN group. Risk factors included age, peripheral capillary oxygen saturation, red cell distribution width, international normalised ratio, potassium level, mean corpuscular Hg, myocardial infarction, liver disease, cancer status and nutritional status. The nomogram showed good predictive performance. In ICU patients receiving vasopressor drugs, patients receiving EN had a better survival rate than PN. Our nomogram had favourable predictive value for 28-d survival in patients. However, it needs further validation in prospective trials.

Factors influencing gastrostomy tube removal.

BACKGROUND: When commencing enteral feeding, patients and families will want to know the likelihood of returning to an oral diet. There is a paucity of data on the prognosis of patients with gastrostomies. We describe a large dataset of patients, which identifies factors influencing gastrostomy removal and assesses the likelihood of the patient having at home enteral nutrition. METHODS: Retrospective data was collected on patients from Sheffield Teaching Hospitals who had received a gastrostomy and had outpatient enteral feeding between January 2016 and December 2019. Demographic data, indication and outcomes were analysed. RESULTS: A total of 451 patients were assessed, median age: 67.7. 183/451(40.6%) gastrostomies were for head and neck cancer, 88/451 (19.5%) for stroke, 28/451 (6.2%) for Motor Neuron Disease, 32/451 (7.1%) for other neurodegenerative causes, 120/451 (26.6%) other. Of the 31.2% who had their gastrostomy removed within 3 years, head and neck cancer was the most common indication (58.3%) followed by stroke (10.2%), Motor Neuron Disease (7.1%) and other neurodegenerative diseases (3.1%). Gastrostomy removal was significantly influenced by age, place of residence, and having head and neck cancer (p < 0.05). There was the greatest likelihood of removal within the first year (24%). 70.5% had enteral feeding at home. CONCLUSION: This large cohort study demonstrates 31.2% of patients had their gastrostomy removed within 3 years. Head and neck cancer patients, younger age and residing at home can help positively predict removal. Most patients manage their feeding at home rather than a nursing home. This study provides new information on gastrostomy outcomes when counselling patients to provide realistic expectations.

Utility of enteral nutrition via percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography drainage catheterization in late-stage malignant obstructive jaundice.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the clinical benefits of establishing an enteral nutrition (EN) pathway via percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography drainage (PTCD) catheterization in patients with late-stage malignant obstructive jaundice (MOJ).Methods: We selected 30 patients diagnosed as having late-stage MOJ with malnutrition. A dual-lumen biliary-enteral nutrition tube was placed via PTCD along with a biliary stent implantation. Postoperative EN was provided, and we observed the time taken for tube placement, its success rate, complications, and therapeutic efficacy.Results: Tube placement was successful in all 30 patients with an average procedural time of 5.7 ± 1.4 min with no tube placement complications. Compared to preoperative measures, there was a significant improvement in postoperative jaundice reduction and nutritional indicators one month after the procedure (p < 0.05). Post-placement complications included tube perileakage in 5 cases, entero-biliary reflux in 4 cases, tube blockage in 6 cases, tube displacement in 4 cases, accidental tube removal in 3 cases, and tube replacement due to degradation in 8 cases, with tube retention time ranging from 42 to 314 days, averaging 124.7 ± 37.5 days. All patients achieved the parameters for effective home-based enteral nutrition with a noticeable improvement in their quality of life.Conclusion: In this study, we found that the technique of establishing an EN pathway via PTCD catheterization was minimally invasive, safe, and effective; the tube was easy to maintain; and patient compliance was high. It is, thus, suitable for long-term tube retention in patients with late-stage MOJ.

Nutrition-associated markers and outcomes among patients receiving enteral nutrition after ischemic stroke: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Early nutrition after acute ischemic stroke is crucial. We explored early enteral nutrition for stroke patients and evaluated changes in blood indicators as a predictor of stroke prognosis. METHODS: All hospitalized stroke patients receiving enteral nutrition were included in the study. We retrospectively collected the protein, energy, fat, and carbohydrate values for 7 days after admission. Serum albumin, total protein, and hemoglobin values were reviewed at admission and at one week. The main outcome indicators were the Modified Rankin Score, Barthel Index, and Quality of Life at 3 months. RESULTS: A total of 354 patients (mean age, 70.7 years; 59.0% male) were included. The change in serum albumin at day 7 relative to at admission was positively correlated with the Quality of Life score (p = 0.001), the Barthel Index (p = 0.004), and the modified Rankin Score (p = 0.029). The change in total protein at day 7 relative to at admission was positively correlated with the Quality of Life score (p = 0.002), the Barthel Index (p = 0.001), and the modified Rankin score (p = 0.011). The change in hemoglobin values at day 7 relative to at admission was positively correlated with the Barthel Index (p = 0.037 but not with the Quality of Life score (p = 0.237) or the modified Rankin score (p = 0.730). CONCLUSIONS: Improved nutrition-related blood indicators one week after admission were independently associated with good stroke outcomes. Nutritional support for acute ischemic stroke patients during the early hospitalization stage appears to be advisable. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This review was a retrospective cohort study. The study was retrospectively registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (No: ChiCTR2300077228). Registration date: 1/11/2023.

Enhanced exclusive enteral nutrition delivery during the first 7 days is associated with decreased 28-day mortality in critically ill patients with normal lactate level: a post hoc analysis of a multicenter randomized trial.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Exclusive enteral nutrition (EN) is often observed during the first week of ICU admission because of the extra costs and safety considerations for early parenteral nutrition. This study aimed to assess the association between nutrition intake and 28-day mortality in critically ill patients receiving exclusive EN. METHODS: This is a post hoc analysis of a cluster-randomized clinical trial that assesses the effect of implementing a feeding protocol on mortality in critically ill patients. Patients who stayed in the ICUs for at least 7 days and received exclusive EN were included in this analysis. Multivariable Cox hazard regression models and restricted cubic spline models were used to assess the relationship between the different doses of EN delivery and 28-day mortality. Subgroups with varying lactate levels at enrollment were additionally analyzed to address the potential confounding effect brought in by the presence of shock-related hypoperfusion. RESULTS: Overall, 1322 patients were included in the analysis. The median (interquartile range) daily energy and protein delivery during the first week of enrollment were 14.6 (10.3-19.6) kcal/kg and 0.6 (0.4-0.8) g/kg, respectively. An increase of 5 kcal/kg energy delivery was associated with a significant reduction (approximately 14%) in 28-day mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 0.865, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.768-0.974, P = 0.016). For protein intake, a 0.2 g/kg increase was associated with a similar mortality reduction with an adjusted HR of 0.868 (95% CI 0.770-0.979). However, the benefits associated with enhanced nutrition delivery could be observed in patients with lactate concentration ≤ 2 mmol/L (adjusted HR = 0.804 (95% CI 0.674-0.960) for energy delivery and adjusted HR = 0.804 (95% CI 0.672-0.962) for protein delivery, respectively), but not in those > 2 mmol/L. CONCLUSIONS: During the first week of critical illness, enhanced nutrition delivery is associated with reduced mortality in critically ill patients receiving exclusive EN, only for those with lactate concentration ≤ 2 mmol/L. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN12233792, registered on November 24, 2017.

Nutritional management for acute liver failure.

Acute liver failure (ALF) induces increased energy expenditure and disrupts the metabolism of essential nutrients. Hepatic encephalopathy is a complication of ALF with a poor prognosis and mainly involves the metabolic disturbance of amino acids in its pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss the nutritional management for ALF in consideration of the pathophysiology of ALF with respect to the impairment of hepatocyte function. It is known that enteral nutrition is recommended for patients with ALF, while parenteral nutrition is recommended for patients who cannot tolerate enteral nutrition. As ALF leads to a hypermetabolic state, the energy intake is recommended to cover 1.3 times the resting energy expenditure. Because of the high risk of hypoglycemia associated with disturbances in glucose metabolism, substantial glucose intake is recommended. Along with the deterioration of glucose metabolism, protein metabolism is also disrupted. As patients with ALF have increased systemic protein catabolism together with decreased protein synthesis, appropriate amounts of amino acids or protein under monitoring serum ammonia levels are recommended. In conclusion, nutritional management based on the understanding of nutritional pathophysiology is a pivotal therapeutic approach for patients with ALF. The approach should be individualized in the acute phase, the recovery phase, and the pretransplant phase.

Feeding practices and weight status of children with congenital Zika syndrome: A longitudinal study in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to describe feeding practices and weight status in a cohort of children with congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) in northeastern Brazil. METHODS: This longitudinal study of children with CZS (N = 156) included data collection on child feeding practices and weight status at five timepoints between 2018 and 2022. The average age of the children was 32.1 months at enrollment and 76.6 months at the fifth assessment. Multilevel models, with repeated observations nested within children, were used to estimate time-related differences in each outcome. RESULTS: Use of enteral feeding, such as gastrostomy, increased from 19.2% to 33.3% over 4 years (p < .001). Among children who did not exclusively use an enteral feeding method, the percentage experiencing at least one dysphagia-associated behavior, such as coughing or gagging, increased from 73.9% to 85.3% (p = .030) while consuming liquids and from 36.2% to 73.5% (p = .001) while consuming solids. Based on weight-for-age z-scores, the percentage of children who were moderately or severely underweight increased from 42.5% to 46.1% over the 4 years but was not statistically significant. Children exclusively using an enteral feeding method had significantly decreased odds of being underweight at assessments 3, 4, and 5. CONCLUSIONS: These data highlight the ongoing and increasing challenges of feeding young children with CZS. Our findings elucidate the physiological reasons children with CZS may be underweight and point to intervention targets, such as enteral feeding, to improve their feeding practices.

Enteral adequacy of the diet of low-birth-weight preterm newborns: A prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to verify the dietary adequacy of full enteral feeding in preterm newborns (PTNB) and its relationship with birth weight (BW) during the period of hospitalization in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). METHODS: This is a prospective cohort study whose population were babies born at less than 37 gestational weeks and weighing less than 2500 g, admitted to a NICU. PTNB were monitored regarding their dietary evolution, considering parenteral and enteral nutrition and adequacy of diet supply in terms of volume, energy, and protein. For statistical analysis, the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software was used, considering p < 0.05 as significant. RESULTS: A total of 76 PTNB were included. The mean time of using parenteral nutrition was 14 days. The mean time to reach the full enteral feeding for nutrition (FEF-N) was 29 days. However, half of the PTNB reached nutritional recommendations after this means. The time to achieve FEF-N was influenced by BW. Additionally, BW significantly influenced the length of stay in the NICU (p < 0.001). When reaching the recommended full enteral feeding for hydration (FEF-H), 60% of the sample was unable to reach the recommended energy and protein intake. CONCLUSIONS: BW influenced the time needed to reach the FEF-H and FEF-N. The lower the BW, the longer it took to achieve dietary adequacy. Despite achieving the FEF-H, most premature babies did not reach the necessary energy and protein intake at the appropriate time.

Increased enteral lipid supplementation is not associated with weight gain in extremely preterm infants with sufficient energy intakes.

OBJECTIVES: Practices for fortifying human milk vary among neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). It is unclear whether enteral energy intake above 140 kcal/kg/day with increased fat supplementation leads to greater weight gain in breastmilk-fed extremely preterm (EPT) infants. METHODS: Anthropometric and nutritional data were collected from clinical records for Swedish EPT infants born between gestational weeks 26 + 0 and 27 + 6. Included infants were treated at NICU A (n = 17) or NICU B (n = 39). The primary outcome was change in standard deviation (SD) scores (ΔSDS) for weight between postmenstrual weeks 29 + 0 and 34 + 0. RESULTS: At birth, the mean gestational age was 26.9 (±0.45 SD) weeks and the mean birthweight was 969 (±107 SD) g. Between postmenstrual weeks 29 + 0 and 33 + 6, the energy intake was significantly higher at NICU B: mean (SD) 149 (±14.9) versus 132 (±11.2) kcal/kg/day, p ≤ 0.001. This was driven by a higher fat intake at NICU B: mean (SD) 7.97 (±1.05) versus 6.20 (±0.92) g/kg/day, p ≤ 0.001, which in turn was explained by more liberal use of lipid supplements at NICU B. No significant differences were found in ΔSDS for weight, length or head circumference between the two NICUs. CONCLUSIONS: Despite considerable differences in energy intake due to the use of enteral lipid supplements, our study showed no differences in ΔSDS for weight, length or head circumference. This may be due to limited fat absorption in infants already receiving adequate energy and fat, and poor absorption of fat from human donor milk.

Iodine status in children with intestinal failure.

OBJECTIVES: Children on long-term parenteral nutrition (PN) are at high risk of iodine deficiency (ID). However, most available information comes from cross-sectional studies. We investigated the iodine status, associated factors, and prevalence of hypothyroidism in children with intestinal failure (IF) who were followed up longitudinally. METHODS: This was a cohort study of children with IF monitored for urine iodine concentration (UIC), iodine intake, serum selenium concentration, and thyroid function in an intestinal rehabilitation program. The outcome variable ID was defined as a UIC value < 100 µg/L. Adjusted generalized estimating equations were used to assess the effects of the exposure variables on the UIC. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients aged 62.7 (39.1; 79.7) months who received PN for 46.5 (21.5) months were included. The average energy supply was 81.2 kcal/kg/day, 77.6% of which was provided by PN. An average of 5.2 UIC measurements per patient were performed. ID prevalence decreased from baseline (83.3%) to the last assessment (45.8%). Three patients had hypothyroidism secondary to iodine and selenium combined severe deficiency. Iodine intake from enteral or oral nutritional formulas was positively associated with UIC (ß = 0.71 [0.35, 1.07]; p < 0.001). Meeting approximately 80% of the estimated average requirement for iodine from nutritional formulas resulted in a greater probability of normal UIC values. CONCLUSION: ID is highly prevalent in children with IF who receive long-term PN and its frequency decreases with iodine intake from nutritional formulas. Severe combined iodine and selenium deficiencies are associated with the development of hypothyroidism in these patients.

Formula modifications to the Crohn's disease exclusion diet do not impact therapy success in paediatric Crohn's disease.

OBJECTIVES: The Crohn's disease exclusion diet (CDED) + partial enteral nutrition (PEN) is an emerging diet used to induce clinical remission in children with active Crohn's disease (CD). This study aims to determine the effectiveness of using the CDED+PEN to induce clinical remission in an Australian group of children with active CD using different PEN formulas and incorporating patient dietary requirements. METHODS: We retrospectively collected data from children (both newly diagnosed and with existing CD while on therapy) with active CD (Paediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index [PCDAI] ≥10) and biochemical evidence of active disease (elevated C-reactive protein [CRP], erythrocyte sedimentation rate [ESR] or faecal calprotectin [FC]) who completed at least phase 1 (6 weeks) of the CDED+PEN to induce clinical remission. Data were collected at baseline, Week 6 and Week 12. The primary endpoint was clinical remission at Week 6 defined as PCDAI < 10. RESULTS: Twenty-four children were included in phase 1 analysis (mean age 13.8 ± 3.2 years). Clinical remission at Week 6 was achieved in 17/24 (70.8%) patients. Mean PCDAI, CRP, ESR and FC decreased significantly after 6 weeks (p < 0.05). Formula type (cow's milk based, rice based, soy based) did not affect treatment efficacy. A greater than 50% decrease in FC was achieved in 14/21 (66.7%) patients who completed phase 1 and 12/14 (85.7%) patients who completed phase 2 of the CDED+PEN. CONCLUSIONS: Formula modifications to the CDED+PEN do not impact the expected treatment efficacy in Australian children with active luminal CD.

Precision nutrition in pediatric IBD: A position paper from the ESPGHAN special interest group for basic science and translational research, the IBD Porto group, and allied health professionals.

Stratified and precision nutrition refers to disease management or prevention of disease onset, based on dietary interventions tailored to a person's characteristics, biology, gut microbiome, and environmental exposures. Such treatment models may lead to more effective management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and reduce risk of disease development. This societal position paper aimed to report advances made in stratified and precision nutritional therapy in IBD. Following a structured literature search, limited to human studies, we identified four relevant themes: (a) nutritional epidemiology for risk prediction of IBD development, (b) food-based dietary interventions in IBD, (c) exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) for Crohn's disease (CD) management, and (d) pre- and probiotics for IBD management. There is scarce literature upon which we can make recommendations for precision or stratified dietary therapy for IBD, both for risk of disease development and disease management. Certain single-nucleotide polymorphisms related to polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolism may modify the effect dietary PUFA have in increasing the risk of IBD development. Non-colonic CD, mild-to-moderate CD, and high microbiota richness may predict success of EEN and may be used both for prediction of treatment continuation, but also for early cessation in nonresponders. There is currently insufficient evidence to make recommendations for precision or stratified dietary therapy for patients with established IBD. Despite the great interest in stratified and precision nutrition, we currently lack data to support conclusive recommendations. Replication of early findings by independent research groups and within structured clinical interventions is required.

Persistent Ostomy Following Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Removal: Treatment Strategies.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of this article is to review available literature on management of persistent ostomy following PEG tube removal. We will discuss the incidence of persistent gastrocutaneous fistula (GCF) following PEG tube removal, risk factors for their development, and management strategies that have been proposed and their efficacy. RECENT FINDINGS: The use of over the scope clips (OTSC) have evolved recently in the management of gastrointestinal bleeding, perforation, and fistula closures. OTSC has become more readily available and proven to be effective and safe. Suturing devices have shown promising results. Persistent gastrocutaneous fistula following PEG removal is a rare yet serious complication that can lead to continuous skin irritation and leakage of gastric contents and acid. There are several postulated risk factors but the most important of these is duration of placement. Management can include medical therapy which has recently been shown to be somewhat effective, endoscopic therapy and surgery as a last resort. Overall, the data on GCFs is limited and further study with larger sample size is needed.

Enteral Nutrition Therapy: Historical Perspective, Utilization, and Complications.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Enteral nutrition (EN) therapy can provide vital nutrition support for patients with various medical conditions as long as it is indicated and supported by ethical reasoning. This review seeks to offer a detailed account of the history of EN development, highlighting key milestones and recent advances in the field. Additionally, it covers common complications associated with EN and their management. RECENT FINDINGS: After years of research and development, we have reached newer generations of enteral feeding formulations, more options for enteral tubes and connectors, and a better understanding of EN therapy challenges. Given the availability of many different formulas, selecting a feeding formula with the best evidence for specific indications for enteral feeding is recommended. Initiation of enteral feeding with standard polymeric formula remains the standard of care. Transition to small-bore connectors remains suboptimal. Evidence-based practices should be followed to recognize and reduce possible enteral feeding complications early.