Effect of SNPs on Litter Size in Swine.

Although sows do not directly enter the market, they play an important role in piglet breeding on farms. They consume large amounts of feed, resulting in a significant environmental burden. Pig farms can increase their income and reduce environmental pollution by increasing the litter size (LS) of swine. PCR-RFLP/SSCP and GWAS are common methods to evaluate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in candidate genes. We conducted a systematic meta-analysis of the effect of SNPs on pig LS. We collected and analysed data published over the past 30 years using traditional and network meta-analyses. Trial sequential analysis (TSA) was used to analyse population data. Gene set enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction network analysis were used to analyse the GWAS dataset. The results showed that the candidate genes were positively correlated with LS, and defects in PCR-RFLP/SSCP affected the reliability of candidate gene results. However, the genotypes with high and low LSs did not have a significant advantage. Current breeding and management practices for sows should consider increasing the LS while reducing lactation length and minimizing the sows' non-pregnancy period as much as possible.

Mutagenic primer-based novel multiplex PCR-RFLP technique to genotype BECN1 SNPs rs10512488 and rs11552192.

BACKGROUND: Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in candidate autophagy gene BECN1 could influence its functions thereby autophagy process. BECN1 noncoding SNPs were found to be significantly associated with neurodegenerative disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to develop a simultaneous genotyping technique for two BECN1 SNPs (rs10512488 and rs11552192). METHODS: A mutagenic primer-based approach was used to introduce a NdeI restriction site to genotype rs10512488 by Artificial-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (A-RFLP) along with rs11552192 by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-RFLP. Multiplexing PCR and restriction digestion reactions were set up for simultaneous genotyping of both SNPs in 100 healthy individuals. Genotypic and allele frequencies were manually calculated, and the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium was assessed using the chi-square test. RESULTS: We successfully developed PCR and RFLP conditions for the amplification and restriction digestion of both SNPs within the same tube for genotyping. The results of genotyping by newly developed multiplexing PCR-RFLP technique were concordant with the genotypes obtained by Sanger sequencing of samples. Allelic frequencies of rs10512488 obtained were 0.15 (A) and 0.85 (G), whereas allelic frequencies of rs11552192 were 0.16 (T) and 0.84 (A). CONCLUSION: The newly developed technique is rapid, cost-effective and time-saving for large-scale applications compared to sequencing methods and would play an important role in low-income settings. For the first time, allelic frequencies of rs10512488 and rs11552192 were reported among the North Indian population.

Effect of MAOA rs1465108 polymorphism on susceptibility to substance/alcohol use disorder: a novel PCR-RFLP assay for the detection of MAOA rs1465108.

BACKGROUND: The health and social consequences of substance/alcohol use disorders are harmful. Most of the individuals cannot stop using them due to more likely their genetic background. The current study aimed both to develop a novel PCR-RFLP method for genotyping of MAOA rs1465108 and to analyze the effect of MAOA rs1465108 on the risk of alcohol (AUD), opioid (OUD) or methamphetamine (MUD) use disorders and on the depressive and anxiety symptoms in a Turkish population. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 353 individual with AUD (n = 154), OUD (n = 160) or MUD (n = 39) and 109 healthy subjects were included. The intensity of anxiety and depressive symptoms and craving and opioid withdrawal were measured by appropriate scales. Logistic regression analysis revealed no association between MAOA rs1465108 polymorphism and substance/alcohol use disorder (p > 0.05). Healthy subjects (3.0) had significantly lower levels of depressive symptoms than individuals with OUD (27.0), AUD (21.0) and MUD (25.5) groups. The severity of depressive symptoms was significantly higher in OUD as compared to AUD. There was a statistically significant difference between individuals with AUD, OUD and MUD in view of the average ages of first use (17, 19 and 20 years, respectively) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results presented here do not support the hypothesis that MAOA rs1465108 is associated with substance/alcohol use disorders. The intensity of depressive symptoms could be changed according to the abused substance type. A novel PCR-RFLP was developed for genotyping of MAOA rs1465108 polymorphism, which could be a better option for laboratories without high technology equipment.

Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in domestic animals from Campeche, México, reveals virulent genotypes and a recombinant ROP5 allele.

Toxoplasma gondii has at least 318 genotypes distributed worldwide, and tropical regions usually have greater genetic diversity. Campeche is a state located in the southeastern region of México and has favourable climate conditions for the replication and dissemination of this protozoan, similar to those in South American countries where broad genetic diversity has been described. Thus, in this study, 4 T. gondii isolates were obtained from tissues of stray dogs and free-range chickens in Campeche, México, and were genotyped by Mn-PCR-RFLP with 10 typing markers (SAG1, altSAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1 and Apico) and 5 virulence markers (CS3, ROP16, ROP17, ROP18 and ROP5) to provide new information about the distribution and virulence prediction of T. gondii genotypes. Two isolates of T. gondii genotype #116 and 2 of genotype #38 were obtained from stray dogs and chickens, respectively. The parasite load found in these species was between <50 and more than 35 000 tachyzoites per mg of tissue. Virulence marker genotyping revealed a recombinant 1&3 ROP5 RFLP pattern in 2 ToxoDB #116 isolates with no prediction of virulence in a murine model, while in the 2 ToxoDB #38 isolates, the ROP18/ROP5 combination predicted high virulence. Considering all the typed markers, there is a predominance of type I and III alleles, as constantly reported for the isolates characterized in various regions of México. It is crucial to determine their phenotype to corroborate the genetic virulence profile of the T. gondii isolates obtained in this study.

ACKR1 gene polymorphisms in Bombay blood group (Oh) individuals of Indian origin.

BACKGROUND: ACKR1 blood group genes exhibit a high degree of polymorphisms with varying allele distribution seen among different populations and ethnic groups. The study aimed to genotype ACKR1 antigens and to establish FY allele frequency among the individuals with the Bombay (Oh) blood group phenotype. MATERIALS AND METHODS: ACKR1 phenotype and genotype frequencies were estimated on 160 individuals typed as Oh and were compared with 100 non-oh blood donors from Mumbai, India by molecularly genotyping via PCR-RFLP. RESULTS: The allelic and genotypic frequency of T(-67)C polymorphism showed the dominance of T allele and TT genotype [OR= 3.26 (0.59-17.99)] in both the study groups. The ACKR1 null (Fya-b-) phenotype was not found in the tested group. While the genotypic combination among the Oh group individuals was FYA/FYB (45.3 %), FYA/FYA (42.7 %), and FYB/FYB (12 %), in the non-Oh group donors, it was observed as FYA/FYB (53.3 %), FYA/FYA (39.1 %), and FYB/FYB (7.6 %). The haplotype TGGGC occurred in 38.4 % of the Oh group, but in non-Oh donors, it was found to be 50.9 % [OR = 1.820 (1.196-2.771)], and the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.005). Similarly, the TGGGT haplotype was found at a frequency of 12.7 % in non-Oh donors and 27.1 % in Oh group [OR= 0.411 (0.234-0.722)] (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows the prevalence of ACKR1 gene polymorphisms, including weak ACKR1 antigens in Oh individuals with a high frequency of haplotype TGGGC. The present study demonstrated for the first time the genotypes FyBweak, FyAweak and Fy Aweak/FyBESon RBC membranes in Indian subjects with Oh phenotype.

RAD51 and Infertility: A Review and Case-Control Study.

RAD51 is a highly conserved recombinase involved in the strand invasion/exchange of double-stranded DNA by homologous single-stranded DNA during homologous recombination repair. Although a majority of existing literature associates RAD51 with the pathogenesis of various types of cancer, recent reports indicate a role of RAD51 in maintenance of fertility. The present study reviews the role of RAD51 and its interacting proteins in spermatogenesis/oogenesis and additionally reports the findings from the molecular genetic screening of RAD51 135 G > C polymorphism in infertile cases and controls. Fifty-nine articles from PubMed and Google Scholar related to the reproductive role of RAD51 were reviewed. For case-control study, the PCR-RFLP method was used to screen the RAD51 135 G > C polymorphism in 201 infertile cases (100 males, 101 females) and 201 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (100 males, 101 females) from Punjab, North-West India. The review of literature shows that RAD51 is indispensable for spermatogenesis and oogenesis in animal models. Reports on the role of RAD51 in human fertility are limited, however it is involved in the pathogenesis of infertility in both males and females. Molecular genetic analyses in the infertile cases and healthy controls showed no statistically significant difference in the genotypic and allelic frequencies for RAD51 135 G > C polymorphism, even after segregation of the cases by type of infertility (primary/secondary). Therefore, the present study concluded that the RAD51 135 G > C polymorphism was neither associated with male nor female infertility in North-West Indians. This is the first report on RAD51 135 G > C polymorphism and infertility.

Genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from human and chicken isolates from Argentina.

This study aimed to determine the nPCR-RFLP genotypes of newly obtained T. gondii isolates from human congenital toxoplasmosis cases in Argentina and to determine their allelic profiles for virulence genes ROP18/ROP5. In addition, the ROP18/ROP5 profiles were also determined for previously characterized T. gondii samples. Isolation from congenital toxoplasmosis cases was carried out in mouse bioassay from two placentas (P1 and P2). Genotyping for the new human isolates was performed by nPCR-RFLP using 10 markers. The samples analyzed for ROP18/ROP5 included the two newly obtained isolates (from the congenital toxoplasmosis cases) and nine previously genotyped T. gondii DNA samples from humans and chickens. The results for P1 and P2 named as TgHm18-02Arg and TgHm19-01Arg showed ToxoDB genotypes #14 (non-archetypal) and #2 (clonal type III), respectively. Non-archetypal #14 has been isolated from human cases before in Argentina. However, this is the first report of T. gondii clonal type III in a human case in the country. The ROP18/ROP5 combination was detected in nine samples: 3/3 (n = 1), 4/3 (n = 4), 4/4 (n = 3), and 3-4/4 (n = 1). Notably, the 4/4 profile was identified for the first time and exclusively in T. gondii samples from Misiones province (which borders southern Brazil). Further studies are required to corroborate the regionalization of the ROP18/ROP5 profiles in Argentina.

Development of PCR-based genetic test for detection of TTF1 mutation causing abortion in Holstein Friesian cattle.

A stop-gain mutation (rs715966442; BTA11: 1,02,463,944 nucleotide position) in transcription termination factor, RNA polymerase I (TTF1) gene causes abortion in Holstein Friesian (HF) cattle. A PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP)-based genetic test has been developed and validated to screen the TTF1 mutation locus in HF cattle. The mutation locus was screened in 80 HF and HF crossbreds using the protocol, which revealed two animals as carriers of the mutant TTF1 allele. The test employed is cost-effective, rapid and precise and can be utilized as an effective tool for the screening of TTF1 mutation carriers in HF cattle population.

First report of Meloidogyne hapla on hemp (Cannabis sativa) in Oregon.

Hemp is a crop that has gained interest in Washington and Oregon. As with other crops, hemp production faces challenges due to biotic factors, including plant-parasitic nematodes. During a survey for plant-parasitic nematodes associated with hemp, Meloidogyne sp. was found in a composite root sample collected in Oregon. Morphological characterization of second-stage juveniles identified the nematode as Meloidogyne hapla. Molecular identification confirmed the population as M. hapla. To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. hapla on hemp in the Pacific Northwest of the United States.

[Identification of Cervi Cornu (Cervus elaphus) and its formula granules based on PCR-RFLP].

Cervi Cornu is the ossified antler, or the base antler that falls off in the spring of the following year after the pilose antler is sawn off from Cervus elaphus or C. nippon, as a precious traditional Chinese medicine, has been recognized for its medicinal value and widely used in clinical practice. However, the origins of Cervi Cornu are miscellaneous, and Cervi Cornu is even mixed with adulterants in the market. Currently, there is a shortage of ways to identify Cervi Cornu and no standard to control the quality of Cervi Cornu. So it is valuable to develop a way to effectively identify Cervi Cornu from the adulterants. In this study, the differences in the mitochondrial barcode cytochrome b(Cytb) gene sequences of C. elaphus, C. nippon and their related species were compared and the specific single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) sites on the Cytb sequences of Cervi Cornu were screened out. According to the screened SNPs, Cervi Cornu-specific primers dishmy-F and dishmy-R were designed. The PCR system was established and optimized, and the tolerance and feasibility of Taq polymerases and PCR systems affecting the repeatability of the PCR method were investigated. The amplification products of C. elaphus and C. nippon were digested using the restriction enzyme MseⅠ. The results showed that after electrophoresis of the product from PCR with the annealing temperature of 56 ℃ and 35 cycles, a single specific band at about 100 bp was observed for C. elaphus samples, and the product of C. elaphus samples was 60 bp shorter than that of C. nippon samples. There was no band for adulterants from other similar species such as Alces alces, Rangifer tarandus, Odocoileus virginianus, O. hemionus, Cap-reolus pygargus, Przewalskium albirostis and negative controls. The polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP) method established in this study can quickly and accurately identify Cervi Cornu originated from C. elaphus in crude drugs, standard decoctions, and formula granules, and distinguish the origins of Cervi Cornu products, i.e., C. nippon and similar species. This study can be a reference for other studies on the quality standard of other formula granules of traditional Chinese medicines.

The Association of miRNA-146a Gene Variation and Multiple Sclerosis in The Iranian Population.

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex human autoimmune-type inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). MicroRNA-146a (miR-146a) belongs to an endogenous and non-coding RNA family with 18-22 nucleotides long, which modulates the innate and adaptive immune response. Methods: Our study aimed to investigate a possible association between rs2910164 and rs2431697 polymorphisms of the miR-146a gene and multiple sclerosis in the Iranian population. A total of 60 MS cases and 100 controls were recruited. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2431697 was genotyped by utilizing polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), and SNP rs2910164 was genotyped by using Tetra-primer ARMS-PCR. Statistical Analysis conducted by the chi-squared test utilizing SPSS version 21.0 Software. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assumption was evaluated. Results: The results of the present study suggest the miR-146a gene rs2431697 polymorphism is not associated with multiple sclerosis. However, there is a significant relationship between polymorphism rs2910164 of the miR-146a gene and multiple sclerosis in the population studied (P = 0.012). Conclusion: Our data provide evidence that the miR-146a gene may be involved in creating the susceptibility to MS in the Iranian population.

Polymorphism at codon 31 of CDKN1A (p21) as a predictive factor for bevacizumab therapy in glioblastoma multiforme.

Glioblastoma (GBM), a prevalent and malignant brain tumor, poses a challenge in surgical resection due to its invasive nature within the brain parenchyma. CDKN1A (p21, Waf-1), a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, plays a pivotal role in regulating cell growth arrest, terminal differentiation, and apoptosis. The existence of natural variants of CDKN1A has been associated with specific cancer types. In this retrospective study, our objective was to identify polymorphic variants of CDKN1A, specifically c.93C > A (codon 31 Ser31Arg), and investigate its potential impact within the scope of bevacizumab therapy for glioblastoma multiforme. This study involved a cohort of 139 unrelated adult Chinese GBM patients in Taiwan. Genomic DNA extracted from tumor samples was utilized for genotyping using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) restriction fragment length polymorphism method (PCR-RFLP analysis). Through unconditional logistic regression analysis, odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Our findings unveiled that among these GBM patients, the distribution of codon 31 polymorphisms was as follows: 23.02% were Serine homozygotes (Ser/Ser), 27.34% were Arginine homozygotes (Arg/Arg), and 49.64% were Serine/Arginine heterozygotes (Ser/Arg). While CDKN1A c.93C > A polymorphisms did not exhibit a direct association with overall survival in GBM patients, noteworthy survival benefits emerged among individuals with Arg/Arg and Arg/Ser genotypes who received combined concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) and bevacizumab treatment compared to those who underwent CCRT alone. Our findings indicate a significant involvement of the CDKN1A c.93C > A polymorphism in the development and onset of GBM, offering potential implications for the early prognostication of bevacizumab therapy outcomes.

PCR-RFLP assays for the identification of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) species circulating in Honduras.

BACKGROUND: Vector populations are a key target for malaria control and elimination. In Honduras, there are at least 12 reported anopheline species, however, the definitive number of species remains uncertain. Due to the inherent limitations of morphological identification of Anopheles species, molecular approaches have been developed to provide accurate identification and robust surveillance of local malaria vectors. The aim of this study was to design and assess three PCR-RFLP assays to identify anopheline species known to presently occur in Honduras. METHODS: Mosquitoes captured between 2018 and 2022 in seven malaria-endemic and non-endemic departments in Honduras were analysed. The ITS2 ribosomal region and three restriction enzyme-based assays were evaluated in silico and experimentally. RESULTS: A total of 132 sequences from 12 anopheline species were analysed. The ITS2 marker showed length polymorphisms that generated products between 388 and 592 bp and no relevant intraspecies polymorphisms were found. Furthermore, the three PCR-RFLP assays were able to differentiate 11 species with sufficient precision and resolution. CONCLUSION: The ITS2 region was shown to be a useful molecular marker for identifying local Anopheles species. In addition, the PCR-RFLP assays evaluated here proved to be capable of discriminating most of the anopheline species present in Honduras. These methods provide alternatives to improve entomological surveillance of Anopheles in Honduras and other Mesoamerican countries.

Polymorphisms in vitamin D receptor genes and its relation with susceptibility to brucellosis: a case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: One of the systemic infections is Brucellosis which is caused by facultative intracellular bacteria of the genus Brucella. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble prohormone, that metabolizes enzymes and its intracellular receptor creates the active hormone and also mediate in responses of immune system. METHODS: Current research consists of 102 patients with brucellosis who were selected based on culture, PCR results serology, and clinical symptoms. The control group composed of 102 healthy people. The polymorphism of genes (Bsm I, Fok I, Taq I, Apa I) encoding Vitamin D receptor (VDR) were assessed by the PCR-RFLP method. RESULTS: The results showed that ff, tt, aa, and bb genotypes in Fok I, ApaI, TaqI, and BsmI were significant in case/control groups (P-value ≤ 0.0001). The genotype frequency AA in the control group is higher than that of the study group, while genotype frequency aa in the study group is more than the control. The odds ratio for brucellosis in individuals with ff genotype is 37 times higher than that of Ff genotype. Also, the odds ratio of brucellosis in individuals with genotype tt, aa, and bb was 12, 53, and 6 times higher than those of the Aa, Bb, and Tt genotypes. CONCLUSION: The genotypes aa and ff in the positions of the ApaI and FokI are of higher importance. The brucellosis risk in individuals accompanied aa genotype at Apa I is 53 times higher than that of the genotype AA, in other words, AA and BB, TT and FF genotypes are protective against the disease.

Investigation of roles of IL-8 (+ 781 C/T) and MMP-2 (-735 C/T) gene variations in early diagnosis of bladder cancer and progression.

BACKGROUND: The aim of our study is to investigate the roles of IL-8 (+ 781 C/T) and MMP-2 (-735 C/T) gene variations in early diagnosis and progression of BCA. METHODS: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) methods were used to determine the genotype distributions of IL-8 (+ 781 C/T) and MMP-2 (-735 C/T) gene variations. RESULTS: In our study, the genotype distributions of IL-8 (+ 781 C/T) and MMP-2 (-735 C/T) gene variations were not found to be significantly different between the patient and control groups. In addition, C and T allele frequencies for these gene variations were not different from the Hardy-Weinberg distribution in patient and control groups. However, when the combined genotype analyzes for these gene variations were evaluated, CC-CC and CT-CC combined genotypes for + 781 C/T / -735 C/T gene variations were observed significantly more in the patient group compared to other genotypes. CONCLUSION: Although IL-8 (+ 781 C/T) and MMP-2 (-735 C/T) gene variations were not found to be genetic risk factors in the Thrace population in our study, CC-CC and CT-CC combined genotypes were determined as genetic risk factors for BCA susceptibility. The combined genotypes obtained as a result of the combined genotype analysis of these genetic variations that are effective in tumor progression may be considered to be important biomarkers for the early diagnosis and progression of BCA.

Genetic polymorphisms of IL6 gene -174G > C and -597G > A are associated with the risk of COVID-19 severity.

Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is pro-inflammatory disorder characterized by acute respiratory distress syndrome. Interleukin-6, a cytokine secreted by macrophages, which mediates an inflammatory response, is frequently increased and associated with the severity in COVID-19 patients. The differential expression of IL6 cytokine in COVID-19 patients may be associated with the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in regulatory region of cytokine genes. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of two promoter polymorphisms of the IL6 gene (-597G > A and -174G > C) with the severity of COVID-19. The study included 242 patients, out of which 97 patients with severe symptoms and 145 patients with mild symptoms of COVID-19. Genotyping of two selected SNPs, rs1800795 (-174G > C) and rs1800797 (-597G > A) of promoter region of IL6 gene, was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). In our study, individuals with GC genotypes of IL6 (-174G > C) polymorphism showed significantly higher risk of severity [adjusted odds (OR) 3.86, p <.001] but we did not observe any association of COVID-19 severity with rs1800797 (-597G > A) polymorphism. The COVID-19 severity was significantly higher in individuals having 'C' allele of IL6 (-174G > C) polymorphism (p = .014). Linkage disequilibrium between rs1800795 (-174G > C) and rs1800797 (-597G > A) showed that individuals having AC* haplotype significantly association with COVID-19 severity (p = .034). Our results suggest that 'C' allele of rs1800795 (-174G > C) polymorphism of IL6 may be the risk allele for severity of COVID-19 in North Indian population.

Application of PCR-RFLP for quick identification of MSTN mutants in MSTN mutant pig breeding.

Knockout of the MSTN gene is linked to the enlarged tongue, and it causes suckling difficulty in animals. The suckling difficulty has a severe effect on animal mortality. Thus, special care was required to ensure their survivability. Here, it is critical to promptly ascertain the genotype of all pigs after birth. The main objective of the present study was to develop the restriction enzyme-mediated PCR-RFLP assay for MSTN mutant pig genotyping. To accomplish this, conserved oligonucleotide primer and restriction site were deduced according to the mutated sequence of the MSTN mutant pigs. PCR amplification yielded a 176 bp band for all homozygous MSTN mutant (MSTN-/-), heterozygous MSTN mutant (MSTN+/-) and wild-type (WT) pigs. However, MSTN+/- samples produced two fragments with 176 and 87 bp, and WT samples produced one fragment with 87 bp after being digested by BstNI. MSTN-/- samples were not digested by BstNI and yielded a 176 bp band. Thus, we were able to determine the genotype of all pigs using BstNI restriction enzyme-mediated PCR-RFLP method. Overall, the present study reported a simple and fast PCR-RFLP genotyping method for MSTN mutant pig breeding. The present study may contribute to the establishment of commercial breeding systems and the production of double muscle pigs.

Characterization of mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene of yellow-striped chevrotain (Moschiola kathygre) and white-spotted chevrotain (Moschiola meminna) and development of a PCR-RFLP marker for the unambiguous identification of the species.

Tragulids hold a significant place in the evolutionary history of mammals since they represent the basal branch of ruminants. Only three genera of tragulids are being extant to date such as Tragulus, Hyemoschus and Moschiola. In the genus Moschiola, Sri Lankan chevrotains (Moschiola meminna and Moschiola kathygre) are endemic to Sri Lanka while Moschiola indica is present in India. Sri Lankan chevrotains lack information on their population structure, distribution and molecular evidence on species identification. This leads to possible threats including habitat destruction, poaching and illegal hunting and trading under different names. In this study, genomic DNA from hair follicles was isolated from M. meminna and M. kathygre and 12S rRNA mitochondrial gene was amplified using universal primers. The PCR products were sequenced and phylogenetic analysis was done on Sri Lankan chevrotains for the first time. The sequences of Sri Lankan chevrotains share 99.7% similarity as they differ only in a single InDel present in M. meminna. In silico analysis of 12S rRNA region revealed that PCR-RFLP approach can be used to differentiate the Sri Lankan chevrotains from Indian chevrotain using the restriction enzymes; Rsa I, Sca I, Hinf I and Hind III. M. kathygre and M. meminna can be differentiated from each other by using Dra I.

Characterization of BoLA class II DQA and DQB by PCR-RFLP, cloning, and sequencing reveals sequence diversity in crossbred cattle.

The BoLA class II DQA and DQB genes in crossbred cattle were studied using PCR-RFLP, cloning, and sequencing techniques. Seventy-two crossbred cattle (Vrindavani) were used in the current study. HaeIII and XbaI restriction enzymes digested DQA exon 2-3, revealing seven (HaeIII-A-G) and three (XbaI A-C) motifs, respectively. The BoLA-DQB gene was analyzed using PCR-RFLP with PstI and TaqI restriction enzymes, yielding five restriction motifs for each restriction enzyme (PstI-A-E and TaqI-A-E). In crossbred cattle, addition, deletion, and substitutions were observed in distinct sequences, resulting in variations in overall gene length. Changes in nucleotides at positions 64-80, 110-200, and 207-264 were largely responsible for polymorphism in DQA exon 2. The phylogenetic analysis predicted a high degree of nucleotide and amino acid changes in DQA exon 2-3 and DQB exon 2. DQA genes had a nucleotide dissimilarity of 0.3-25.4 percent, while DQB genes had a nucleotide dissimilarity of 1.5-14.3 percent. We cloned and sequenced 20 genotypes based on PCR-RFLP of the DQA and DQB genes. The current study observed variation in the DQA and DQB genes and will serve as a foundation for future research on the BoLA DQA and DQB genes.

The investigation on allelic, genotypic frequencies and gene expression study in coding region of tyrosinase gene in Deoni cattle breed of western India.

An investigation was carried out on Deoni animals of western India to study the allelic and genotypic frequencies in coding region of TYR gene as well as gene expression profile. The animals were grouped according to age, gender, strain and intensity of partial albinism (low, medium and high). The present study revealed that the genotypic frequency of TYR gene across different strains, gender, age group and level of partial albinism was found to be non-significant for both exon-I and exon-II. The AB genotype in Balankya (0.70) was observed highest genotypic frequency followed by Wanera (0.55) and Shewara (0.55) strains. The genotypic frequency of AB and BB genotypes were observed highest in male and female, respectively. In exon-I, genotype frequency of AA genotype was found highest (0.55) in low level of partial albinism. The allelic frequencies in Shewara strain, male and low level of partial albinism were 0.75, 0.63 and 0.73, respectively. However, in exon-II genotype frequency of AB and BB was observed highest (0.70) in Wanera and Balankya strains followed by AA genotype in Shewara (0.50). The highest genotypic frequency of AA (0.87) and BB (0.50) were in male and female, respectively. The genotype frequency of AB genotype was found highest in all level of partial albinism. The allelic frequency was highest (0.85 for B allele) in Wanera strain, male (0.80 for A allele) and high level (0.60 for A allele) of particle albinism. The highly significant (p = 0.002) expression of tyrosinase gene was observed in young animals as compared to adult animals. The TYR gene expression was significantly (p = 0.047) higher in animals with low intensity of partial albinism followed by in the animals with medium and high intensity. Therefore, it is inferred that the TYR gene expression in young animals were high and as compared to the old animals of Deoni cattle breed.