Suppressive effects of S100A8 and S100A9 on neutrophil apoptosis by cytokine release of human bronchial epithelial cells in asthma.

S100A8 and S100A9 are important proteins in the pathogenesis of allergy. Asthma is an allergic lung disease, characterized by bronchial inflammation due to leukocytes, bronchoconstriction, and allergen-specific IgE. In this study, we examined the role of S100A8 and S100A9 in the interaction of cytokine release from bronchial epithelial cells, with constitutive apoptosis of neutrophils. S100A8 and S100A9 induce increased secretion of neutrophil survival cytokines such as MCP-1, IL-6 and IL-8. This secretion is suppressed by TLR4 inhibitor), LY294002, AKT inhibitor, PD98059, SB202190, SP600125, and BAY-11-7085. S100A8 and S100A9 also induce the phosphorylation of AKT, ERK, p38 MAPK and JNK, and activation of NF-κB, which were blocked after exposure to TLR4i, LY294002, AKTi, PD98059, SB202190 or SP600125. Furthermore, supernatants collected from bronchial epithelial cells after S100A8 and S100A9 stimulation suppressed the apoptosis of normal and asthmatic neutrophils. These inhibitory mechanisms are involved in suppression of caspase 9 and caspase 3 activation, and BAX expression. The degradation of MCL-1 and BCL-2 was also blocked by S100A8 and S100A9 stimulation. Essentially, neutrophil apoptosis was blocked by co-culture of normal and asthmatic neutrophils with BEAS-2B cells in the presence of S100A8 and S100A9. These findings will enable elucidation of asthma pathogenesis.

In neonates S100A8/S100A9 alarmins prevent the expansion of a specific inflammatory monocyte population promoting septic shock.

The high susceptibility of newborn infants to sepsis is ascribed to an immaturity of the neonatal immune system, but the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Newborn monocytes massively release the alarmins S100A8/S100A9. In adults, these are major regulators of immunosuppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). We investigated whether S100A8/S100A9 cause an expansion of monocytic MDSCs (Mo-MDSCs) in neonates, thereby contributing to an immunocompromised state. Mo-MDSCs have been assigned to CD14+/human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR-/low/CD33+ monocytes in humans and to CD11b+/Gr-1int/Ly6G-/Ly6Chi cells in mice. We found monocytes with these phenotypes significantly expanded in their respective newborns. Functionally, however, they did not prove immunosuppressive but rather responded inflammatorily to microbial stimulation. Their expansion did not correlate with high S100A8/S100A9 levels in cord blood. Murine studies revealed an excessive expansion of CD11b+/Gr-1int/Ly6G-/Ly6Chi monocytes in S100A9-/- neonates compared to wild-type neonates. This strong baseline expansion was associated with hyperinflammatory responses during endotoxemia and fatal septic courses. Treating S100A9-/- neonates directly after birth with S100A8/S100A9 alarmins prevented excessive expansion of this inflammatory monocyte population and death from septic shock. Our data suggest that a specific population of inflammatory monocytes promotes fatal courses of sepsis in neonates if its expansion is not regulated by S100A8/S100A9 alarmins.-Heinemann, A. S., Pirr, S., Fehlhaber, B., Mellinger, L., Burgmann, J., Busse, M., Ginzel, M., Friesenhagen, J., von Köckritz-Blickwede, M., Ulas, T., von Kaisenberg, C. S., Roth, J., Vogl, T., Viemann, D. In neonates S100A8/S100A9 alarmins prevent the expansion of a specific inflammatory monocyte population promoting septic shock.

S100 Calcium-Binding Protein A8 Functions as a Tumor-Promoting Factor in Renal Cell Carcinoma via Activating NF-κB Signaling Pathway.

BACKGROUND: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), arising from the renal tubular epithelium, is one of the most common types of genitourinary malignancies. Based on the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (GSE100666), S100 calcium-binding protein A8 (S100A8) was highly expressed in RCC tissues. S100A8, an inflammatory regulatory factor, has emerged as an important mediator associated with the occurrence and development of cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was used to identify the key genes and investigate the main signaling pathways in RCC. Human RCC samples and corresponding adjacent normal tissues were collected in our hospital. The expression of S100A8 in human RCC samples was detected using western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis. S100A8 overexpression or knockdown was mediated by using Lipofectamine 3000 in human renal cell carcinoma cell line 786-O and ACHN cells. Basic experiments, including MTT and cell apoptosis assays, were utilized for investigating the function of S100A8 in RCC. Furthermore, the levels of inflammation were also evaluated in 786-O and ACHN cells. RESULTS: In the current study, we found that downregulation of S100A8 inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis in 786-O and ACHN RCC cells. Of note, S100A8 silencing downregulated the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65, thereby decreasing the levels of TNF-α, cleaved caspase1, and MMP9. By contrast, S100A8 upregulation could increase these expressions. CONCLUSION: Overall, S100A8 knockdown restrained RCC malignant biological properties, which was associated with the deactivation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. This present study demonstrates new insights that S100A8 may be a potential therapeutic target in RCC.

Single Cell RNA Sequencing Identifies a Unique Inflammatory Macrophage Subset as a Druggable Target for Alleviating Acute Kidney Injury.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a complex clinical disorder associated with poor outcomes. Targeted regulation of the degree of inflammation has been a potential strategy for AKI management. Macrophages are the main effector cells of kidney inflammation. However, macrophage heterogeneity in ischemia reperfusion injury induced AKI (IRI-AKI) remains unclear. Using single-cell RNA sequencing of the mononuclear phagocytic system in the murine IRI model, the authors demonstrate the complementary roles of kidney resident macrophages (KRMs) and monocyte-derived infiltrated macrophages (IMs) in modulating tissue inflammation and promoting tissue repair. A unique population of S100a9hi Ly6chi IMs is identified as an early responder to AKI, mediating the initiation and amplification of kidney inflammation. Kidney infiltration of S100A8/A9+ macrophages and the relevance of renal S100A8/A9 to tissue injury is confirmed in human AKI. Targeting the S100a8/a9 signaling with small-molecule inhibitors exhibits renal protective effects represented by improved renal function and reduced mortality in bilateral IRI model, and decreased inflammatory response, ameliorated kidney injury, and improved long-term outcome with decreased renal fibrosis in the unilateral IRI model. The findings support S100A8/A9 blockade as a feasible and clinically relevant therapy potentially waiting for translation in human AKI.

Suppression of inflammation in rat autoimmune myocarditis by S100A8/A9 through modulation of the proinflammatory cytokine network.

AIMS: S100A8/A9 is expressed in activated monocytes/macrophages and assumed to be heavily involved in the pathogenesis of acute inflammation. Although several studies have asserted that S100A8/A9 has a proinflammatory function, the exact biological function of S100A8/A9 is yet to be described. We examined the anti-inflammatory effects of S100A8/A9 on experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) in rats. METHODS AND RESULTS: Experimental autoimmune myocarditis was induced in Lewis rats by immunization with porcine cardiac myosin. The recombinant (R-) S100A8/A9 was injected intraperitoneally into EAM rats. R-S100A8/A9 attenuated the severity of myocarditis, as evidenced by echocardiographic and histological findings. In addition, we found that not only the mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha] in the myocardium, but also their serum concentrations were suppressed in EAM rats treated with R-S100A8/A9. Nuclear factor-kappa B expression in inflammatory cells was also suppressed in the treated rats. To elucidate the mechanistic function of S100A8/A9 on proinflammatory cytokines in vivo, we used an ELISA on the supernatant of homogenized heart tissue treated with R-S100A8/A9. The findings revealed high-affinity binding of R-S100A8/A9 with IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha in the myocardium, suggesting the trapping of proinflammatory cytokines by R-S100A8/A9. CONCLUSION: S100A8/A9 attenuates EAM through modulation of the proinflammatory cytokine network.