Nasal myiasis in patients with disturbance of consciousness: A case report and literature review. / æ„è¯†éšœç¢æ‚£è€ å‘ç”Ÿé¼»è‡è›†ç— 1ä¾‹åŠæ–‡çŒ®å¤ä¹ .

Nasal myiasis is a rare parasitic disease. The growth of myiasis in the nasal cavity causes damage to the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Once the dipeterous larvae are migrated, it causes damage to the surrounding structures such as eyes and skull cavity. Proper treatment and active prevention and control can reduce and avoid the occurrence of serious complications. On May 14, 2020, a patient with cerebral infarction and coma was admitted to Xiangya Hospital of Central South University and developed nasal myiasis. During the treatment of the primary disease, the patient was found to be infected with rhinomyiasis. The patient was treated with dehydration, cranial pressure reduction, brain protection, blood glucose control, blood pressure control, and anti-infection. Nasal endoscopy and nasal irrigation were carried out to treat nasal myiasis. The patient was properly placed and isolated for prevention and control so as to prevent the spread of myiasis in the ward. After 16 days, the patient regained consciousness, no worm was found in the nasal cavity, and was discharged from the hospital. The patient was followed-up for 6 months, no maggots were found in the nasal cavity of the patients, no complaints of nasal discomfort was occurred, and no other patients and medical staff were infected with myiasis. The prevention of myiasis is very important, and proper measures should be taken to reduce the risk of community and hospital infection.

Nasal mites (Mesostigmata: Rhinonyssidae) in African penguins (Spheniscus demersus).

Rhinonyssids are obligate haematophagous mites that parasitize the nasal cavity of vertebrates, and occur in a wide range of birds worldwide. Two species of nasal mites are known to occur in penguins: Rhinonyssus sphenisci, which has been recorded from Humboldt and Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus humboldti and S. magellanicus, respectively), and Rhinonyssus schelli, which has been recorded in Adélie and Gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae and P. papua, respectively). We examined the nasal cavity of African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) that died while under care at a rehabilitation centre (N = 40) or that were found dead at breeding colonies (N = 67). Nasal mites were found in the nasal cavity and/or paranasal of sinuses of 21 penguins, some of which had signs of mild-to-moderate sinusitis. Prevalence was higher in juveniles (29%) and adults (27%) than in chicks (10%). Mean intensity was 5.9 ± 12.9 mites per infected host (range 1-60). The mites presented morphological characteristics that were at times consistent with either R. sphenisci or R. schelli, and therefore we conservatively classified them as 'R. sphenisci sensu lato'. Our morphometric results raise the question of whether the specific status of R. schelli is justified.

First report on nasal myiasis in an alpaca "Vicugna pacos" - a case report.

BACKGROUND: An infestation of bot fly larvae causes myiasis which is known to cause respiratory symptoms in ruminants. There are reports of bot fly larvae in llamas, but to our knowledge there are no previous reports of nasal myiasis due to bot flies in alpacas ("Vicugna pacos"). CASE PRESENTATION: The following case report describes a neutered male alpaca showing sneezing and mild nasal discharge. Endoscopic examination of the upper respiratory tract revealed bot fly larvae in one nostril. After treatment with doramectin, there was no evidence of living bot fly larvae visible in the nostril. CONCLUSION: Bot fly larvae should be considered as a potential cause of respiratory symptoms in alpacas. In the present case, a treatment with doramectin was successful.

Three-dimensional morphology of rigid structures as a tool for taxonomic studies of Dactylogyridae (Monogenea).

Dactylogyridae is overwhelmingly the most abundant and diverse taxon among monogeneans in continental waters of South America. Their small body size requires considerable sampling effort and training for collecting and identifying the worms from the gills, skin, nasal cavities, and other microhabitats. Indeed, diagnostic characteristics as sclerites and male copulatory complex are generally less than 100-µm long and are essential for taxonomic description and identification of species. Here, a combination of simple and routine methods for three-dimensional morphological studies on hard structures is proposed for dactylogirids: SDS treatment for clarification of specimens and enzymatic digestion with proteinase K for freeing sclerotized structures, followed by laser confocal microscopy. This method is applicable to fresh or fixed specimens and does not require staining or dehydration. Indeed, stable autofluorescence emission is detectable at 500-530 nm for bars, anchors, and male copulatory complex when excited by argon laser. Advantages of this protocol over previous methodologies for taking laser confocal images are discussed. Open access software for image processing was used for three-dimensional reconstruction of sclerotized structures generating models and full 360° rotation videos.

Infection of Oligochaetes, Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri (Annelida: Oligochaeta), in the Nasal Cavity of a Chinese Man.

The infection by Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri Claparède, 1862 (Oligochaeta: Tubificinae) in humans is relatively uncommon. The present report is to describe an incidental human infection with oligochaetes in the nasal cavity of a Chinese man, a 25-year-old man residing in Zhangjiakou city, Hebei province, China presenting with nose bleed, severe itching, continuous sneezing, and rhinorrhea. A lot of oligochaete worms were found in the nasal discharge of the patient. The detected worms were identified as Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri (Annelida: Oligochaeta) based on morphological and molecular characteristics. This incidental L. hoffmeisteri nasal infection is the first case in China and indicates that oligochaete worms can be encountered in humans.

High prevalence of Eucoleus boehmi (syn. Capillaria boehmi) in foxes from western Austria.

Eucoleus boehmi (syn. Capillaria boehmi) is a canine trichuroid nematode affecting the upper respiratory airways (i.e., nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses) of dogs, foxes, and wolves. In the past few years, reports in dogs and wild canids have increased from across Europe, but data on its occurrence and distribution in Austria is scanty. A total of 47 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from the two westernmost provinces (Tyrol and Vorarlberg) of Austria were therefore examined for the presence of E. boehmi at necropsy. Eggs and adult nematodes were identified morphologically and molecularly (cox1) as E. boehmi. These nematodes were found in 26 (78.8 %) and 13 (92.9 %) foxes from Tyrol and Vorarlberg, respectively, with an overall prevalence of 83.0 % (39/47). The prevalence rate of infection recorded in this study is among the highest in Europe. These results suggest that foxes may represent an important source of infection for dogs and other canids, but further studies are needed to elucidate the transmission dynamics.

Negative suction approach to remove living leeches from the nasal cavity.

OBJECTIVE: To explore a method for removing a living leech from the nasal cavity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 5 patients with nasal leech were examined. Nasal endoscopy revealed the presence of a wriggling leech in the nasal cavities of each of these patients. A negative suction tube with an inner diameter of 3 mm and a negative pressure of 30-40 kp was used to remove these leeches. In each case, this suction tube was aimed at the free end of the leech, and the leech was gradually and slowly sucked into the tube. The suckers of the removed leeches were examined to ensure that no leech fragments remained within each patient. RESULTS: In all 5 cases, the intact leech was successfully removed. No surgical complications occurred. CONCLUSIONS: The negative suction method can successfully remove nasal leeches.

In vitro control of the camel nasal botfly, Cephalopina titillator, with doramectin, lavender, camphor, and onion oils.

Camels are very important livestock particularly in arid and semiarid lands. The oestrid fly, Cephalopina titillator (Clark), causes nasopharyngeal myiasis in camels, and it is widely distributed in many camel breeding areas triggering health hazards and severe economic losses in camels. The prevalence of infestation of camels (slaughtered at Tokh's slaughterhouse, Qalyubia Governorate, Egypt, during the period from September 2011 to March 2012) was 41.67 % (100 out of 240). Most infested camels developed clinical signs of nasal discharge, restlessness, loss of appetite, difficulty in breathing, frequent sneezing, and snoring. Postmortem examination of infested camels explained that breathing of the animal is greatly impaired because of blockage of the nasopharynx by larvae and/or mucofibrinous secretions. The larval count per camel ranged from 1 to 250 (mean 28.45 ± 6.48). In vitro larval immersion tests were carried out to determine the efficacy of doramectin (0.003 %) as well as some essential oils (50 % each) such as lavender, camphor, and onion oils against the second and third larval stages (L2 and L3) of C. titillator. Another trial had been done for imitating what could happen if the area around camels were treated with an insecticide or an insect repellent. All treated L2 died 18 h posttreatment (PT) with both doramectin and lavender, and 100 % mortality was reached for L3 after 24 and 30 h PT with lavender and doramectin, respectively. Doramectin and lavender induced the highest response against C. titillator as their lethal time (LT50) values after treatment of L2 were 3.40 and 3.60 h, respectively, and those of L3 were 4.99 and 5.53 h, respectively. Against both L2 and L3 of C. titillator and based on LT50 values of onion oil and those of other applied materials, doramectin and lavender oil were four times more effective than onion oil, and camphor oil was two times more effective than onion oil. Based on LT50 values of essential oils and those of doramectin, as a reference substance, the relative speed of efficacy indicated that camphor and onion oils were, respectively, two and four times less effective than doramectin and lavender. With regard to fumigant technique, neither the insecticide, New Pyrosol, nor the insect repellent, Keto, was effective in controlling C. titillator larvae. Our results indicated that doramectin and lavender could be selected as drugs of choice for controlling C. titillator, but it is not permitted to use doramectin on dairy animals during lactation. Lavender (50 %) has a great potential to be developed as a novel larvicide and could be used as nasal drench against nasal botfly which will reflect on camel production and the national economy.

[Localization of crustaceans--fish parasites and nose capsules as the habitat of the genus Salmincola (Podoplea: Lernaeopodidae) mesoparasites].

Copepoda parasitica of Baikal fishes (16 species) is divided into 7 groups according to their localization: parasites of the gill apparatus, gill covers, gill and buccal cavities, nasal fossa, cutaneous covering, and fins. It was proposed to separate nasal fossa parasites as the special ecological group ofmesoparasites. Typical speciemens of the group include crustaceans Salmincola longimanus complex--parasites of grayling and cisco fishes consist of three species (S. longimanus, S. svetlanovi, S. lavaretus) and one subspecies (S. longimanus sibirica).

Scanning electron microscope observations on the monogenean parasite Paraquadriacanthus nasalis from the nasal cavities of the freshwater fish Clarias gariepinus in Egypt with a note on some surface features of its microhabitat.

Surface features of the monogenean Paraquadriacanthus nasalis Ergens, 1988 (quoted by Kritsky, 1990) inhabiting the nasal cavities of the freshwater fish Clarias gariepinus were studied for the first time using scanning electron microscopy. The anterior adhesive areas possess two slit-like openings. Many small openings were detected on the tegument covering the anterior-most region of the head. Some considerably large openings were also found in the median region between the two slit-like openings of the adhesive sacs. A transverse slit-like mouth opening with two lip-like structures was detected on the ventral surface of the body. Three types of presumed sensory structures were found associated with the tegument of the anterior adhesive area and anterior region of the body. These are surface ciliary sensilla, dome-shaped structures, and many spherical structures. The possible functions of these presumed sensory structures were discussed. The tegument covering the anterior adhesive area lacks microvilli, while the tegument covering the haptor is associated with microvilli. The haptoral sclerites were found in two different positions. Some surface features of the nasal cavities of C. gariepinus (microhabitat of P. nasalis) were also studied using scanning electron microscopy. Many lamellae-like and spine-like structures were recognized. The epithelium lining in some regions of the nasal cavities has small and large openings and covered with mucus. The possible roles of some haptoral sclerites in the attachment of the parasite to the host tissues were discussed.

Nasal schistosomiasis among large ruminants in Wayanad, India.

In May, 2007 a total of 54 cattle and 47 buffaloes were examined for Schistosoma nasale infection at a municipality slaughterhouse in Kalpetta, Wayanad, India. Eleven point one percent of cattle and 23.4% of buffaloes were positive, all with only mild parasite loads, with fewer than 5 per animal. The prevalence of Schistosoma nasale among large ruminants in Wayanad, India is relatively low compared to previous studies.

Three new species of Merizocotyle Cerfontaine, 1894 (Monogenea: Monocotylidae) from the nasal tissues of dasyatid rays collected off Malaysian and Indonesian Borneo.

Three new species of Merizocotyle Cerfontaine, 1894 (Monogenea: Monocotylidae) are described from the nasal tissues of stingrays collected off Borneo. Merizocotyle macrostrobus n. sp. is described from the dwarf whipray Himantura walga (Müller & Henle) collected in shallow waters off Sematan, Sarawak, Malaysia. This species can be distinguished from the other members of the genus by the morphology of the sclerotised male copulatory organ, which is long with many twists and loops. The vaginae of this species are also long and looped. Merizocotyle papillae n. sp. is described from the roughnose stingray Pastinachus solocirostris Last, Manjaji & Yearsley collected off Sematan and Mukah, Sarawak, Malaysia. It is distinguished from the other species of Merizocotyle by the morphology of the male copulatory organ, which is a sclerotised tube that expands slightly and then tapers at the distal end, and by the presence of papillae on the dorsal edge of the haptor. Merizocotyle rhadinopeos n. sp. is described from the whitenose whip ray Himantura uarnacoides (Bleeker) collected off Manggar, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. It can be differentiated by the male copulatory organ, which is a short, narrow, curved, sclerotised tube tapering distally, and the path of the ovary, which runs anteriorly to the base of the oötype. We also provide details of new host and/or locality records for M. australensis (Beverley-Burton & Williams, 1989) Chisholm, Wheeler & Beverley-Burton, 1995, M. icopae Beverley-Burton & Williams, 1989 and M. pseudodasybatis (Hargis, 1955) Chisholm, Wheeler & Beverley-Burton, 1995.

[Sense organs on palps and fore tarsi of gamasid mites (Parasitiformes, Rhinonyssidae), parasites of the nasal cavity of the great tit, the rock dove, and the Eurasian coot].

The main sensory organs (the palpal organ and the tarsal sensory complex) were examined by scanning electron microscopy method in parasites of the nasal cavity of the great tit Parus major (Ptilonyssus sairae, Ptilonyssus pari), the rock dove Columba livia (Mesonyssus melloi), and the Eurasian coot Fulica atra (Rallinyssus caudistigmus). It was shown that differences in the topography of sensilla within the tarsal complex correspond to the taxonomic relations between species and genera, whereas differences in the structure of the palpal organ are not associated with the taxonomy and, probably, reflect ecological peculiarities of parasitism.

Larvae and adult flies of Rhinoestrus purpureus and R. usbekistanicus: morphology and pupation (Diptera: Oestridae).

Rhinoestrus species larvae are considered obligatory parasites of the nasal cavities of equine. This type of myiasis is characterised by sneezing, coughing, olfactory nerve damage and encephalomyelitis. Also, it has a zoonotic importance as the larvae might cause ophthalmomyiasis and conjunctivitis in human. While few studies describing R. purpureus adult fly antennal sensillae are available, the R. usbekistanicus antennal sensillae have never been described. Also, scanty data are available on the adult flies of Rhinoestrus species morphology. For this reason, the current study aimed at identiying and comparing different Rhinoestrus species (larvae, adult flies and time of pupation). Using light and scanning electron microscopy, we have evidenced differences between R. purpureus, R. usbekistanicus larvae in spination pattern, shape of spines, peritremes shape and ultrastrucures. The study also showed that for both species the pupa required 15­21 days at room temperature to develop into adult flies, identified the adult male flies and female external genitalia have been identified. As well, the gross features of R. purpureus and R. usbekistanicus adult flies which included the disposition of the parafrontalia and parafascialia tubercles, mesonotal weals, wings and abdominal pellonisityhave been characterised and the sensillae compared.

Final hosts and variability of Trichobilharzia regenti under natural conditions.

In Europe, despite of intensive work on avian schistosomes in the past, only one representative of nasal schistosomes has been detected so far, Trichobilharzia regenti, a species that remained undescribed to the scientific community until 1998. Since then, however, T. regenti has gained a considerable attention, not only due to the induction of serious lesions concomitant with the migration of the schistosomulae through the central nervous system of their natural hosts (birds) but also due to their implication in cercarial dermatitis and their neurotrophic behaviour in mammals (mice, experimental) where the parasite migrate to the CNS. From 2001 to 2010, by a parasitic control of various potential final hosts (aquatic birds) living in natural condition in France and in Iceland, we detected T. regenti in six species: Anas platyrhynchos, Cygnus olor, Aythya fuligula, Aythya ferina, Mergus merganser and Anser anser. Although morphological features, mainly of eggs, showed some variations with the original description of the parasite, molecular analysis confirmed their membership to the T. regenti species. Nevertheless, specific molecular and morphological variations were especially observed for nasal parasite isolated from Anas clypeata. For this species, we discuss the possibility for this nasal schistosome to belong to a nasal Trichobilharzia species already described in Africa or even an undescribed nasal species.

Nasal rhinosporidiosis in two dogs native to the upper Mississippi river valley region.

Two dogs, 4 and 7 years of age, were presented for evaluation and treatment of excessive sneezing. Physical examinations in both cases were within acceptable limits except for the presence of a single mass in the left nasal passage in the first case and left-sided nasal discharge in the second case. Rhinoscopy was used to visualize the nasal masses, and in both cases a single mass was surgically removed. Impression smears and histopathology submitted from each mass revealed lymphoplasmacytic and neutrophilic inflammation with spores typical of Rhinosporidium seeberi. These are the first reported cases of nasal rhinosporidiosis in two dogs native to the Upper Mississippi River Valley area with no travel history outside the region.

A new species of Brachiella (Copepoda, Siphonostomatoida, Lernaeopodidae) from Peninsular Malaysia, with relegation of two genera Charopinopsis and Eobrachiella to junior synonyms of Brachiella.

Both sexes of Brachiella malayensis n. sp. are described on the basis of specimens found in the nostrils of narrow-barred Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus commerson (Lacepède) collected off Besut, Malaysia. The female of this species closely resembles those of B. magna Kabata, 1968 and B. cybii Pillai, Prabha et Balaraman, 1982 but is distinguishable mainly by the body size and the proportions of the cephalosome, posterior processes and caudal rami. While examining the male, we noticed a systematic inconsistency in some lernaeopodid genera. The genus Brachiella Cuvier, 1830, represented by its type-species Brachiella thynni Cuvier, 1830, and two monotypic genera Charopinopsis Yamaguti, 1963 and Eobrachiella Ho et Do, 1984, represented by Charopinopsis quaternia (Wilson, 1935) and Eobrachiella elegans (Richiardi, 1880), respectively, share distinct synapomorphies in the embracing (vs. pinching) elongate male maxilliped and the female trunk with a pair of long, cylindrical ventroposterior processes (in addition to a pair of modified caudal rami), both of which are involved in their unique reproductive strategy. The latter two genera are herewith relegated to junior synonyms of Brachiella.

TITLE: Une nouvelle espèce de Brachiella (Copepoda, Siphonostomatoida, Lernaeopodidae) de Malaisie péninsulaire, avec relégation des deux genres Charopinopsis et Eobrachiella en synonymes juniors de Brachiella. ABSTRACT: Les deux sexes de Brachiella malayensis n. sp. sont décrits sur la base de spécimens trouvés dans les narines du Thazard rayé Scomberomorus commerson (Lacepède) collecté au large de Besut, en Malaisie. La femelle de cette espèce ressemble étroitement à celles de B. magna Kabata, 1968 et B. cybii Pillai, Prabha et Balaraman, 1982, mais se distingue principalement par la taille du corps et les proportions du céphalosome, les processus postérieurs et les rami caudaux. En examinant le mâle, nous avons remarqué une incohérence systématique dans certains genres de Lernaeopodidae. Le genre Brachiella Cuvier, 1830, représenté par son espèce-type Brachiella thynni Cuvier, 1830, et deux genres monotypiques Charopinopsis Yamaguti, 1963 et Eobrachiella Ho et Do, 1984, représentés par Charopinopsis quaternia (Wilson, 1935) et Eobrachiella elegans (Richiardi, 1880), respectivement, partagent des synapomorphies distinctes dans le maxillipède allongé (plutôt que pincé) et le tronc féminin avec une paire de longs processus cylindro-ventro-postérieurs (en plus d'une paire de rami caudaux modifiés), tous deux impliqués dans leur stratégie de reproduction unique. Les deux derniers genres sont ici relégués comme synonymes juniors de Brachiella.

Preferential brain homing following intranasal administration of Trypanosoma cruzi.

The Chagas' disease parasite Trypanosoma cruzi commonly infects humans through skin abrasions or mucosa from reduviid bug excreta. Yet most studies on animal models start with subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injections, a distant approximation of the skin abrasion route. We show here that atraumatic placement of T. cruzi in the mouse nasal cavity produced low parasitemia, high survival rates, and preferential brain invasion compared to the case with subcutaneously injected parasites. Brain invasion was particularly prominent in the basal ganglia, peaked at a time when parasitemia was no longer detectable, and elicited a relatively large number of inflammatory foci. Yet, based on motor behavioral parameters and staining with Fluoro-Jade C, a dye that specifically recognizes apoptotic and necrotic neurons, brain invasion did not cause neurodegenerative events, in contrast to the neurodegeneration in the enteric nervous system. The results indicate that placement of T. cruzi on the mucosa in the mouse nasal cavity establishes a systemic infection with a robust yet harmless infection of the brain, seemingly analogous to disease progression in humans. The model may facilitate studies designed to understand mechanisms underlying T. cruzi infection of the central nervous system.

In vitro cultivation of early schistosomula of nasal and visceral bird schistosomes (Trichobilharzia spp., Schistosomatidae).

Cercariae of bird schistosomes (Trichobilharzia szidati and Trichobilharzia regenti) were mechanically stimulated to transform to schistosomula and kept in different cultivation media supplemented with duck red blood cells and/or homogenized nervous tissue. The development under in vitro conditions was compared with that in vivo, using the following characters: emptying of penetration glands, surface changes, food uptake, and growth of early schistosomula. The results show that the cultivation medium routinely used for human schistosomes is also suitable for mass production of early schistosomula of bird schistosomes, including the unique nasal species-T. regenti. The changes observed resemble those present in worms developing in vivo; therefore, the in vitro produced early schistosomula might be used for further studies of host-parasite interactions.