Effect of Cavity Disinfectants on Adhesion to Primary Teeth-A Systematic Review.

Some authors have been proposing the use of cavity disinfectants in order to reduce, or even eliminate, the effect of the microorganisms present in a dental cavity before a restoration is placed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different cavity disinfectants on bond strength and clinical success of composite and glass ionomer restorations on primary teeth. The research was conducted using Cochrane Library, PubMed/MEDLINE, SCOPUS, and Web of Science for articles published up to February 2021. The search was performed according to the PICO strategy. The evaluation of the methodological quality of each in vitro study was assessed using the CONSORT checklist for reporting in vitro studies on dental materials. Sixteen in vitro studies and one in situ study fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Chlorhexidine was the most studied cavity disinfectant, and its use does not compromise dentin bonding. Sodium hypochlorite is a promising alternative, but more research on its use is required to clearly state that it can safely be used as a cavity disinfectant for primary teeth. Although other disinfectants were studied, there is a low-level evidence attesting their effects on adhesion, therefore their use should be avoided.

SHED promote angiogenesis in stem cell-mediated dental pulp regeneration.

Dental pulp, plays an indispensable role in maintaining homeostasis of the tooth. Pulp necrosis always causes tooth nutrition deficiency and abnormal root development, which leads to tooth discoloration, fracture or even loss. Our previous study showed implantation of autologous SHED could regenerate functional dental pulp. However, the detailed mechanism of the implanted SHED participating in dental pulp regeneration remains unknown. In this study, we implanted SHED in a porcine dental pulp regeneration model to evaluate the regenerative effect and identify whether SHED promoted angiogenesis in regenerated dental pulp. Firstly we verified that xenogenous SHED had the ability to regenerated pulp tissue of host in vivo. Then we found the vasculature in regenerated pulp originated from implanted SHED. In addition, stem cells were isolated from regenerated dental pulp, which exhibited good multi-differentiation properties and promoted angiogenesis in pulp regeneration process and these results demonstrated that SHED promoted angiogenesis in stem cell-mediated dental pulp regeneration.

Root growth and dental eruption in modern human deciduous teeth with preliminary observations on great apes.

Recent studies of dental development have indicated that root growth rates are linked to the eruption of some permanent tooth types in modern humans and Pan troglodytes. Little is known about the potential links between these aspects of dental development in deciduous teeth of any primate species. This histology study calculates the rate at which roots extend in length for human deciduous maxillary teeth and a small sample of deciduous canines and premolars from P. troglodytes and Pongo pygmaeus. Links are sought between root extension rates and previously published data for deciduous tooth emergence in each of these species. Results reported here provide the first evidence that the roots of human deciduous incisors, canines, and premolars extend in length at an accelerated rate as these teeth emerge. Accelerated extension rates in a deciduous canine from Pan coincided with the age that this tooth type emerged in captive chimpanzees. High extension rates in a canine from Pongo preceded emergence age. Preliminary observations indicate that deciduous canine and premolar roots of Pan and Pongo extend in length rapidly when compared to these tooth types from modern human children. This study provides a starting point from which to investigate new links between the incremental development of deciduous roots and tooth emergence in primates.

The role of asthma in caries occurrence - meta-analysis and meta-regression.

Objective: We aimed to conduct a systematic review of the literature regarding the association between asthma and caries, assess the effect of asthma on the occurrence of caries in primary and permanent dentitions, and determine factors that could affect the estimates of this association. Data source: We used the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, and LILACS/BVS, for the literature review. Study selection: We included observational studies that investigated the association between asthma and dental caries, excluding studies with syndromic patients, literature reviews, case reports, and in vitro and in situ studies. A meta-analysis was performed to estimate a pooled effect, and meta-regression was conducted to determine study factors that could affect the estimates. Results: From 674 studies initially identified, 40 fulfilled the inclusion criteria, and 36 of these were used in the meta-analysis. Odds ratio (OR) for the pooled effect was 1.45 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.22-1.72; I2, 71.8%; p < 0.001) and 1.52 (95% CI: 1.34-1.73; I2, 83.1%; p < 0.001) for primary and permanent dentitions, respectively. In addition, a small proportion of the heterogeneity was attributed to included factors in the meta-regression (primary dentition, 10.7%; and permanent dentition, 3.1%). Conclusions: This study provides reliable and robust evidence that emphasizes the impact of asthma on the occurrence of dental caries in both, primary and permanent, dentitions. The findings provide useful data for recommending that dentists and physicians collaborate to establish the control for both diseases in a multidisciplinary manner.

The Effect of Silver Diamine Fluoride in Preventing Caries in the Primary Dentition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is effective in preventing new caries lesions in primary teeth when compared to placebo or active treatments. METHODS: Systematic review (CRD42016036963) of controlled clinical trials. Searches were performed in 9 electronic databases, 5 registers of ongoing trials, and reference lists of identified review articles. Two researchers carried out data extraction and quality appraisal independently. The primary outcome was the difference in caries increment (decayed, missing, and filled surfaces or teeth - dmfs or dmft) between SDF and control groups. These differences were pooled as weighted mean differences (WMD) and prevented fractions (PF). RESULTS: Searches yielded 2,366 unique records; 6 reports of 4 trials that randomized 1,118 and analyzed 915 participants were included. Two trials compared SDF to no treatment, 1 compared SDF to placebo and sodium fluoride varnish (FV), and 1 compared SDF to high-viscosity glass ionomer cement (GIC). All studies had at least 1 domain with unclear or high risk of bias. After 24 months of follow-up, in comparison to placebo, no treatment, and FV, SDF applications significantly reduced the development of new dentin caries lesions (placebo or no treatment: WMD = -1.15, PF = 77.5%; FV: WMD = -0.43, PF = 54.0%). GIC was more effective than SDF after 12 months of follow-up but the difference between them was not statistically significant (WMD, dmft: 0.34, PF: -6.09%). CONCLUSION: When applied to caries lesions in primary teeth, SDF compared to no treatment, placebo or FV appears to effectively prevent dental caries in the entire dentition. However, trials specifically designed to assess this outcome are needed.

Conditioned Medium from the Stem Cells of Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth Ameliorates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a major neuroinflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS. Current MS treatments, including immunomodulators and immunosuppressants, do not result in complete remission. Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) are mesenchymal stem cells derived from dental pulp. Both SHED and SHED-conditioned medium (SHED-CM) exhibit immunomodulatory and regenerative activities and have the potential to treat various diseases. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of SHED-CM in treating experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of MS. EAE mice treated with a single injection of SHED-CM exhibited significantly improved disease scores, reduced demyelination and axonal injury, and reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and proinflammatory cytokine expression in the spinal cord, which was associated with a shift in the microglia/macrophage phenotype from M1 to M2. SHED-CM also inhibited the proliferation of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-specific CD4(+) T cells, as well as their production of proinflammatory cytokines in vitro. Treatment of EAE mice with the secreted ectodomain of sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin-9, a major component of SHED-CM, recapitulated the effects of SHED-CM treatment. Our data suggest that SHED-CM and secreted ectodomain of sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin-9 may be novel therapeutic treatments for autoimmune diseases, such as MS.

Evaluation of dentin permeability of fluorotic permanent teeth.

OBJECTIVE: The in vitro permeability characteristics of dentin have been studied extensively and used to evaluate the efficacy of various preventative and restorative procedures. The aim of this in vitro study was to precisely determine the dentin permeability of fluorotic premolar teeth using an electronic hydraulic conductance measurement system with photosensors and to compare the data with healthy premolars. METHODS: In total, 40 fluorotic and healthy premolar teeth with complete root formation that were extracted for orthodontic purposes and had no caries, restoration, fractures, or cracks were selected for this study. Teeth were classified according to a modified form of the dental fluorosis index of Thylstrup and Fejerskov. The dentin discs were placed in an electronic hydraulic conductance measurement system equipped with photosensors, which was designed for measurements of dentin permeability. The amount of distilled water passed through each dentin disc (µL/min) under a constant pressure was determined. Dentin permeability data of the fluorotic and healthy teeth were recorded and analyzed statistically. RESULTS: The present study showed that fluorosis influenced the volume of fluid that passed through the dentin and the dentin permeability was decreased, whereas dental fluorosis severity was increased in permanent teeth. CONCLUSION: The number of teeth with fluorosis is increasing, depending on fluorine sources, so more appropriate treatments will need to be evaluated by standardizing the methods employed in related studies.

Morphologic and gene expression analysis of periodontal ligament fibroblasts subjected to pressure.

INTRODUCTION: Force application (FA) during orthodontic tooth movement is mediated through periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts. FA on deciduous teeth has an inherent risk of root resorption, which is less in permanent teeth. Currently, the root resorption mechanism is poorly understood. We hypothesized that FA alters the morphology and gene expression of PDL fibroblasts. This study was designed to achieve homogenous PDL fibroblast cultures, establish an in-vitro FA model, analyze fibroblast morphology after FA, and compare the gene expressions of PDL fibroblasts of deciduous and permanent teeth after FA. METHODS: Fibroblasts were sorted from primary cultures of deciduous and permanent tooth PDLs. Cell viability was evaluated in the Opticell (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, Mass) FA model. Cellular morphology was analyzed using immunofluorescence staining for actin and focal adhesion complexes. Gene expressions of untreated or pressure-treated PDL fibroblasts of deciduous and permanent teeth were compared by gene array and confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Cell sorting resulted in cultures containing 98% of PDL fibroblasts. The Opticell model showed 94% cell survival after FA. FA increased fibroblasts' adhesion. Gene arrays and real-time polymerase chain reactions indicated greater up-regulation of DKK2 mRNA in untreated PDL fibroblasts of deciduous teeth and greater up-regulation of ADAMTS1 mRNA in pressurized PDL fibroblasts of deciduous and permanent teeth. CONCLUSIONS: Cell sorting is an efficient method to establish homogenous PDL fibroblast cultures. Using the Opticell FA model allows the maintenance of excellent cell viability. FA increased the surface adherence of fibroblasts. Up-regulation of ADAMTS1 after FA may indicate its involvement in the remodeling of the periodontium during orthodontic tooth movement. Understanding root resorption mechanisms under FA will help to prevent it during orthodontic treatment.

Interrelationships Between Morphometric, Densitometric, and Mechanical Properties of Teeth in 5-Month-Old Polish Merino Sheep.

Interrelationships between morphological, densitometric, and mechanical properties of deciduous mandibular teeth (incisors, canine, second premolar) were investigated. To perform morphometric, densitometric, and mechanical analyses, teeth were obtained from 5-month-old sheep. Measurements of mean volumetric tooth mineral density and total tooth volume were performed using quantitative computed tomography. Microcomputed tomography was used to measure total enamel volume, volumetric enamel mineral density, total dentin volume, and volumetric dentin mineral density. Maximum elastic strength and ultimate force of teeth were determined using 3-point bending and compression tests. Pearson correlation coefficients were determined between all investigated variables. Mutual dependence was observed between morphological and mechanical properties of the investigated teeth. The highest number of positive correlations of the investigated parameters was stated in first incisor indicating its superior predictive value of tooth quality and masticatory organ function in sheep. Positive correlations of the volumetric dentin mineral density in second premolar with final body weight may indicate predictive value of this parameter in relation with growth rate in sheep. Evaluation of deciduous tooth properties may prove helpful for breeding selection and further reproduction of sheep possessing favorable traits of teeth and better masticatory organ function, leading to improved performance and economic efficiency of the flock.

Dentin permeability of carious primary teeth.

BACKGROUND: Many in vitro studies have used dentine permeability to evaluate the efficacy of various restorative and preventative procedures. The easiest way to evaluate dentine permeability is to calculate its hydraulic conductance (Lp) using fluid filtration methods. Research has examined electronic hydraulic conductance measurement methods that give more precise and reliable results for the permeability of dentine than the classical method. To our knowledge, no study has examined the dentine permeability of carious primary teeth. AIM: This in vitro study determined the dentine permeability of carious primary molars precisely with a new electronic hydraulic conductance measurement system and compared them with healthy primary molars. DESIGN: The study examined 60 carious and noncarious primary second molars with no restorations, fractures, or cracks at different root resorption stages. RESULTS: The results showed that the dentine permeability increased with the severity of caries in primary teeth. CONCLUSION: The dentine permeability of carious primary teeth was higher than that of noncarious primary teeth. Therefore, treatment of primary teeth should be performed more quickly.

Biorhythms, deciduous enamel thickness, and primary bone growth: a test of the Havers-Halberg Oscillation hypothesis.

Across mammalian species, the periodicity with which enamel layers form (Retzius periodicity) in permanent teeth corresponds with average body mass and the pace of life history. According to the Havers-Halberg Oscillation hypothesis (HHO), Retzius periodicity (RP) is a manifestation of a biorhythm that is also expressed in lamellar bone. Potentially, these links provide a basis for investigating aspects of a species' biology from fossilized teeth. Here, we tested intra-specific predictions of this hypothesis on skeletal samples of human juveniles. We measured daily enamel growth increments to calculate RP in deciduous molars (n = 25). Correlations were sought between RP, molar average and relative enamel thickness (AET, RET), and the average amount of primary bone growth (n = 7) in humeri of age-matched juveniles. Results show a previously undescribed relationship between RP and enamel thickness. Reduced major axis regression reveals RP is significantly and positively correlated with AET and RET, and scales isometrically. The direction of the correlation was opposite to HHO predictions as currently understood for human adults. Juveniles with higher RPs and thicker enamel had increased primary bone formation, which suggests a coordinating biorhythm. However, the direction of the correspondence was, again, opposite to predictions. Next, we compared RP from deciduous molars with new data for permanent molars, and with previously published values. The lowermost RP of 4 and 5 days in deciduous enamel extends below the lowermost RP of 6 days in permanent enamel. A lowered range of RP values in deciduous enamel implies that the underlying biorhythm might change with age. Our results develop the intra-specific HHO hypothesis.

TGF-ß and Physiological Root Resorption of Deciduous Teeth.

The present study was performed to examine how transforming growth factor ß (TGF-ß) in root-surrounding tissues on deciduous teeth regulates the differentiation induction into odontoclasts during physiological root resorption. We prepared root-surrounding tissues with (R) or without (N) physiological root resorption scraped off at three regions (R1-R3 or N1-N3) from the cervical area to the apical area of the tooth and measured both TGF-ß and the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activities. The TGF-ß activity level was increased in N1-N3, whereas the TRAP activity was increased in R2 and R3. In vitro experiments for the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)-mediated osteoclast differentiation revealed that proteins from N1-N3 and R1-R3 enhanced the TRAP activity in RAW264 cells. A genetic study indicated that the mRNA levels of TGF-ß1 in N1 and N2 were significantly increased, and corresponded with levels of osteoprotegerin (OPG). In contrast, the expression level of RANKL was increased in R2 and R3. Our findings suggest that TGF-ß is closely related to the regulation of OPG induction and RANKL-mediated odontoclast differentiation depending on the timing of RANKL and OPG mRNA expression in the root-surrounding tissues of deciduous teeth during physiological root resorption.

Knowledge of Teething and Prevalence of Teething Myths in Mothers of Saudi Arabia.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the knowledge about teething, to evaluate the experiences of the mothers' during the teething of their youngest child and practices undertaken by them to relieve teething symptoms. STUDY DESIGN: A stratified cluster sampling technique was used to collect representative sample of school children of Jazan province (Saudi Arabia), who were provided with a questionnaire kit to be filled by their mothers. RESULTS: A total of 159 mothers participated in this study. More than four-fifths and three-fourths of the study population knew that the first primary teeth erupt at 6-7 months of age and lower central incisors are the first teeth to erupt respectively. The most prevalent signs and symptoms associated with teething as reported by the mothers were desire to bite (97.5%), fever (93%), diarrhoea (91.1%), increased salivation (79.9%), loss of appetite (77.4%) and gum irritation (71.7%). A little more than half (55.7%) of the mothers' gave their child a chilled object to bite and 42.1% bottle fed their baby at night to relieve teething pain. CONCLUSIONS: Many mothers had poor knowledge and misbeliefs about teething. There is a need to educate the mothers of Jazan province on the facts related to teething, specifically those related to teething pain relieving practices.

A finite element analysis of the maxillary first molar PDL with maxillary protraction in a mixed dentition Class III malocclusion.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the stress distribution on the PDL of the maxillary first molar in a mixed dentition Class III malocclusion, using a Hyrax-type appliance and maxillary protraction. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION: A Class III malocclusion in the mixed dentition was reconstructed based on CBCT images. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The 3D FEM comprised the maxilla, alveolar bone, right first permanent molar teeth, and PDL and consisted of 1 133 497 nodes and 573 726 elements. Maxillary protraction force was applied to a hook positioned close to the deciduous canines with 600 g and at 15°, 30°, and 45° downward angles to the maxillary occlusal plane. RESULTS: Analysis was carried out from the top and buccal view of the sagittal plane. The magnitude of the stresses at 15°, 30°, and 45° of protraction angulation resulted in the highest stress magnitude being in the region between the distobuccal and palatal roots, as well as on the distal surface of the mesial root. The vector direction in this area showed traction and mesial movement. With 30° and 45° protraction angulations, the stress was located only between the distobuccal and palatal roots, and the vector direction was more extrusive at 15°. CONCLUSIONS: The suggested orthodontic movement is in the mesial direction with a small amount of extrusion with 15° angulation and greater extrusion with 30° and 45°.

Laser phototherapy enhances mesenchymal stem cells survival in response to the dental adhesives.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the influence of laser phototherapy (LPT) on the survival of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) submitted to substances leached from dental adhesives. METHOD: MSCs were isolated and characterized. Oral mucosa fibroblasts and osteoblast-like cells were used as comparative controls. Cultured medium conditioned with two adhesive systems was applied to the cultures. Cell monolayers were exposed or not to LPT. Laser irradiations were performed using a red laser (GaAlAs, 780 nm, 0.04 cm(2), 40 mW, 1 W/cm(2), 0.4 J, 10 seconds, 1 point, 10 J/cm(2)). After 24 h, cell viability was assessed by the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide reduction assay. Data were statistically compared by ANOVA followed by Tukey's test (P < 0.05). RESULTS: Different cell types showed different viabilities in response to the same materials. Substances leached from adhesives were less cytotoxic to MSCs than to other cell types. Substances leached from Clearfil SE Bond were highly cytotoxic to all cell types tested, except to the MSCs when applied polymerized and in association with LPT. LPT was unable to significantly increase the cell viability of fibroblasts and osteoblast-like cells submitted to the dental adhesives. CONCLUSION: LPT enhances mesenchymal stem cells survival in response to substances leached from dental adhesives.

Fast and Early Mandibular Osteodistraction: The Long-Term Follow-Up of Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis on Teeth Position.

Pierre Robin Sequence is a congenital pathology defined by the triad micrognathia, glossoptosis and often a U-shaped cleft of soft palate. Newborns affected by airways obstruction may necessitate more invasive options: tongue-lip adhesion, tracheostomy and mandibular distraction osteogenesis. The authors analyzed the effect of fast and early mandibular osteodistraction on deciduous dental development in patients affected by Pierre Robin Sequence. Analysis of the patients treated for severe form was performed by a team composed by maxillofacial surgeons and dentists. Five patients were included for the analysis: before and long term clinical and radiological assessments were considered. All patients underwent fast and early mandibular osteodistraction; two years follow up computed tomography and panorex reconstructions showed bone consolidation, 33 of 35 teeth analyzed before ostedistraction are present after distraction protocol; no positional changes were detected at the follow up analysis either deciduous teeth and molar permanent buds. No deformities regarding molar buds were detected. In conclusion external mandibular distractor devices have been associated with dental injuries and facial scaring. Even though, the dental complications identified can not be unambiguously connected to the external distractor devices.

An exploratory study of parental knowledge of early childhood oral health care in Southland, New Zealand.

OBJECTIVES: The primary objective was to clearly assess the oral health care knowledge of Southland parents. The secondary objective was to identify whether inequalities exist between parents with different ethnicity, education or income. DESIGN: An exploratory study based on a simple online/ paper questionnaire. SETTING: Participants were recruited through Southland early childcare centres. Researchers contacted 115 centres, 66 agreed to participate and 58 returned questionnaires. METHODS: Questionnaires were distributed to each centre to be completed by the parents. The questionnaire was able to be completed online or as a paper copy. Centres were supplied with dental brochures, which were distributed after the questionnaires were returned. Questionnaires were collated and the responses analysed. RESULTS: Six hundred and seventy questionnaires were returned, 213 online and 457 paper copies. The typical participant was a mother (93.9%), age 34 years (median), a non-smoker (86.3%), non-Maori (87.1%), with a university degree (33.9%) and an annual household income between $60,001 and $100,000 (36.5%). Twenty of the 47 questions were selected to reflect parental knowledge. Overall, 65.1% of the respondents answered all 20 questions correctly. Differences in knowledge were identified between mothers and other participants (65.4% vs. 59.4%), smokers and non-smokers (61.3% vs. 65.7%), Maori and non-Maori (61.6% vs. 65.6%) and education level (Primary 58.0% vs. Degree 68.7%) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed differences in knowledge in early childhood oral health care. Participants who identified as non-mothers (fathers, step-fathers, legal care givers or other), smokers, Maori or low education displayed significantly less knowledge. Further education and oral health care promotion may be needed to improve this disparity.

Signs and symptoms associated with primary tooth eruption: a clinical trial of nonpharmacological remedies.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate disturbances in primary tooth eruption and their management with nonpharmacological remedies. METHODS: In this nonrandomized clinical trial, 270 children aged between 8 and 36 months were selected and divided into 5 groups with 54 children initially enrolled in each group. The children were seen during an 8-day period during tooth eruption. At each appointment data were recorded from oral examination, tympanic temperature measurement and a questionnaire. The five methods used as remedies to reduce teething symptoms were: 1) cuddle therapy, 2) ice, 3) rubbing the gums, 4) teething rings and 5) food for chewing. Teething symptoms, the type of erupted tooth, symptoms of recovery and the mother's satisfaction with treatment were evaluated. RESULTS: Two hundred and fifty four children (mean age 16 ± 7.2 months) completed the study. The most frequent teething symptoms were drooling (92%), sleep disturbances (82.3%) and irritability (75.6%). These symptoms were more pronounced in low birth weight children (p > 0.05). Canine eruption led to more loss of appetite than incisor (p = 0.033) or molars eruption (p = 0.014). Low grade increases in body temperature were observed only on the day of eruption (36.70 ± 0.39 °C), when body temperature was significantly different compared to the day before and the day after eruption (both p < 0.001). There was no significant correlation between fever as reported by mothers and temperature readings obtained by the investigators. The most favorable results for time to recovery and the mother's satisfaction were seen when teething rings were used, followed by cuddle therapy and rubbing the gums. CONCLUSIONS: There was no association between teething and symptoms such as fever or diarrhea. Low birth weight children may have more teething symptoms. Teething rings, cuddle therapy and rubbing the gums were the most effective methods to reduce symptoms. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials: code IRCT201211127402N3.

A study on the chronology and sequence of eruption of primary teeth in Spanish children.

AIM: The aim of this study is to determine the timing of primary teeth eruption in Spanish children, and to distinguish gender and arch differences. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed on primary teeth eruption in a sample of 1,250 children (623 girls and 627 boys) from the Region of Madrid aged between 3 and 42 months. The clinical emergence of teeth was taken to estimate the mean ages of primary teeth eruption. The t test was used to analyse gender and arch differences. RESULTS: The process of primary dentition lasted 22.28 months, and statistically significant differences were found in the eruption of homologous contralateral teeth. The first molars and maxillary lateral incisors erupted earlier in girls than in boys, with no statistically significant chronological differences. The central incisors and second molars erupted first in the mandibular arch, while the lateral incisors, canines and first molars erupted first in the maxilla. A greater chronological difference was found between the lateral incisors, which erupted more than 8 months earlier in the maxilla than in the mandible. CONCLUSIONS: In the overall sample, the first tooth to erupt was the lower right central incisor at 10.96 ± 1.88 months, and the last was the upper left second molar, at 33.24 ± 4.35 months, symmetry was found in the eruption of the deciduous teeth. The greatest chronological difference was observed in the lateral incisors, with the upper ones erupting more than 8 months before the lower ones. Although statistically significant gender differences were found, they were considered clinically irrelevant.

[Periodontal health during pregnancy and the dental health of the child].

Several studies have shown an association between local/systemic infections and preterm-low birth weight (PTLBW), and it might be an important part of the etiology. Oral Infections such as periodontitis may act as a distant reservoir of microbes, microbial products and inflammatory mediators. These might influence pregnancy and contribute to restriction of fetal growth and induction of early labor and PTB. Enamel formation of the primary teeth begins at 11-14 weeks of fetal life and is completed by the end of 3rd postnatal month. The initial phase consists of matrix formation, followed by calcification in utero. Since enamel is a stable structure, defects involving its matrix secretion and/or maturation of primary teeth can act as a permanent record of insults occurring pre- or perinatally. Any stressful event during pregnancy and birth may lead to metabolic changes in the formation of the enamel, resulting in clinically enamel defects. Severe infections occurring during amelogenesis may be associated with enamel hypoplasia. Babies born after maternal complications during pregnancy or babies who experience a traumatic birth must be considered to be at risk of developing Early Childhood Caries - ECC when exposed to excessive bottle nursing. Therefore oral healthcare should be kept during pregnancy.