[Children's department and child care institutions of the Central military, hospital of People's commissariat during the Great Patriotic War].

The article presents historical data about paediatric health care delivery and escort of children of the Command of the Red Army during their evacuation from Moscow in 1941. Data on foundation of kindergartens of People's commissariat in 1942-1943, their support and foundation of children's department in the hospital is given. Special subdivision governed by the head of child care institutions of the hospital was formed for managing child care institutions.

The Shodair Medical Genetics Department--recent past and future developments.

Philip Pallister and John Opitz laid the ground work for a unique genetic service model in Montana that continues to flourish through ongoing support by the Montana Legislature, the Montana Department of Public Health and Human Services and the Shodair Foundation. At the heart of the model are clinical and laboratory genetic specialists based at Shodair Children's Hospital in Helena providing genetic care for patients through outreach clinics. Clinical services are supported by a state-of-the-art cytogenetics and molecular genetic laboratory as well a fetal genetic pathology program. Over the years, the reach of regular genetics clinics expanded to include large geographic areas including northwest (Kalispell), west central (Missoula), southwest (Bozeman, Butte), north central (Great Falls), and south central Montana (Billings). Building on the foundation of its world-renowned pioneers, the next generation of medical geneticists at Shodair carries the responsibility of integrating genomic medicine in the diagnosis and care of their patients, reducing inequality of services within Montana and partnering with colleagues across specialties to develop a more personalized practice of medicine.

Kinderheilkunde and continental connections in child health: the "Glasgow school revisited"--again.

The last two hundred years or so have seen the transformation of medical practice from a clinical art to the application of science to the diagnosis and treatment of disease. There has been a historical debate about how the use of technology and discoveries of the laboratory have become integrated within medical practice. In trying to understand the evolution of "scientific medicine," this has generally focused on the tensions between the differing cultures, persons, and professions of the "laboratory" and "clinic" and sought to explain how they were resolved within specific institutions. This paper looks again at the "Glasgow School" (the subject of a number of seminal papers on this subject) and the forces that shaped it, by exploring the career of Leonard Findlay, whose training in Glasgow, and in Berlin (where he worked in a department in which science and medicine were integrated), defined a style of clinical medicine that formed the model for a new sort of university department of medicine in which clinicians and scientists worked side by side, albeit under the leadership of the former. As a clinician exposed in Berlin to the emerging new sciences of nutrition, microbiology, and immunology, which were particularly relevant to the care of sick children, Findlay created in Glasgow a department of medical pediatrics, which owed less to local factors, figures, and forces and more to his experience in Germany.

[The Luxembourg Society for Sports Medicine (SLM) after 60 years]. / La société Luxembourgeoise de Medecine du Sport (SLMS) a 60 ans.

This review will mainly focus the last 10 years of the society's history because several important changes occurred during this relatively short period. The most important was the creation of the first clinical sports medicine department in Luxembourg in 2004. This modern new infrastructure was made possible by the recruitment of 2 highly competent sports physicians, the excellent collaboration of the governing board of the Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg (CHL) and the support of the sports minister. In 2008 the new department received the label "Medical Olympic Centre of Luxembourg". One year later a Research Lab of Sports Medicine (CRP-Santé) completed the new concept. Thus within 4 years the structure of Luxembourgish sports medicine was completely rearranged and includes today orthopaedic surgery and traumatology, functional rehabilitation, sports cardiology, exercise physiology, physiotherapy and specific sports medicine research. An important new challenge of the SLMS will be to integrate the external sports physicians into this new infrastructure. Another ongoing mission of the SLMS will be the education and training of new young sports medicine specialists. Here the new department could play an outstanding role and the SLMS is in close negotiations with the University of Luxembourg, in charge of academic education in Luxembourg. A recruitment of new young sports physicians is necessary to perpetuate the routine sports medicine exams in the 15 regional centres in Luxembourg, where such an exam is mandatory in order to get an official sports licence. Since 2010 an ECG exam has been added for all new licence candidates, according to the recent recommendations of the scientific societies. New young sports physicians will also be needed to assure the medical attendance of the different national teams of Luxembourg. Until 1985 these activities were confined only to the Olympic teams every 4 years, but since the implementation of the Games of the Small European Countries in 1985, where rather big teams represent Luxembourg every two years, this mission has become more important. The history of the SLMS reflects the development both of sports and sports medicine during the last 60 years. At the beginning of the 21.century sports medicine is well settled in the Grand-duchy of Luxembourg.

[Academic presentation of neurology and psychiatry of Keijo Imperial University at annual meetings].

The origin of Keijo Imperial University, Medical School, Psychiatry course, and presentation at the Annual Meetings of the Japanese Society of Psychiatry and Neurology and The Japanese Society of Psychiatry and Neurology were investigated from its establishment to 1945. Keijo was the name used for the capital city of Korea, Seoul, when Korea was under Japanese rule. We believe the Keijo Imperial University evolved out of the Governor-General of Korea Hospital and Keijo Medical Professional School. The first Professor at the University was Shinji Suitsu, who studied under Shuzo Kure. He visited Shizuoka prefecture when he collaborated in Kure's "Actual situation and statistical observation on home custody of mental patients" (1918). This was confirmed by photographic materials from this time. The year after the visit to Shizuoka, Suitsu was sent to the Korean Peninsula. In 1913, Suitsu established the Department of Psychiatry at the Governor-General of Korea Hospital, and the institution had 500 tsubo (approximately 1,650 m2) of land within Keijo (Seoul), with floor space of 160 tsubo (approximately 528 m2) and 24 beds. Treatments were performed by Suitsu, an assistant, and 8-9 nurses. The number of hospitalized patients was 30-50 patients per year. Cells had floor heating. Keijo Imperial University was established in 1924, and was called Jodai. In 1925, Suitsu retired from his Professorship of Psychiatry at Keijo Medical Professional School. Suitsu was from Kyoto Imperial University, and had studied abroad. In 1925, Suitsu's father-in-law, and a long-time friend of Shuzo Kure, Seiji Yamane, passed away. The professor who took up the position after Suitsu was Kiyoji Kubo, who was originally supposed to go to Hokkaido Imperial University. When the medical school was established at Keijo Imperial University in 1926, Kubo was offered a professorship there. Jodai was under the jurisdiction of the Governor-General of Korea, and not the Ministry of Education. Later, professors and assistant professors and assistants of Jodai lectured in Mental Science at Keijo Medical Professional School. There was insufficient funding to run two Medical Departments within Seoul, and therefore the staff were transferred to Jodai, from which they supported the Medical Professional School. Jodai hospital was expanded to 222 beds with a total of 35 physicians, including the hospital director, medical officers, and professors. Members of the Medical Department, including professors of Psychiatry, although not near one another, reported homework and submitted subjects for speeches at every annual meeting. Starting from Manjiro Sugihara's "Supplementary knowledge of induced insanity," the Japanese Society of Psychiatry and Neurology (original article, 1929), there is a record of 35 presentations at conferences and published papers, and each person engaged in their own study in this environment. In 1936, Kiyoji Kubo reported his homework on drug addiction at the 35th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Society of Psychiatry and Neurology. This report was on morphine addiction, which was common in the Korean Peninsula at the time, and was presented in "Psychiatria et Neurologia Japonica" with the title "Morphine Addiction." In 1941, Michio Watanabe became the second professor following Kiyoji Kubo, and held this position until the end of the war in 1945. Academic publications of the Japanese Society of Psychiatry and Neurology consist of 15 papers/original articles, 19 summaries of annual meetings and abstracts, and 1 report of homework from an annual meeting. These publications dealt with induced insanity, symptomatic psychosis, sleep disorder, epidemiology, alcohol and morphine addiction, and schizophrenia.

[The Berlin morgue of 1886--the 125-year-old morgue of Berlin-Mitte]. / Die Berliner Morgue von 1886--125 Jahre Leichenschauhaus in Berlin-mitte.

On 1 March 1886, a new morgue built along the lines of the Paris morgue, was opened in Berlin, Germany. Experts from many European countries were interested in the new building with its modern design and equipment. As the morgue, the Institute of Legal Medicine of the Berlin University accommodated in the same building also acquired international reputation. However, neither the scientific nor the economic achievements of this long-standing institution could prevent the closure of this historic site in Berlin-Mitte after almost 125 years.

[The history of organization and the main lines of activity of the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Pediatric Faculty of the Russian State Medical University].

A brief historical review of the development and activities of the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Pediatric Faculty of the Russian State Medical University is presented. The paper provides information about the main achievements of the Department for the period of its work with the emphasis on the research carried out during the last 25 years. This period has witnessed not only the achievements of the Department but also the progress in pediatric otorhinolaryngology at large in this country.

[Origins and development of the Vascular Surgery Department of Hospital de São João]. / Génese e desenvolvimento do serviço de angiologia e cirurgia vascular do hospital de São João.

The authors report the history of the Vascular Surgery Department of Hospital de São João since its origin to the actual reality, mentioning the most relevant steps of its foundation, development and major contributors.

Clifton Briggs Leech: first director of the pediatric cardiac clinic at the Johns Hopkins Harriet Lane Home for Invalid Children.

The history of Helen Taussig is well known. Contrary to popular belief, however, she was not the first director of the pediatric cardiology clinic at the Harriet Lane Home for Invalid Children. She was second director, succeeding Clifton B. Leech. Edwards A. Park, Chief of Pediatrics at Johns Hopkins, appointed Leech the first director of the pediatric cardiac clinic in the fall of 1928. In this vignette, I summarize the contributions of Clifton Leech to the development of paediatric cardiology.

[The way out from crisis--from the closing of the National Psychiatric and Neurologic Institute (OPNI) to Semmelweis University]. / A válságlói kivezetô út--az OPNI megszûnésétôl a Semmelweis Egyetemig.

In our recent article we attempt to sum up the circumstances of the closing-down of the National Psychiatric and Neurologic Institute (OPNI). We intend to summarize the values that may disappear by the liquidation of the institute and try to explore the possibilities how to keep them alive in the future. Most of the divisions can operate further under the umbrella of the Semmelweis University; the modus operandi and the role of the University are also covered in this article.

Great Hospitals in North America: The Medical College of Wisconsin Neurological Surgery.

The Medical College of Wisconsin Department of Neurosurgery delivers subspecialty adult and pediatric neurosurgical care that is patient-centered, evidence-informed, and value-based. Medical College of Wisconsin research advances the science of neurological disease with the goal of a positive translational effect on clinical care. The department supports an environment of education and scholarship for trainees, faculty, and staff alike. The journey to become a neurosurgical center of excellence was accomplished with the leadership and foresight of the men and women who turned their dreams into reality. The establishment and rise of the department as a national force for neurosurgery and spine is an elegant example of the combination of individual leadership and foresight with synergistic institutional support.

The hospital as a work of art: one hundred thirty years of dermatology in Dresden-Friedrichstadt.

The department of dermatology at the Hospital Dresden-Friedrichstadt (Dresden, Germany) was founded in 1874 as one of the oldest departments of dermatology in a municipal hospital in Germany. Dresden was the capital of Saxony and, as such, one of the most influential cultural centers of Germany. This particular situation is also reflected by the hospital's history itself.

John C. Vangilder (1935-2007): Neurosurgical Leader and Founder of the Department of Neurosurgery at the University of Iowa.

John C. VanGilder, the former professor and chairman of neurosurgery at The University of Iowa died on August 27, 2007 after making a lasting impact to the field of neurosurgery both in the United States and abroad. In this manuscript, we review VanGilder's life and achievements. VanGilder was born in 1935 in West Virginia and received his undergraduate education at West Virginia University in Morgantown. He studied medicine at the University of West Virginia, completing his final 2 years at the University of Pittsburgh, and after serving in the U.S. military, completed his neurosurgical training at Washington University in St. Louis. He was appointed to faculty positions first at Yale University and later at The University of Iowa, where he became professor and later chairman of the Division of Neurosurgery. VanGilder also served as president of the Society of Neurological Surgeons (1997-1998), president of the Neurosurgical Society of America (1998-1999), chairman of the American Board of Neurological Surgery (1997-1998), and vice president of the American Academy of Neurological Surgery. At The University of Iowa, VanGilder played a key role in the transition of the Division of Neurosurgery to a Department of Neurosurgery and mentored several neurosurgeons who would go on to become department chairmen or make other important neurosurgical contributions at other medical schools in the United States.

Great Hospitals of Asia: Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery at Xi'an Jiaotong University-Affiliated Honghui Hospital.

Established in 1987, the Spine Surgery Hospital at Honghui Hospital is one of the oldest spinal surgical departments in China. The first chairman, Yuan Fuyong, devoted himself to the development of the department. The current president, Hao Dingjun, assumed the position in November 2008. The current department consists of 5 wards and 235 beds, encompassing the entire spectrum of spinal surgical diseases, with 27 specialized faculty members and care teams. The remarkable growth of the hospital during the last 30 years made it possible to perform 8000 operations in 2017. A total of 300 articles were published in scientific journals, of which more than 100 were published in international journals between 1987 and 2017. At present, the developmental model of neurosurgery and spine surgery at Honghui Hospital is based on the concept of holistic integrative medicine. It was jointly developed by several departments including those of spine surgery, neurosurgery, traditional Chinese medicine rehabilitation, and basic research. This article traces the history, research and teaching accomplishments, academic exchanges, and future directions.