Bone lesions and intestinal barrier disruption caused by the isolated novel goose parvovirus infection in ducks.

Short beak and dwarfism syndrome (SBDS) is attributed to Novel Goose Parvovirus (NGPV), which has inflicted significant economic losses on farming in China. Despite its significant impact, limited research has been conducted on the pathogenesis of this disease. The SD strain, a parvovirus variant isolated from ducks in Shandong province, was identified and characterized in our study. Phylogenetic analysis and sequence comparisons confirmed the classification of the SD strain as a member of NGPV. Based on this information, we established an animal model of SBDS by inoculating Cherry Valley ducks with the SD strain. Our findings indicate that infection with the SD strain leads to a reduction in body weight, beak length, width, and tibia length. Notably, significant histopathological alterations were observed in the thymus, spleen, and intestine of the infected ducks. Furthermore, the SD strain induces bone disorders and inflammatory responses. To evaluate the impact of NGPV on intestinal homeostasis, we performed 16S rDNA sequencing and gas chromatography to analyze the composition of intestinal flora and levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the cecal contents. Our findings revealed that SD strain infection induces dysbiosis in cecal microbial and a decrease in SCFAs production. Subsequent analysis revealed a significant correlation between bacterial genera and the clinical symptoms in NGPV SD infected ducks. Our research providing novel insights into clinical pathology of NGPV in ducks and providing a foundation for the research of NGPV treatment targeting gut microbiota.

The intestinal commensal fungus Wallemia mellicola enhances asthma in mice through Dectin-2.

Overgrowth of the fungus Wallemia mellicola in the intestines of mice enhances the severity of asthma. Wallemia mellicola interacts with the immune system through Dectin-2 expressed on the surface of myeloid and intestinal epithelial cells. Using Dectin-2-deficient mice, we show that the interaction of W. mellicola with Dectin-2 is essential for the gut-lung pathways, enhancing the severity of asthma in mice with W. mellicola intestinal dysbiosis. These findings offer better insight into dysbiosis-associated inflammation and highlight the role pattern recognition receptors have in immune recognition of commensal fungi in the gut, leading to alterations in immune function in the lungs.

White feces syndrome in shrimp: Comprehensive understanding of immune system responses.

White feces syndrome (WFS) is a multifactorial disease that affects global shrimp production. The diagnostic approach to identify WFS involves traditional and molecular scientific methods by examining histopathology, bioassays, PCR (polymerase chain reaction), and calorimetric estimation. The pathogenesis of WFS is closely associated with Vibrio spp., intestinal microbiota (IM) dysbiosis, and Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP). It also has caused over 10-15 % loss in the aquaculture industry and is also known to cause retardation, lethargy and slowly leading to high mortality in shrimp farms. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the molecular mechanisms processed under the association of IM dysbiosis, Vibrio spp., and EHP to analyze the impact of disease on the innate immune system of shrimp. However, only very few reviews have described the molecular pathways involved in WFS. Hence, this review aims to elucidate an in-depth analysis of molecular pathways involved in the innate immune system of shrimp and their response to pathogens. The analysis and understanding of the impact of shrimp's innate immune system on WFS would help in developing treatments to prevent the spread of disease, thereby improving the economic condition of shrimp farms worldwide.

LTA and PGN from Bacillus siamensis can alleviate soybean meal-induced enteritis and microbiota dysbiosis in Lateolabrax maculatus.

An eight-week feeding trial was designed to assess which component of commensal Bacillus siamensis LF4 can mitigate SBM-induced enteritis and microbiota dysbiosis in spotted seabass (Lateolabrax maculatus) based on TLRs-MAPKs/NF-кB signaling pathways. Fish continuously fed low SBM (containing 16 % SBM) and high SBM (containing 40 % SBM) diets were used as positive (FM group) and negative (SBM group) control, respectively. After feeding high SBM diet for 28 days, fish were supplemented with B. siamensis LF4-derived whole cell wall (CW), cell wall protein (CWP), lipoteichoic acid (LTA) or peptidoglycan (PGN) until 56 days. The results showed that a high inclusion of SBM in the diet caused enteritis, characterized with significantly (P < 0.05) decreased muscular thickness, villus height, villus width, atrophied and loosely arranged microvillus. Moreover, high SBM inclusion induced an up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a down-regulation of occludin, E-cadherin, anti-inflammatory cytokines, apoptosis related genes and antimicrobial peptides. However, dietary supplementation with CW, LTA, and PGN of B. siamensis LF4 could effectively alleviate enteritis caused by a high level of dietary SBM. Additionally, CWP and PGN administration increased beneficial Cetobacterium and decreased pathogenic Plesiomonas and Brevinema, while dietary LTA decreased Plesiomonas and Brevinema, suggesting that CWP, LTA and PGN positively modulated intestinal microbiota in spotted seabass. Furthermore, CW, LTA, and PGN application significantly stimulated TLR2, TLR5 and MyD88 expressions, and inhibited the downstream p38 and NF-κB signaling. Taken together, these results suggest that LTA and PGN from B. siamensis LF4 could alleviate soybean meal-induced enteritis and microbiota dysbiosis in L. maculatus, and p38 MAPK/NF-κB pathways might be involved in those processes.

Intestinal microbiota diversity from broilers with runting and stunting syndrome performed by metagenomics.

Runting and stunting syndrome (RSS) is an enteric viral disease in commercial poultry that directly affects gut health; however, its influence on gut microbiota remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the compositional changes in the bacterial community of the ileum of 7-day-old broiler chicks naturally affected or not affected by RSS, using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology. Twenty-one samples were obtained from the ileal contents and mucosa of 11 chicks with RSS and 10 healthy chicks, raised in a dark house system located on a farm in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The results revealed overall changes in the gut microbiota of the chicks with RSS, including a decrease in microbial richness and diversity. In particular, there was a decrease in Lactobacillus and an increase in Candidatus Arthromitus and Clostridium sensu stricto 1. These results indicate a relationship between viral infection and the gut microbial composition, which can cause gut dysbiosis and may influence inflammation in this organ.RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS RSS causes dysbiosis of the gut microbiota of the ilea of chicks.A difference was found in gut microbiota between chicks with or without RSS.Candidatus Arthromitus was predominant in chicks with RSS.Clostridium sensu stricto 1 was strictly associated with chicks with RSS.

Epizootic of enterocolitis and clostridial overgrowth in NSG and NSG-related mouse strains.

While the immunodeficient status of NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG) and NSG-related mice provides utility for numerous research models, it also results in increased susceptibility to opportunistic pathogens. Over a 9-week period, a high rate of mortality was reported in a housing room of NSG and NSG-related mice. Diagnostics were performed to determine the underlying etiopathogenesis. Mice submitted for evaluation included those found deceased (n = 2), cage mates of deceased mice with or without diarrhea (n = 17), and moribund mice (n = 8). Grossly, mice exhibited small intestinal and cecal dilation with abundant gas and/or digesta (n = 18), serosal hemorrhage and congestion (n = 6), or were grossly normal (n = 3). Histologically, there was erosive to ulcerative enterocolitis (n = 7) of the distal small and large intestine or widespread individual epithelial cell death with luminal sloughing (n = 13) and varying degrees of submucosal edema and mucosal hyperplasia. Cecal dysbiosis, a reduction in typical filamentous bacteria coupled with overgrowth of bacterial rods, was identified in 18 of 24 (75%) mice. Clostridium spp. and Paeniclostridium sordellii were identified in 13 of 23 (57%) and 7 of 23 (30%) mice, respectively. Clostridium perfringens (7 of 23, 30%) was isolated most frequently. Toxinotyping of C. perfringens positive mice (n = 2) identified C. perfringens type A. Luminal immunoreactivity to several clostridial species was identified within lesioned small intestine by immunohistochemistry. Clinicopathologic findings were thus associated with overgrowth of various clostridial species, though direct causality could not be ascribed. A diet shift preceding the mortality event may have contributed to loss of intestinal homeostasis.

Update on the skin barrier, cutaneous microbiome and host defence peptides in canine atopic dermatitis.

BACKGROUND: Canine atopic dermatitis (AD) is a complex inflammatory skin disease associated with cutaneous microbiome, immunological and skin barrier alterations. This review summarises the current evidence on skin barrier defects and on cutaneous microbiome dysfunction in canine AD. OBJECTIVE: To this aim, online citation databases, abstracts and proceedings from international meetings on skin barrier and cutaneous microbiome published between 2015 and 2023 were reviewed. RESULTS: Since the last update on the pathogenesis of canine AD, published by the International Committee on Allergic Diseases of Animals in 2015, 49 articles have been published on skin barrier function, cutaneous/aural innate immunity and the cutaneous/aural microbiome in atopic dogs. Skin barrier dysfunction and cutaneous microbial dysbiosis are essential players in the pathogenesis of canine AD. It is still unclear if such alterations are primary or secondary to cutaneous inflammation, although some evidence supports their primary involvement in the pathogenesis of canine AD. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although many studies have been published since 2015, the understanding of the cutaneous host-microbe interaction is still unclear, as is the role that cutaneous dysbiosis plays in the development and/or worsening of canine AD. More studies are needed aiming to design new therapeutic approaches to restore the skin barrier, to increase and optimise the cutaneous natural defences, and to rebalance the cutaneous microbiome.

Interplay of poultry-microbiome interactions - influencing factors and microbes in poultry infections and metabolic disorders.

1. The poultry microbiome and its stability at every point in time, either free range or reared under different farming systems, is affected by several environmental and innate factors. The interaction of the poultry birds with their microbiome, as well as several inherent and extraneous factors contribute to the microbiome dynamics. A poor understanding of this could worsen poultry heath and result in disease/metabolic disorders.2. Many diseased states associated with poultry have been linked to dysbiosis state, where the microbiome experiences some perturbation. Dysbiosis itself is too often downplayed; however, it is considered a disease which could lead to more serious conditions in poultry. The management of interconnected factors by conventional and emerging technologies (sequencing, nanotechnology, robotics, 3D mini-guts) could prove to be indispensable in ensuring poultry health and welfare.3. Findings showed that high-throughput technological advancements enhanced scientific insights into emerging trends surrounding the poultry gut microbiome and ecosystem, the dysbiotic condition, and the dynamic roles of intrinsic and exogenous factors in determining poultry health. Yet, a combination of conventional, -omics based and other techniques further enhance characterisation of key poultry microbiome actors, their mechanisms of action, and roles in maintaining gut homoeostasis and health, in a bid to avert metabolic disorders and infections.4. In conclusion, there is an important interplay of innate, environmental, abiotic and biotic factors impacting on poultry gut microbiome homoeostasis, dysbiosis, and overall health. Associated infections and metabolic disorders can result from the interconnected nature of these factors. Emerging concepts (interkingdom or network signalling and neurotransmitter), and future technologies (mini-gut models, cobots) need to include these interactions to ensure accurate control and outcomes.

Gut dysbacteriosis induces expression differences in the adult head transcriptome of Spodoptera frugiperda in a sex-specific manner.

Mounting evidence indicates that the gut microbiota influences the neurodevelopment and behavior of insects through the gut-brain axis. However, it is currently unclear whether the gut microbiota affect the head profiles and immune pathway in pests. Here, we find that gut bacteria is essential for the immune and neural development of adult Spodoptera frugiperda, which is an extremely destructive agricultural pest worldwide. 16 S rRNA sequencing analysis showed that antibiotics exposure significantly disturbed the composition and diversity of gut bacteria. Further transcriptomic analysis revealed that the adult head transcripts were greatly affected by gut dysbacteriosis, and differently expression genes critical for brain and neural development including A4galt, Tret1, nsun4, Galt, Mitofilin, SLC2A3, snk, GABRB3, Oamb and SLC6A1 were substantially repressed. Interestingly, the dysbacteriosis caused sex-specific differences in immune response. The mRNA levels of pll (serine/threonine protein kinase Pelle), PGRP (peptidoglycan-sensing receptor), CECA (cecropin A) and CECB (cecropin B) involved in Toll and Imd signaling pathway were drastically decreased in treated male adults' heads but not in female adults; however, genes of HIVEP2, ZNF131, inducible zinc finger protein 1-like and zinc finger protein 99-like encoding zinc-finger antiviral protein (ZAP) involved in the interferon (IFNα/ß) pathway were significantly inhibited in treated female adults' heads. Collectively, these results demonstrate that gut microbiota may regulate head transcription and impact the S. frugiperda adults' heads through the immune pathway in a sex-specific manner. Our finding highlights the relationship between the gut microbiota and head immune systems of S. frugiperda adults, which is an astonishing similarity with the discoveries of other animals. Therefore, this is the basis for further research to understand the interactions between hosts and microorganisms via the gut-brain axis in S. frugiperda and other insects.

Cryptosporidium infection induced the dropping of SCFAS and dysbiosis in intestinal microbiome of Tibetan pigs.

The infection of Cryptosporidium in pigs causes digestive system ailments, diarrhea and weight loss serving as an economic burden, especially in newborn animals. The bacterial fermentation products of short-chain fatty acids have important roles in immune function, microbiota regulation, osmotic balance and metabolism. However, till now little knowledge is available about the effect of Cryptosporidium infection on microbiota and SCFAs in plateau pigs. Hence, we performed this study to explore the response of microbiota and SCFAs in the natural infection of Cryptosporidium in Tibetan pigs. Cryptosporidium positive (infected, G) and negative samples (healthy, J) in our previous study were used for high throughputsequencing and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer analysis. Over 81 000 and 74 000 filtered sequences were detected in healthy and infected Tibetan pigs, respectively. Lower sample richness and evenness were observed in Cryptosporidium infection, as alpha diversity analysis found that chao1 (p < 0.05), faith_pd (p < 0.05), and observed_features in group G were significantly lower than pigs in group J. A total of 4 and 27 significant different phyla and genera were found between group G and J. The changed genera were Psychrobacter, Desemzia, Succiniclasticum, Treponema, Campylobacter, Atopobium, Olsenella, Pediococcus, Peptococcus, Sharpea, Desulfovibrio, Acinetobacter, Rhodococcus, Anaerostipes, Turicibacter, Lactobacillus, RFN20, Phascolarctobacterium, Roseburia, Megasphaera, Streptococcus, Blautia, Lachnospira, rc4_4, Gemmiger, Dorea, Oribacterium and Prevotella, which affected the microbiota functions with 360 abundance changed enzymes, and pathways in L1, L2 and L3 levels of KEGG. The concentration of acetic acid (p < 0.01), butyric acid (p < 0.05) and caproic acid (p < 0.01) were lower in group G. In conclusion, the present study herein uncovered that the host responses to Cryptosporidium infection in Tibetan pigs with 27 of significantly changed genera decreased SCFAs in pigs, which may provide insights in further developing novel therapy against this protozoan.

Dysbiosis and Predicted Functions of the Dental Biofilm of Dairy Goats with Periodontitis.

Periodontitis is a polymicrobial biofilm-induced inflammatory disease associated with a dysbiotic microbial community and severely affects the health and welfare of animals. However, little is known regarding the dental microbiota associated with this disease in goats. In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing, network analysis, and predicted functions to investigate the microbiota of clinically healthy goats and those with periodontitis and identify possible pathogens and proteins associated with the disease. Dental microbiomes of goats with periodontitis were richer, and network analyses showed that the number of negative interactions was higher in the networks of animals with periodontitis. Based on the interrelationships, Porphyromonas, Fusobacterium, and Prevotella were suggested to play an important role in the dental microbiota associated with goat periodontitis. Protein families linked to translation, cytoplasmatic translation, and rRNA processing were more abundant in the dental microbiota of goats with periodontitis. In conclusion, the dental biofilm microbiota associated with goat periodontitis seems to be dysbiotic and has significant antagonistic interactions, which discriminate healthy animals from diseased animals and highlight the importance of key bacteria. Thus, these novel findings contribute to the evolution of knowledge regarding the etiopathogenesis of goat periodontitis and possibly to the development of periodontitis control measures.

Resilience and probiotic interventions to prevent and recover from shrimp gut dysbiosis.

To counter the recurrent outbreaks of bacterial (acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease; AHPND) and viral (white spot disease; WSD) shrimp diseases, which still remain a threat to the global industry, shrimp gut microbiota research has been gaining more attention in recent years, and the use of probiotics in aquaculture has had promising results in improving shrimp gut health and immunity. In this review based on our studies on AHPND and WSD, we summarize our current understanding of the shrimp gastrointestinal tract and the role of the microbiota in disease, as well as effects of probiotics. We focus particularly on the concept of microbiota resilience, and consider strategies that can be used to restore shrimp gut health by probiotic intervention at a crucial time during gut microbiota dysbiosis. Based on the available scientific evidence, we argue that the use of probiotics potentially has an important role in controlling disease in shrimp aquaculture.

Elevated estuary water temperature drives fish gut dysbiosis and increased loads of pathogenic vibrionaceae.

Marine water temperatures are increasing globally, with eastern Australian estuaries warming faster than predicted. There is growing evidence that this rapid warming of coastal waters is increasing the abundance and virulence of pathogenic members of the Vibrionaceae, posing a significant health risk to both humans and aquatic organisms. Fish disease, notably outbreaks of emerging pathogens in response to environmental perturbations such as heatwaves, have been recognised in aquaculture settings. Considerably less is known about how rising sea surface temperatures will impact the microbiology of wild fish populations, particularly those within estuarine systems that are more vulnerable to warming. We used a combination of Vibrio-specific quantitative PCR and amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA and hsp60 genes to examine seawater and fish (Pelates sexlineatus) gut microbial communities across a quasi-natural experimental system, where thermal pollution from coal-fired power stations creates a temperature gradient of up to 6 °C, compatible with future predicted temperature increases. At the warmest site, fish hindgut microbial communities were in a state of dysbiosis characterised by shifts in beta diversity and a proliferation (71.5% relative abundance) of the potential fish pathogen Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae. Comparable patterns were not identified in the surrounding seawater, indicating opportunistic proliferation within estuarine fish guts under thermal stress. A subsequent evaluation of predicted future warming-related risk due to pathogenic Vibrionaceae in temperate estuarine fish demonstrated that warming is likely to drive opportunistic pathogen increases in the upper latitudinal range of this estuarine fish, potentially impacting adaptations to future warming. These findings represent a breakthrough in our understanding of the dynamics of emerging pathogens in populations of wild aquatic organisms within environments likely to experience rapid warming under future climate change.

Characterization of microbial intolerances and ruminal dysbiosis towards different dietary carbohydrate sources using an in vitro model.

AIM: This study aimed to characterize the critical points for determining the development of dysbiosis associated with feed intolerances and ruminal acidosis. METHODS AND RESULTS: A metabologenomics approach was used to characterize dynamic microbial and metabolomics shifts using the rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC) by feeding native cornstarch (ST), chemically modified cornstarch (CMS), or sucrose (SU). SU and CMS elicited the most drastic changes as rapidly as 4 h after feeding. This was accompanied by a swift accumulation of d-lactate, and the decline of benzoic and malonic acid. A consistent increase in Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus as well as a decrease in fibrolytic bacteria was observed for both CMS and ST after 24 h, indicating intolerances within the fibre degrading populations. However, an increase in Lactobacillus was already evident in SU after 8 h. An inverse relationship between Fibrobacter and Bifidobacterium was observed in ST. In fact, Fibrobacter was positively correlated with several short-chain fatty acids, while Lactobacillus was positively correlated with lactic acid, hexoses, hexose-phosphates, pentose phosphate pathway (PENTOSE-P-PWY), and heterolactic fermentation (P122-PWY). CONCLUSIONS: The feeding of sucrose and modified starches, followed by native cornstarch, had a strong disruptive effect in the ruminal microbial community. Feed intolerances were shown to develop at different rates based on the availability of glucose for ruminal microorganisms. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: These results can be used to establish patterns of early dysbiosis (biomarkers) and develop strategies for preventing undesirable shifts in the ruminal microbial ecosystem.

Characterization of the oral and faecal microbiota associated with atopic dermatitis in dogs selected from a purebred Shiba Inu colony.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and relapsing multifactorial inflammatory skin disease that also affects dogs. The oral and gut microbiota are associated with many disorders, including allergy. Few studies have addressed the oral and gut microbiota in dogs, although the skin microbiota has been studied relatively well in these animals. Here, we studied the AD-associated oral and gut microbiota in 16 healthy and 9 AD dogs from a purebred Shiba Inu colony. We found that the diversity of the oral microbiota was significantly different among the dogs, whereas no significant difference was observed in the gut microbiota. Moreover, a differential abundance analysis detected the Family_XIII_AD3011_group (Anaerovoracaceae) in the gut microbiota of AD dogs; however, no bacterial taxa were detected in the oral microbiota. Third, the comparison of the microbial co-occurrence patterns between AD and healthy dogs identified differential networks in which the bacteria in the oral microbiota that were most strongly associated with AD were related to human periodontitis, whereas those in the gut microbiota were related to dysbiosis and gut inflammation. These results suggest that AD can alter the oral and gut microbiota in dogs.

The Relationship of Tumor Microbiome and Oral Bacteria and Intestinal Dysbiosis in Canine Mammary Tumor.

Canine mammary tumor (CMT) is the most common tumor in dogs, with 50% of malignant cases, and lacks an effective therapeutic schedule, hence its early diagnosis is of great importance to achieve a good prognosis. Microbiota is believed to play important roles in systemic diseases, including cancers. In this study, 91 tumors, 21 oral and fecal samples in total were collected from dogs with CMTs, and 31 oral and 21 fecal samples from healthy dogs were collected as control. The intratumoral, oral and gut bacterial community of dogs with CMTs and healthy dogs was profiled by 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatic methods. The predominant intratumoral microbes were Ralstonia, Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium, Pseudomonas, unidentified_Chloroplast and Bacteroides at the genus level. In addition, our findings demonstrated striking changes in the composition of the oral and gut bacterium community in the dogs suffered from CMTs compared to the healthy dogs, with a significant increase of Bacteroides which also was the significant microbial biomarker in the oral and gut bacterium community. It showed that the Bacteroides was shared in the intratumoral, oral and intestinal bacterial microbiomes, confirming that microbiota might travel from the mouth to the intestine and finally to the distant mammary tumor tissue. This study provides a new microbiological idea for the treatment of canine mammary tumors, and also provides a theoretical basis for the study of human breast cancer.

Invited review: Effect of antihypertensive fermented milks on gut microbiota.

Hypertension is a risk factor for the development of other cardiovascular diseases and remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Although genetic and environmental factors are associated with the development of hypertension, it has been recently recognized that gut microbiota (GM) may also have an effect on human health. In this sense, gut dysbiosis (a marked decrease in richness and diversity of GM) has been linked to different metabolic diseases, such as hypertension. Therefore, different studies have been pursued to reduce gut dysbiosis and diminish hypertension. Different strategies to maintain a balanced GM, particularly through diet and the use of probiotics, are being evaluated. Most recently, the effect of antihypertensive fermented milks on GM has been addressed. New evidence suggests that antihypertensive fermented milks may modulate GM. Thus, the aim of this review is to present available information related to the effect of antihypertensive fermented milks on gut microbiota.

Effects of a perioperative antibiotic and veterinary probiotic on fecal dysbiosis index in dogs.

Although widely used, the effects of perioperative antibiotics on the gastrointestinal microbiome are still being researched. The role of probiotics to ameliorate adverse effects of perioperative antibiotics is unclear. The dysbiosis index (DI), based on a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technique, is used to assess gastrointestinal health. The DI in dogs receiving perioperative antibiotics and the effects of concurrent probiotics were evaluated in this study. This was a prospective study of 20 dogs undergoing hemilaminectomy. Baseline and 48-hour postoperative fecal DI were evaluated. Eleven dogs received a probiotic and 9 received placebo. Preanesthetic DI was not different between treatment groups (P = 0.378). One bacterial group, Blautia, decreased in the placebo group (P = 0.002); however, there was no change in the probiotic group (P = 0.336). The DI increased numerically after probiotic administration, but the time × treatment interaction was not significant (P = 0.996). Administration of a probiotic failed to improve DI. Further investigation is needed to evaluate long-term effects of perioperative antibiotics on the gut microbiome.

Effets d'un antibiotique périopératoire et d'un probiotique vétérinaire sur l'indice de dysbiose fécale chez le chien. Les antibiotiques périopératoires sont largement utilisés, mais leurs effets sur le microbiome gastro-intestinal sont toujours à l'étude. Le rôle des probiotiques dans l'amélioration des effets indésirables liés aux antibiotiques périopératoires n'est pas clair. L'indice de dysbiose (ID), une technique de PCR quantitative, est utilisé pour évaluer la santé gastro-intestinale. Cette étude a évalué l'ID chez les chiens recevant des antibiotiques périopératoires ainsi que tout effet lié à l'administration d'un probiotique en simultané. Il s'agissait d'une étude prospective portant sur 20 chiens subissant une hémilaminectomie. Les valeurs d'ID de référence ainsi que 48 heures postopératoires ont été évaluées. Onze chiens ont reçu un probiotique; 9 ont reçu un placebo. L'ID pré-anesthésique n'était pas différent entre les deux groupes (P = 0,378). Un groupe bactérien, Blautia, a diminué dans le groupe placebo (P = 0,002); il n'y a eu aucun changement dans le groupe probiotique (P = 0,336). L'ID a augmenté quantitativement après l'administration de probiotiques, mais l'interaction « temps × traitement ¼ n'était pas significative (P = 0,996). L'administration d'un probiotique n'a pas amélioré l'ID. Des recherches supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour évaluer les effets à long terme des antibiotiques périopératoires sur le microbiome intestinal.(Traduit par les auteurs).

Malassezia species dysbiosis in natural and allergen-induced atopic dermatitis in dogs.

Malassezia dermatitis and otitis are recurrent features of canine atopic dermatitis, increasing the cost of care, and contributing to a reduced quality of life for the pet. The exact pathogenesis of secondary yeast infections in allergic dogs remains unclear, but some have proposed an overgrowth of M. pachydermatis to be one of the flare factors. The distribution of Malassezia populations on healthy and allergic canine skin has not been previously investigated using culture-independent methods. Skin swabs were collected from healthy, naturally affected allergic, and experimentally sensitized atopic dogs. From the extracted DNA, fungal next-generations sequencing (NGS) targeting the ITS region with phylogenetic analysis of sequences for species level classification, and Malassezia species-specific quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were performed. M. globosa was significantly more abundant on healthy canine skin by both methods (NGS P < .0001, qPCR P < .0001). M. restricta was significantly more abundant on healthy skin by NGS (P = .0023), and M. pachydermatis was significantly more abundant on naturally-affected allergic skin by NGS (P < .0001) and on allergen-induced atopic skin lesions by qPCR (P = .0015). Shifts in Malassezia populations were not observed in correlation with the development of allergen-induced skin lesions. Differences in the lipid dependency of predominant Malassezia commensals between groups suggests a role of the skin lipid content in driving community composition and raises questions of whether targeting skin lipids with therapeutics could promote healthy Malassezia populations on canine skin.

Idiopathic chronic diarrhea associated with dysbiosis in a captive cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis).

Chronic inflammatory enteric diseases occur commonly in humans and animals, especially in captive bred macaques. However, information about the etiology of idiopathic chronic inflammatory diarrhea in cynomolgus monkeys is limited. In this paper, we reported the unusual case of idiopathic chronic diarrhea in a captive cynomolgus monkey based on microbial, imaging, and microbiome examinations.