DRUG-FREE MODALITIES OF IRON DEFICIENCY CONDITIONS IN UKRAINE.

The article is devoted to studying the impact of nutritional factors on the occurrence and progression of iron deficiency states (IDS) in young women and developing the main alimentary methods of their prevention.The revealed IDS prevalence among women aged from 16 to 29 years without non-alimentary reasons for the occurrence of iron deficiency is 41.6%, among which latent iron deficiency - 10.3%, clear iron deficiency (anemia)- 31.3%. It was found out that the strongest positive impact on the performance of red blood cells and iron metabolism produce had such food products as meat, sausages (the content of meat protein is not less than 15%), liver, fish and fruits. Tea, coffee, milk, eggs adversely affect the main indicators of the IDS. No statistically significant effect of bread, bakery and cereal products at the rates of an adequate iron supply of the respondents were revealed. A scientific rationale for a daily food package and diet designed for primary and secondary prevention of alimentary conditioned IDS in women is given.

[The specific features of copper and manganese metabolism in the use of iron-containing preparations].

AIM: To comparatively evaluate the efficiency of preventive treatment with various iron preparations on copper, manganese, and iron metabolic features in adult athletes. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Forty adult highly qualified sambo wrestlers were examined and divided into 4 groups of 10 persons in each. Group 1 athletes took iron-containing Sorbifer Durules in combination with ascorbic acid; Group 2 received Ferro Gradumet Vitamin C; Group 3 had Hemofer and ascorbic acid; Group 4 took ascorbic acid tablets. The latter group served as a control. Blood samples (15-20 ml) to be tested were taken at the beginning and end of 2-week use of iron preparations. The daily balance of iron, copper, and manganese was estimated following 7-day intake of these preparations. RESULTS: The use of iron-containing preparations in combination with ascorbic acid was ascertained to be accompanied by an increment in the plasma concentration of iron and blood corpuscles, indicating an increased need for this biotic and its deficiency in athletes. When the dose of iron was increased in the iron preparations, there was a substantial rise in the excretion of copper, manganese in particular, through the gastrointestinal tract and kidney and a negative balance of these trace elements in the body. CONCLUSION: Dietary addition of foods containing large amounts of ferrous iron, copper, and manganese is indicated for athletes exposed to higher intensity exercises.

[Effect of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in the first two years of life on cognitive and mental development during childhood].

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia among infants and children over the world ranges between 2%-22.5%. Iron is essential for intact development of the body, and especiaLLy for the development of the central nervous system in the first two years of Life. OBJECTIVES: To examine, through a review of the literature, if there is any relation between iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia (IDA), and cognitive and mental development in the first two years of life. METHODS: A review of 10 longitudinal and clinical trials from the last 16 years, in which this correlation was examined. RESULTS: According to recent studies, the relation between iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia to cognitive and mental development in childhood is stiLL unclear. Followup studies found poorer cognitive scores on measures of mental and cognitive functioning in the long run. Intervention trials in which iron supplementation was administered to infants with IDA, found an improvement in Language and mental deveLopmental test scores. However, micronutrient intervention, or zinc and iron combined or alone, did not improve performance on mental tests. The studies differed in the characteristics of the study population, definition of exposure, type of treatment and confounders. CONCLUSIONS: It is difficult to assess a causal relationship between iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia, and cognitive and mental development in childhood, mainly due to methodoLogical and ethical reasons. However, most studies from recent years support a negative association. The Ministry of Health in israel recommends iron as a preventive action for iron deficiency in infants.

Recovery of Iron Stores After Adolescents Donate Blood.

BACKGROUND: Teenagers aged 16 to 18 are at increased risk for iron deficiency, exacerbated by losses with whole blood (WB) or double red blood cell (2RBC) donations. Required 56-day (WB) or 112-day (2RBC) interdonation intervals (IDIs) are too short for many to replace lost iron without supplements. METHODS: Teenagers donating WB or 2RBCs at Vitalant, a national blood provider, had serum ferritin measured at their first and immediately subsequent successful donation from December 2016 to 2018. We modeled postindex log-ferritin as a function of IDI to estimate the shortest intervals that corresponded with 50% to 95% prevalence of adequate donor iron stores (ferritin ≥20 ng/mL female donors, ≥30 ng/mL male donors) at the subsequent donation. RESULTS: Among 30 806 teenagers, 11.4% of female and 9.7% of male donors had inadequate iron stores at index donation. Overall, 92.6% had follow-up ferritin values within 13 months. Approximately 12 months after WB index donations, >60% of female and >80% of male donors had adequate iron stores (>50% and >70% after 2RBC donations). Follow-up-donation iron stores were highly dependent on index ferritin. Less than half of WB donors with low ferritin at index achieved adequate stores within 12 months. Achieving a ≥90% prevalence of adequate ferritin at 12 months required index values >50 ng/mL. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that postdonation low-dose iron supplements should be strongly encouraged in teenagers with borderline or low iron stores to permit donation without increased risk for symptoms of mild iron depletion. Increasing the minimum recommended IDI to allow time for replacing donation-related iron losses may be desirable for teenagers.

[New alternatives in the prevention of iron deficiency. Use of genetic engineering in food modification]. / Nuevas alternativas en la prevención de la deficiencia de hierro. Uso de la ingeniería genética en la modificación de alimentos.

This article reviews the possible applications of new food biotechnology techniques to introduce some compounds into plants or animals. The potential for these plant modification methods has ample applications ranging from improvements in food production and development for human consumption, production of antibodies or therapeutic proteins, inclusion of nutrients to improve nutritional value of the food to production of vaccines. It must be clear though that currently the scope and consequences of such modifications are not completely clear. There is some concern about potential secondary effects and the hypothesis of the appearance of new viruses due to recombinant genetical transformations that have not been totally rejected. However the tendency is towards considering the process as safe. Finally some evidence is presented about the possibility of introducing the capacity to synthesize vitamin A in vegetables or produce rice with high content of iron as real alternatives to fight some of the nutritional deficiencies most common worldwide.

Iron handling in hippocampal neurons: activity-dependent iron entry and mitochondria-mediated neurotoxicity.

The characterization of iron handling in neurons is still lacking, with contradictory and incomplete results. In particular, the relevance of non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI), under physiologic conditions, during aging and in neurodegenerative disorders, is undetermined. This study investigates the mechanisms underlying NTBI entry into primary hippocampal neurons and evaluates the consequence of iron elevation on neuronal viability. Fluorescence-based single cell analysis revealed that an increase in extracellular free Fe(2+) (the main component of NTBI pool) is sufficient to promote Fe(2+) entry and that activation of either N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) or voltage operated calcium channels (VOCCs) significantly potentiates this pathway, independently of changes in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+) ](i) ). The enhancement of Fe(2+) influx was accompanied by a corresponding elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and higher susceptibility of neurons to death. Interestingly, iron vulnerability increased in aged cultures. Scavenging of mitochondrial ROS was the most powerful protective treatment against iron overload, being able to preserve the mitochondrial membrane potential and to safeguard the morphologic integrity of these organelles. Overall, we demonstrate for the first time that Fe(2+) and Ca(2+) compete for common routes (i.e. NMDARs and different types of VOCCs) to enter primary neurons. These iron entry pathways are not controlled by the intracellular iron level and can be harmful for neurons during aging and in conditions of elevated NTBI levels. Finally, our data draw the attention to mitochondria as a potential target for the treatment of the neurodegenerative processes induced by iron dysmetabolism.

pH-dependent Fe (II) pathophysiology and protective effect of an organoselenium compound.

Influence of pH on the extent of lipid peroxidation and the anti-oxidant potential of an organoselenium compound is explored. Acidosis increased the rate of lipid peroxidation both in the absence and presence of Fe (II) in rat's brain, kidney and liver homogenate and phospholipids extract from egg yolk. The organoselenium compound significantly protected lipids from peroxidation, both in the absence and presence of Fe (II). Changing the pH of the reaction medium did not alter the anti-oxidant activity of the tested compound. This study provides in vitro evidence for acidosis-induced oxidative stress in brain, kidney, liver homogenate and phospholipids extract and the anti-oxidant action of the tested organoselenium compound.

Regulación de la hepcidina y homeostasis del hierro: avances y perspectivas / Regulation of hepcidin and iron homeostasis: progress and prospects

El estudio de los desórdenes genéticos del metabolismo del hierro, la identificación de sus transportadores y el descubrimiento de la hepcidina, hormona reguladora de la homeostasia del hierro, han contribuido grandemente a aumentar los conocimientos sobre este metabolismo y han cambiado sustancialmente la visión sobre las enfermedades relacionadas con alteraciones del metabolismo férrico. En la última década, no solo se han esclarecido elementos de la patogénesis de estas enfermedades, sino que ya se vislumbran aplicaciones terapéuticas de estos avances. Así, ya se habla de una nueva era basada en el tratamiento de los desórdenes de la homeostasia del hierro a través de la modulación de la hepcidina

The study of genetic disorders of iron metabolism, identification of transporters and the discovery of hepcidin- a hormone regulating iron homeostasis- have contributed greatly to increase awareness of this metabolism. Substantially, the vision on diseases related to disorders of iron metabolism has been changed. In the last decade, elements of the pathogenesis of these diseases have not only been clarified, but therapeutic applications of these advances are looming. Thus, there are expectations of a new era based on the treatment of iron homeostasis disorders through hepcidin modulation

Regulación de la hepcidina y homeostasis del hierro: avances y perspectivas / Regulation of hepcidin and iron homeostasis: progress and prospects

El estudio de los desórdenes genéticos del metabolismo del hierro, la identificación de sus transportadores y el descubrimiento de la hepcidina, hormona reguladora de la homeostasia del hierro, han contribuido grandemente a aumentar los conocimientos sobre este metabolismo y han cambiado sustancialmente la visión sobre las enfermedades relacionadas con alteraciones del metabolismo férrico. En la última década, no solo se han esclarecido elementos de la patogénesis de estas enfermedades, sino que ya se vislumbran aplicaciones terapéuticas de estos avances. Así, ya se habla de una nueva era basada en el tratamiento de los desórdenes de la homeostasia del hierro a través de la modulación de la hepcidina(AU)

The study of genetic disorders of iron metabolism, identification of transporters and the discovery of hepcidin- a hormone regulating iron homeostasis- have contributed greatly to increase awareness of this metabolism. Substantially, the vision on diseases related to disorders of iron metabolism has been changed. In the last decade, elements of the pathogenesis of these diseases have not only been clarified, but therapeutic applications of these advances are looming. Thus, there are expectations of a new era based on the treatment of iron homeostasis disorders through hepcidin modulation(AU)

Expression of tranferrin receptors in the pineal gland of postnatal and adult rats and its alteration in hypoxia and melatonin treatment.

Transferrin receptors (Tfrc) are membrane bound glycoproteins which function to mediate cellular uptake of iron from transferrin. We examined expression of Tfrc in the pineal gland of rats of different ages from 1 day to 12 weeks. The mRNA and protein expression of Tfrc increased up to 6 weeks of age and decreased in 12 week rats. Tfrc immunoreactivity was observed on pinealocytes and macrophages/microglia. By immunoelectron microscopy, the immunoreaction in pinealocytes was observed in the cytosol, on mitochondria and plasma membrane whereas in macrophages/microglia it was localized on the plasma membrane in 1-day to 2-week old rats. In older rats, the immunoreaction product in pinealocytes was associated with the plasma membrane and mitochondria only. Iron localization was observed in pinealocytes as well as macrophages/microglia. It is suggested that Tfrc are required for uptake of iron for cell proliferation and maturation in the pineal gland upto 6 weeks of age. The significance of Tfrc expression on mitochondria is speculative. They may be involved in iron transport to the mitochondria or for regulation of the secretory activity of pinealocytes. The TfrcmRNA and protein expression increased significantly in response to hypoxia in 12-week rats and this coincided with intense iron staining of the pinealocytes and macrophages/microglia. It is concluded that increased expression of Tfrc in response to hypoxia leads to excess cellular uptake of iron which may be damaging to the cells. Melatonin administration in hypoxic rats may prove to be beneficial as it reduced the Tfrc expression.