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1.
Science ; 224(4649): 601-3, 1984 May 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6710158

RESUMO

Amblyomma americanum is a likely secondary vector of Lyme disease in New Jersey. Ticks of this species were removed from the site of the characteristic skin lesion known as erythema chronicum migrans on two patients with the disease, and the Lyme disease spirochete was isolated from nymphs and adults of this species. That A. americanum is a potential vector is supported by its similarities to Ixodes dammini, the known tick vector, in seasonal distribution and host utilization. The extensive range of A. americanum may have great implications for potential Lyme disease transmission outside known endemic areas.


Assuntos
Vetores Aracnídeos/microbiologia , Artrite Infecciosa/transmissão , Carrapatos/microbiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Animais , Artrite Infecciosa/microbiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , New Jersey , Infecções por Spirochaetales/transmissão
2.
J Food Prot ; 68(7): 1525-34, 2005 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16013401

RESUMO

Colonic spirochetosis is a disease caused by the gram-negative bacteria Brachyspira aalborgi and Brachyspira pilosicoli. B. pilosicoli induces disease in both humans and animals, whereas B. aalborgi affects only humans and higher primates. Symptoms in humans include diarrhea, rectal bleeding, and abdominal cramps. Colonic spirochetosis is common in third world countries; however, in developed countries, the disease is observed mainly in homosexual males. Terminally ill patients infected with Brachyspira are particularly at risk for developing spirochetemia. Diarrhea, poor growth performance, and decreased feed-to-gain efficiency is seen in pigs with colonic spirochetosis. The disease in chickens is characterized by delayed and/or reduced egg production, diarrhea, poor feed conversion, and retarded growth. Thus, colonic spirochetosis can represent a serious economic loss in the swine and poultry industries. The organisms are transmitted by the fecal-oral route, and several studies have demonstrated that human, primate, pig, dog, or bird strains of B. pilosicoli can be transmitted to pigs, chickens, and mice. B. pilosicoli may be a zoonotic pathogen, and although it has not been demonstrated, there is a possibility that both B. pilosicoli and B. aalborgi can be transferred to humans via contact with the feces of infected animals, meat from infected animals, or food contaminated by food handlers. Neither B. pilosicoli nor B. aalborgi has been well characterized in terms of basic cellular functions, pathogenicity, or genetics. Studies are needed to more thoroughly understand these Brachyspira species and their disease mechanisms.


Assuntos
Brachyspira/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Contaminação de Alimentos , Enteropatias/microbiologia , Infecções por Spirochaetales/transmissão , Animais , Colo/microbiologia , Humanos , Enteropatias/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Spirochaetales/prevenção & controle , Zoonoses
3.
J Med Microbiol ; 52(Pt 4): 361-364, 2003 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12676876

RESUMO

The anaerobic intestinal spirochaete Brachyspira pilosicoli commonly colonizes the large intestine of a number of species, including chickens and human beings. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether an isolate of B. pilosicoli recovered from an HIV-infected patient with diarrhoea could infect and cause disease in adult chickens. Over a 4-week period following experimental infection, a group of eight inoculated chickens showed a persistent and significant increase in faecal water content ( approximately 6-7 %). The faeces of three of the eight birds became culture-positive, and remained so. At post-mortem examination, no specific pathological changes were found, and no spirochaetal attachment to the caecal epithelium was observed. These findings confirm that B. pilosicoli strains can infect across species barriers and cause chronic mild diarrhoea in intact adult chickens.


Assuntos
Galinhas , Diarreia/microbiologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/microbiologia , Infecções por Spirochaetales/microbiologia , Spirochaetales/fisiologia , Zoonoses/microbiologia , Animais , Ceco/microbiologia , Ceco/patologia , Fezes/microbiologia , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Humanos , Infecções por Spirochaetales/complicações , Infecções por Spirochaetales/transmissão , Zoonoses/transmissão
4.
Emerg Med Clin North Am ; 2(3): 623-33, 1984 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6549506

RESUMO

Sportsmen, backpackers, and outdoor workers may present with unusual infections acquired in the fields and forests of the United States. Infections to be considered in such persons with a febrile illness include Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Colorado spotted tick fever, babesiosis, borreliosis, and Lyme disease. The differential diagnoses for clinical presentations of pulmonary and gastrointestinal disease are also discussed.


Assuntos
Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/diagnóstico , Infecções Bacterianas/diagnóstico , Saúde da População Rural , Esportes , Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/transmissão , Vetores Artrópodes , Infecções Bacterianas/transmissão , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Emergências , Febre/etiologia , Gastroenterite/etiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Peste/transmissão , Infecções por Protozoários/diagnóstico , Infecções por Protozoários/transmissão , Infecções Respiratórias/etiologia , Infecções por Rickettsia/transmissão , Infecções por Spirochaetales/transmissão , Tularemia/transmissão , Estados Unidos , Viroses/diagnóstico , Viroses/transmissão
5.
Klin Mikrobiol Infekc Lek ; 10(2): 61-7, 2004 Apr.
Artigo em Tcheco | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15146383

RESUMO

A characteristic feature of human intestinal spirochetosis (IS) is the colonization of the mucosa of the large intestine with intestinal spirochetes of the genus Brachyspira. The joining of the brachyspirae with the apical cellular membrane of enterocytes resembles in histological slides a false brush border of the intestinal mucosa. Various symptoms related to the involvement of the large gut were found with invasive IS. From the cultures of these cases were isolated Brachyspira aalborgii and B. pilosicoli. The frequency of the incidence of brachyspirae depended on the socio-economic living conditions of people. Colonization of the mucosa of the large gut was found more often in human populations in the developing countries; it was fairly rare in countries with high hygienic standards. An exception were men of homosexual orienation and patients presenting with a HIV infection. Isolation of brachyspirae from the faeces and biopsy of the mucosa of the large gut are fairly demanding jobs, especially with B. aalborgii. Most documented IS cases of this aetiology were diagnosed using immunohistochemical methods and amplification of the genus-specific region of the gene 16S rRNA. Isolation of B. pilosicoli tends to be simpler, it requires anaerobic incubation on selective blood agars for a period of 3-6 days at 37 degrees C. When manual haemoculture systems were used, patients in a critical state presented a translocation of brachyspirae into blood circulation, while automatic systems don't necessarily diagnose spirochetaemia. In the management of described cases of invasive IS particularly successful proved metronidazole and beta-lactam antibiotics. In isolated B. pilosicoli, in vitro tests confirmed sensitivity to metronidazole, ceftriaxone, meropenem, tetracycline, moxifloxacine and chloramphenicol. A varying frequency of resistance was found with clindamycin and amoxicillin, which how ever was efficacious in combination with clavulanic acid.


Assuntos
Enteropatias , Infecções por Spirochaetales , Fezes/microbiologia , Humanos , Enteropatias/diagnóstico , Enteropatias/etiologia , Enteropatias/microbiologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Spirochaetaceae/efeitos dos fármacos , Spirochaetaceae/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Spirochaetales/diagnóstico , Infecções por Spirochaetales/microbiologia , Infecções por Spirochaetales/transmissão
6.
Parazitologiia ; 10(1): 67-71, 1976.
Artigo em Russo | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-133321

RESUMO

The spontaneous infection of B. latyshevi population of O. tartakovskyi and its hosts in the foothill zone of southern Tadjikistan was studied. A great part of the Horsfield's terrapin unsusceptible to the spirochaete in the feeding of the tick's population was established. The foci is apparently maintained on account of the rising number of the redtailed Libyan jird. In years of the depression of rodents number the main part in the preservation of the infection belongs to the ticks.


Assuntos
Reservatórios de Doenças , Infecções por Spirochaetales/epidemiologia , Infestações por Carrapato/epidemiologia , Animais , Animais Domésticos , Borrelia/patogenicidade , Infecções por Borrelia/epidemiologia , Infecções por Borrelia/transmissão , Vetores de Doenças , Humanos , Roedores , Infecções por Spirochaetales/transmissão , Tadjiquistão , Infestações por Carrapato/transmissão , Carrapatos/microbiologia
7.
Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr ; 104(9): 405-10, 1997 Sep.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9410734

RESUMO

The toxicity of the combination of salinomycin (sal.) and tiamulin (tia.) was investigated in dependence upon dosage and feeding method. In addition the efficacy of a safe dose for prophylactic treatment of dysentery was controlled. Following feed medications were tested for toxic effects in pigs: a) 3 mg sal. + 5 mg tia./kg BW, b) 3 mg sal. + 3 mg tia./kg BW, c) 3 mg sal. + 1 mg tia./kg BW, d) 3 mg sal./kg BW, e) 10 mg tia./kg BW, f) 30 mg tia./kg BW. The daily dose was given for 2 weeks by restricted feeding (twice a day) either as bolus or mixed in the whole ration or by feeding ad libitum. Animals were controlled for clinical symptoms and activities of creatine phosphokinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) were evaluated daily. Main clinical signs of poisoning were loss of appetite and locomotor disturbances and could be noticed for dosages of 8, 6 and 4 mg sal. + tia./kg BW. Activities of CK and ASAT were increased dose-related, the feeding method also had an influence on the degree of intoxication. Some animals showed locomotor disturbances without any corresponding changes of CK and ASAT levels. Single pigs remaining without any symptoms even at high dosage pointed to differences in individual susceptibility. Toxicity was not found to be age dependent. Feed medication with 60 ppm sal. + 20 ppm tia. (feeding ad libitum) did not result in any signs of toxicity, however, the transmission of Serpulina hyodysenteriae from infected pigs to healthy, treated control animals could not be inhibited efficiently. Therefore the simultaneous application of salinomycin and tiamulin should be avoided generally, because the risk of intoxication is high and subtherapeutical dosage has an insufficient effectiveness against Serpulina hyodysenteriae.


Assuntos
Antibacterianos/toxicidade , Piranos/toxicidade , Animais , Anorexia/induzido quimicamente , Aspartato Aminotransferases/sangue , Brachyspira hyodysenteriae , Creatina Quinase/sangue , Diterpenos/toxicidade , Interações Medicamentosas , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Spirochaetales/transmissão , Infecções por Spirochaetales/veterinária , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos
8.
Int J Environ Res Public Health ; 10(5): 1927-47, 2013 May 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23665849

RESUMO

Swine Dysentery (SD) is a severe mucohaemorhagic enteric disease of pigs caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, which has a large impact on pig production and causes important losses due to mortality and sub-optimal performance. Although B. hyodysenteriae has been traditionally considered a pathogen mainly transmitted by direct contact, through the introduction of subclinically infected animals into a previously uninfected herd, recent findings position B. hyodysenteriae as a potential threat for indirect transmission between farms. This article summarizes the knowledge available on the etiological agent of SD and its virulence traits, and reviews the determinants of SD transmission. The between-herds and within-herd transmission routes are addressed. The factors affecting disease transmission are thoroughly discussed, i.e., environmental survival of the pathogen, husbandry factors (production system, production stage, farm management), role of vectors, diet influence and interaction of the microorganism with gut microbiota. Finally, prophylactic and therapeutic approaches to fight against the disease are briefly described.


Assuntos
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae/fisiologia , Brachyspira hyodysenteriae/patogenicidade , Disenteria/veterinária , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/veterinária , Doenças dos Suínos/terapia , Doenças dos Suínos/transmissão , Criação de Animais Domésticos , Animais , Disenteria/microbiologia , Disenteria/prevenção & controle , Disenteria/terapia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/microbiologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/terapia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/transmissão , Infecções por Spirochaetales/microbiologia , Infecções por Spirochaetales/terapia , Infecções por Spirochaetales/transmissão , Infecções por Spirochaetales/veterinária , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Virulência
13.
Environ Microbiol ; 9(4): 983-91, 2007 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17359270

RESUMO

Atypical, strongly haemolytic porcine isolates of intestinal spirochaetes differing genetically from Brachyspira hyodysenteriae were identified and characterized. The isolates were subjected to culture and biochemical tests, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and molecular analyses. None of four species-specific polymerase chain reaction systems targeting genes of B. hyodysenteriae gave a positive reaction. All the atypical porcine isolates were identical in their partial 16S rRNA and nox gene sequences with a previously described isolate from a mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), and differed only slightly from another mallard isolate. All these isolates were distinctly different from all currently recognized Brachyspira species. A challenge study was carried out using recently weaned pigs. Clinical signs and macroscopic changes consistent with swine dysentery were seen both in pigs given the atypical porcine isolate and in control pigs given the reference strain of B. hyodysenteriae (B204(R)). Pigs given the genetically similar isolate from a mallard became colonized and diarrhoea was observed. This is the first study indicating that Brachyspira isolates from mallard can infect pigs and induce diarrhoea. We propose that this atypical spirochaete genotype should be regarded as a new species within the genus Brachyspira, and be provisionally designated 'Brachyspira suanatina' sp. nov.


Assuntos
Patos/microbiologia , Disenteria/microbiologia , Spirochaetaceae/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Spirochaetales/microbiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Animais , DNA Bacteriano/análise , Disenteria/veterinária , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , Spirochaetaceae/genética , Spirochaetaceae/metabolismo , Infecções por Spirochaetales/transmissão , Infecções por Spirochaetales/veterinária , Suínos
14.
Hautarzt ; 37(11): 597-602, 1986 Nov.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3804731

RESUMO

After the successful identification of Borrelia burgdorferi as the cause of Lyme disease, a new tick-borne infection occurring in the United States, almost identical spirochaetes have been isolated from the tick Ixodes ricinus in Europe. As a result, the spirochaetal aetiology of skin diseases, which had long been recognized as tick-borne infections, namely erythema chronicum migrans with its neurological complications of the tick-borne meningopolyneuritis of Garin-Bujadoux-Bannwarth, acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans and lymphadenosis cutis benigna, could be confirmed by means of microbiological, histological and serological methods. On the basis of case histories it had already been assumed for some time that anetodermia maculosa and the localised sclerodermas might also be caused by a tick-borne agent. The results of serological investigations have now strengthened this assumption, although microbiological confirmation is still lacking.


Assuntos
Mordeduras e Picadas/complicações , Infecções por Spirochaetales/transmissão , Carrapatos , Acrodermatite/transmissão , Dermatite/transmissão , Humanos , Doença de Lyme/transmissão , Linfadenite/transmissão , Meningite/transmissão , Polineuropatias/transmissão , Esclerodermia Localizada/transmissão
15.
Z Hautkr ; 58(22): 1616, 1619-21, 1983 Nov 15.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6659638

RESUMO

Erythema chronicum migrans and tick-borne meningo-polyneuritis Garin-Bujadoux-Bannwarth are caused by a spirochete transmitted by ixodes ricinus. The same is true for Lyme disease, which is the erythema chronicum migrans infection of North-America transmitted by ticks of the same genus. In Europe, this etiology is indicated by demonstration of IgG and IgM antibodies against borrelia duttoni during the course of infection and by immunofluorescence staining of spirochetes in ticks at sites of infection. In the USA, scientists succeeded in isolating from ticks as well as from blood, skin and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Lyme disease. In addition patients showed antibodies against the isolated spirochete. The etiologic findings allow a better causative therapy as well as the investigation of pathogenesis and epidemiology of this multiform disease which may involve skin, nervous system, joints and heart.


Assuntos
Eritema/transmissão , Infecções por Spirochaetales/transmissão , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/imunologia , Mordeduras e Picadas , Borrelia/imunologia , Líquido Cefalorraquidiano/imunologia , Reações Cruzadas , Europa (Continente) , Humanos , Polineuropatias/etiologia , Spirochaeta/imunologia , Infecções por Spirochaetales/complicações , Carrapatos , Estados Unidos
16.
Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand B ; 93(2): 161-3, 1985 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-4013743

RESUMO

Spirochetes could be cultivated from 9 out of 13 skin biopsies from patients with erythema chronicum migrans Afzelius (ECMA) and from 2 out of 5 biopsies from patients with acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (ACA) by using a newly modified serumless Kelly's medium. The different spirochete strains grew best at a low oxygen tension. Attempts to grow spirochetes from blood and cerebrospinal fluid failed. The cultivation of spirochetes from secondary ECMA lesions favours the presumption that a spirochetemia may occur in ECMA. The isolation of spirochetes from an ACA patient who had a disease duration of greater than 10 years proves that the spirochetes may survive in the human body for a considerable time.


Assuntos
Acrodermatite/etiologia , Eritema/etiologia , Infecções por Spirochaetales/etiologia , Spirochaetales/isolamento & purificação , Acrodermatite/microbiologia , Vetores Aracnídeos , Eritema/microbiologia , Humanos , Infecções por Spirochaetales/transmissão , Carrapatos
17.
Rev Infect Dis ; 8(6): 932-40, 1986.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3541127

RESUMO

The author reviews his changing interest in tick-borne spirochetoses during his career (1951-1985) as a medical entomologist at the U.S. Public Health Service's Rocky Mountain Laboratory. The discoveries of relapsing fevers in the western United States in the 1930s and 1940s led to well-supported epidemiologic research, including studies on the relationships between vectors and spirochetes. When tick-borne relapsing fever in the United States was shown to be a relatively rare and readily treatable disease, financial support was withdrawn, and ongoing research was limited or terminated. Interest in relapsing fever spirochetes, particularly the relation to the relapse phenomenon in animal hosts, resurfaced in the 1960s and 1970s with the introduction of immunofluorescence assays and with the development of Kelly's medium for continuous cultivation of certain spirochetes. This interest increased significantly in 1981 when the author discovered a tick-borne spirochete to be the causative agent of Lyme disease and of several clinically related disorders in Europe. The discovery of this agent, now known as Borrelia burgdorferi, has led not only to intensive clinical, epidemiologic, and ecologic investigations in the United States and abroad but also to the identification of molecular and immunochemical techniques necessary for the study of the complex biology of tick-borne spirochetes. Reference is also made to a new species of Borrelia that may be the etiologic agent of epizootic bovine abortion in the western United States.


Assuntos
Doença de Lyme , Febre Recorrente/história , Infecções por Spirochaetales/história , Animais , Vetores Aracnídeos/microbiologia , Borrelia/fisiologia , História do Século XX , Humanos , Doença de Lyme/microbiologia , Doença de Lyme/transmissão , Febre Recorrente/microbiologia , Febre Recorrente/transmissão , Infecções por Spirochaetales/microbiologia , Infecções por Spirochaetales/transmissão , Carrapatos/microbiologia , Estados Unidos
18.
Scand J Infect Dis ; 18(3): 217-24, 1986.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3526531

RESUMO

26 Swedish patients with erythema chronicum migrans (ECM) were studied regarding associated clinical symptoms and antibodies to Swedish Ixodes ricinus spirochete. 11/26 (42%) of the patients had associated symptoms, compared to more than 90% of 314 American patients with ECM, as described by Steere et al. Only 2/26 (8%) had multiple skin lesions, compared to 48% of the American patients. Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and circulating immune complexes were demonstrated in 6/25 (24%) and 8/25 patients (32%), respectively, as against in 53% and 84%, respectively, of the American patients. The antibody response to Ixodes ricinus spirochete was measured by indirect immunofluorescence (IFA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Compared to the 95% percentile of controls, significantly high antibody titers were demonstrated in 3/25 (12%) by IFA, and 7/25 (28%) by ELISA. The ELISA antibody titers differed significantly (p less than 0.05) between ECM-patients and controls. The spirochetal antibody response in ECM was also compared with that in spirochete-associated disease of the central nervous system.


Assuntos
Anticorpos Antibacterianos/imunologia , Complexo Antígeno-Anticorpo/imunologia , Dermatopatias Infecciosas/epidemiologia , Infecções por Spirochaetales/epidemiologia , Carrapatos/microbiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Eritema/etiologia , Eritema/imunologia , Feminino , Imunofluorescência , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Dermatopatias Infecciosas/imunologia , Dermatopatias Infecciosas/transmissão , Infecções por Spirochaetales/imunologia , Infecções por Spirochaetales/transmissão , Suécia
19.
Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen ; 113(14): 1701-5, 1993 May 30.
Artigo em Norueguês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8322295

RESUMO

Viral and protozoal infections are often suspected as causes of neonatal illness or congenital anomalies. The TORCH titer has traditionally been the foremost diagnostic tool in this context, but it is now becoming increasingly clear that this tool is inadequate, partly for conceptual reasons, but also because of the often uncritical way in which it is used. During a recent critical review of our routines and practices for diagnosis and treatment of neonatal infections we also revised our approach to the diagnosis and treatment of suspected pre- or perinatally acquired viral, spirochetal, and protozoal illnesses. The resulting guidelines, originally intended for our house staff, are presented here.


Assuntos
Infecções por Spirochaetales/tratamento farmacológico , Toxoplasmose/tratamento farmacológico , Viroses/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Terapia Intensiva Neonatal/métodos , Noruega , Infecções por Spirochaetales/diagnóstico , Infecções por Spirochaetales/transmissão , Toxoplasmose/diagnóstico , Toxoplasmose/transmissão , Viroses/diagnóstico , Viroses/transmissão
20.
N Engl J Med ; 308(13): 733-40, 1983 Mar 31.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6828118

RESUMO

We recovered a newly recognized spirochete from the blood, skin lesions (erythema chronicum migrans [ECM]), or cerebrospinal fluid of 3 of 56 patients with Lyme disease and from 21 of 110 nymphal or adult lxodes dammini ticks in Connecticut. These isolates and the original one from l. dammini appeared to have the same morphologic and immunologic features. In patients, specific IgM antibody titers usually reached a peak between the third and sixth week after the onset of disease; specific IgG antibody titers rose slowly and were generally highest months later when arthritis was present. Among 40 patients who had early disease only (ECM alone), 90 per cent had an elevated IgM titer (greater than or equal to 1:128) between the ECM phase and convalescence. Among 95 patients with later manifestations (involvement of the nervous system, heart, or joints), 94 per cent had elevated titers of IgG (greater than or equal to 1:128). In contrast, none of 80 control subjects had elevated IgG titers, and only three control patients with infectious mononucleosis had elevated IgM titers. We conclude that the I. dammini spirochete is the causative agent of Lyme disease.


Assuntos
Artrite Infecciosa/etiologia , Spirochaetales/isolamento & purificação , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/análise , Vetores Aracnídeos/microbiologia , Artrite Infecciosa/imunologia , Artrite Infecciosa/microbiologia , Sangue/microbiologia , Líquido Cefalorraquidiano/microbiologia , Eritema/etiologia , Eritema/microbiologia , Humanos , Pele/microbiologia , Spirochaetales/imunologia , Infecções por Spirochaetales/microbiologia , Infecções por Spirochaetales/transmissão , Infestações por Carrapato/microbiologia , Carrapatos/microbiologia
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