Novel Bioactive and Therapeutic Dental Polymeric Materials to Inhibit Periodontal Pathogens and Biofilms.

Periodontitis is a common infectious disease characterized by loss of tooth-supporting structures, which eventually leads to tooth loss. The heavy burden of periodontal disease and its negative consequence on the patient's quality of life indicate a strong need for developing effective therapies. According to the World Health Organization, 10⁻15% of the global population suffers from severe periodontitis. Advances in understanding the etiology, epidemiology and microbiology of periodontal pocket flora have called for antibacterial therapeutic strategies for periodontitis treatment. Currently, antimicrobial strategies combining with polymer science have attracted tremendous interest in the last decade. This review focuses on the state of the art of antibacterial polymer application against periodontal pathogens and biofilms. The first part focuses on the different polymeric materials serving as antibacterial agents, drug carriers and periodontal barrier membranes to inhibit periodontal pathogens. The second part reviews cutting-edge research on the synthesis and evaluation of a new generation of bioactive dental polymers for Class-V restorations with therapeutic effects. They possess antibacterial, acid-reduction, protein-repellent, and remineralization capabilities. In addition, the antibacterial photodynamic therapy with polymeric materials against periodontal pathogens and biofilms is also briefly described in the third part. These novel bioactive and therapeutic polymeric materials and treatment methods have great potential to inhibit periodontitis and protect tooth structures.

Marginal integrity of low-shrinking versus methacrylate-based composite: effect of different one-step self-etch adhesives.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of composite type and adhesive system on the quality of marginal adaptation in standardized Class V cavities before and after thermo-mechanical loading (TML). The cavities were restored using different combinations of three adhesive systems [(Silorane System Adhesive (SSA), Clearfil S3 Bond (S3), G-Bond (G-B)] and two resin composite materials (Filtek Silorane, Clearfil AP-X). Six groups (n = 10): Group A (SSA-Primer + SSA-Bond, Filtek Silorane), Group B (SSA-Primer + SSA-Bond, Clearfil AP-X), Group C (S3 + SSA-Bond, Filtek Silorane), Group D (S3 + SSA-Bond, Clearfil AP-X), Group E (G-B + SSA-Bond, Filtek Silorane) and Group F (G-B + SSA-Bond, Clearfil AP-X) were defined. Marginal adaptation was assessed on replicas in the SEM at 200 × magnification before and after TML (3000 × 5-55 °C, 1.2 106 × 49 N; 1.7 Hz) under simulated dentinal fluid. The highest scores of continuous margins (%CM) were observed in the group F (G-B + SSA-Bond, Clearfil AP-X: before loading 96.4 (±3.2)/after loading 90.8 (±7.0)). A significant effect of adhesive system, composite type and loading interval was observed on the results (p < 0.05). Significantly lower scores of %CM were observed for silorane-based composite (Filtek Silorane) after TML in comparison with methacrylate-based composite (Clearfil AP-X) considering total marginal length (p < 0.05). For both Filtek Silorane and Clearfil AP-X, G-Bond performed significantly better than SSA-Primer and Clearfil S3 Bond (p < 0.05). For all combinations of one-step self-etch adhesives and SSA-Bond resin coating, silorane-based low-shrinking composite exhibited inferior marginal adaptation than did the methacrylate-based composite.

Preparation of a Bis-GMA-Free Dental Resin System with Synthesized Fluorinated Dimethacrylate Monomers.

With the aim of reducing human exposure to Bisphenol A (BPA) derivatives in dentistry, a fluorinated dimethacrylate monomer was synthesized to replace 2,2-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloy-loxypropyl)-phenyl]propane (Bis-GMA) as the base monomer of dental resin. After mixing with reactive diluent triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), fluorinated dimethacrylate (FDMA)/TEGDMA was prepared and compared with Bis-GMA/TEGDMA in physicochemical properties, such as double bond conversion (DC), volumetric shrinkage (VS), water sorption (WS) and solubility (WSL), flexural strength (FS) and modulus (FM). The results showed that, when compared with Bis-GMA based resin, FDMA-based resin had several advantages, such as higher DC, lower VS, lower WS, and higher FS after water immersion. All of these revealed that FDMA had potential to be used as a substitute for Bis-GMA. Of course, many more studies, such as biocompatibility testing, should be undertaken to prove whether FDMA could be applied in clinic.

Transparent magnesium aluminate spinel: a prospective biomaterial for esthetic orthodontic brackets.

Adult orthodontics is recently gaining popularity due to its importance in esthetics, oral and general health. However, none of the currently available alumina or zirconia based ceramic orthodontic brackets meet the esthetic demands of adult patients. Inherent hexagonal lattice structure and associated birefringence limits the visible light transmission in polycrystalline alumina and make them appear white and non transparent. Hence focus of the present study was to assess the feasibility of using magnesium aluminate (MgAl2O4) spinel; a member of the transparent ceramic family for esthetic orthodontic brackets. Transparent spinel specimens were developed from commercially available white spinel powder through colloidal shaping followed by pressureless sintering and hot isostatic pressing at optimum conditions of temperature and pressure. Samples were characterized for chemical composition, phases, density, hardness, flexural strength, fracture toughness and optical transmission. Biocompatibility was evaluated with in-vitro cell line experiments for cytotoxicity, apoptosis and genotoxicity. Results showed that transparent spinel samples had requisite physico-chemical, mechanical, optical and excellent biocompatibility for fabricating orthodontic brackets. Transparent spinel developed through this method demonstrated its possibility as a prospective biomaterial for developing esthetic orthodontic brackets.

Electrodeposition of nanostructured bioactive hydroxyapatite-heparin composite coatings on titanium for dental implant applications.

In this paper we describe the one-pot fabrication of hydroxyapatite (HA)-heparin composites by electrodeposition onto Ti substrates and their characterisation in terms of structure, morphology, heparin content and bioactivity. HA coatings are well known and widely applied osteointegration enhancers, but post-implant healing rate in dental applications is still suboptimal: e.g. coagulation control plays a key role and the incorporation of an anticoagulant is considered a highly desirable option. In this study, we have developed an improved, simple and robust growth procedure for single-phase, pure HA-heparin films of thickness 1/3 µm. HA-heparin, forming nanowires, has the ideal morphology for bone mineralisation. Staining assays revealed homogeneous incorporation of sizable amounts of heparin in the composite films. The bioactivities of the HA and HA-heparin coatings on Ti were compared by HeLa cell proliferation/viability tests and found to be enhanced by the presence of the anticoagulant.

Comparison of residual monomer loss from cold-cure orthodontic acrylic resins processed by different polymerization techniques.

INTRODUCTION: This investigation aimed to assess and compare the amount of residual monomer (RM) released from removable orthodontic appliances constructed by sprinkle-on and dough techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and twenty acrylic samples were prepared from orthodontic autopolymerized acrylic resins and divided into three groups, according to the processing method: sprinkle-on with polyclave, sprinkle-on without polyclave and dough technique. After polymerization, the specimens of each group were immersed in distilled water for 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 1 week. High-performances liquid chromatography (HPLC) was utilized to measure residual monomer content. RESULTS: Maximum observed RM was 1284·91±129·07 ppm measured for sprinkle-on technique without polyclave after 24 h of water immersion. At this time, the level of RM was significantly different among the three applied techniques (P<0·05). In all soaking time groups, sprinkle-on technique with polyclave released the least amount of RM. Within each group, the maximum monomer releasing was observed after the first 24 h and decreases were observed in subsequent time groups. The reduction over the time was not significant in the polyclave groups (P>0·05). CONCLUSION: The sprinkle-on technique with polyclave and longer water immersion reduced residual monomer released from acrylic orthodontic appliances.

Synthesis of polymerizable betulin maleic diester derivative for dental restorative resins with antibacterial activity.

OBJECTIVE: Bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylate (Bis-GMA) is of great importance for dental materials as the preferred monomer. However, the presence of bisphenol-A (BPA) core in Bis-GMA structure causes potential concerns since it is associated with endocrine diseases, developmental abnormalities, and cancer lesions. Therefore, it is desirable to develop an alternative replacement for Bis-GMA and explore the intrinsic relationship between monomer structure and resin properties. METHODS: Here, the betulin maleic diester derivative (MABet) was synthesized by a facile esterification reaction using plant-derived betulin and maleic anhydride as raw materials. Its chemical structure was confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR spectra, FT-IR spectra, and HR-MS, respectively. The as-synthesized MABet was then used as polymerizable comonomer to partially or completely substitute Bis-GMA in a 50:50 Bis-GMA: TEGDMA resin (5B5T) to formulate dental restorative resins. These were then determined for the viscosity behavior, light transmittance, real-time degree of conversion, residual monomers, mechanical performance, cytotoxicity, and antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) in detail. RESULTS: Among all experimental resins, increasing the MABet concentration to 50 wt% made the resultant 5MABet5T resin have a maximum in viscosity and appear dark yellowish after polymerization. In contrast, the 1MABet4B5T resin with 10 wt% MABet possessed comparable shear viscosity and polymerization conversion (46.6 ± 1.0% in 60 s), higher flexural and compressive strength (89.7 ± 7.8 MPa; 345.5 ± 14.4 MPa) to those of the 5B5T control (48.5 ± 0.6%; 65.7 ± 6.7 MPa; 223.8 ± 57.1 MPa). This optimal resin also had significantly lower S. mutans colony counts (0.35 ×108 CFU/mL) than 5B5T (7.6 ×108 CFU/mL) without affecting cytocompatibility. SIGNIFICANCE: Introducing plant-derived polymerizable MABet monomer into dental restorative resins is an effective strategy for producing antibacterial dental materials with superior physicochemical property.

Calcium orthophosphates in dentistry.

Dental caries, also known as tooth decay or a cavity, remains a major public health problem in the most communities even though the prevalence of disease has decreased since the introduction of fluorides for dental care. Therefore, biomaterials to fill dental defects appear to be necessary to fulfill customers' needs regarding the properties and the processing of the products. Bioceramics and glass-ceramics are widely used for these purposes, as dental inlays, onlays, veneers, crowns or bridges. Calcium orthophosphates belong to bioceramics but they have some specific advantages over other types of bioceramics due to a chemical similarity to the inorganic part of both human and mammalian bones and teeth. Therefore, calcium orthophosphates (both alone and as components of various formulations) are used in dentistry as both dental fillers and implantable scaffolds. This review provides brief information on calcium orthophosphates and describes in details current state-of-the-art on their applications in dentistry and dentistry-related fields. Among the recognized dental specialties, calcium orthophosphates are most frequently used in periodontics; however, the majority of the publications on calcium orthophosphates in dentistry are devoted to unspecified "dental" fields.

Investigation on synthesis and properties of isosorbide based bis-GMA analogue.

The aim of this work was to synthesize and investigate properties of a novel dimethacrylic monomer based on bioderived alicyclic diol--isosorbide. Its potential as a possible substitute of 2,2-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloyloxypropoxy)phenyl]propane (BISGMA), widely used in dental restorative materials and suspected for toxicity was assessed. The novel monomer was obtained in a three-step synthesis. First, isosorbide was etherified by a Williamson nucleophilic substitution and subsequently oxidized to isosorbide diglycidyl ether (ISDGE). A triphenyl phosphine catalyzed addition of methacrylic acid to ISDGE resulted in 2,5-bis(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloyloxypropoxy)- 1,4:3,6-dianhydro-sorbitol (ISDGMA). The monomer obtained was photopolymerized using camphorquinone/2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate initiating system. Next, compositions with triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) were prepared and polymerized. Double bond conversion, polymerization shrinkage and water sorption of resulting polymers were determined. Selected mechanical (flexular strength and modulus, Brinell hardness) and thermomechanical (DMA analysis) properties were also investigated. BISGMA based materials were prepared as reference for comparison of particular properties.

Comparative evaluation of few physical properties of epoxy resin, resin-modified gypsum and conventional type IV gypsum die materials: an in vitro study.

AIM: To compare and evaluate few physical properties of epoxy resin, resin-modified gypsum and conventional type-IV gypsum die material. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the present study, dimensional accuracy, surface detail reproduction and transverse strength of three die materials like epoxy resin (Diemet-E), resin-modified gypsum (Synarock) and conventional type-IV gypsum (Ultrarock) are analyzed. For dimensional accuracy, master die (Bailey's die) is used and calibrations were made with digital microscope. For surface detail reproduction and transverse strength, rectangular stainless steel master die (Duke's die) was used and calibrations were made with Toolmaker's microscope and Instron universal testing machine respectively. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on the means and standard deviation for groups of each test. RESULTS: The results of the study showed statistically significant difference among these materials in dimensional accuracy, surface detail reproduction and transverse strength. CONCLUSION: Epoxy resin exhibited superiority in dimensional accuracy, surface detail reproduction and transverse strength and is nearest to the standards of accurate die material.

Influence of BisGMA, TEGDMA, and BisEMA contents on viscosity, conversion, and flexural strength of experimental resins and composites.

Different monomer structures lead to different physical and mechanical properties for both the monomers and the polymers. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of the bisphenylglycidyl dimethacrylate (BisGMA) concentration (33, 50 or 66 mol%) and the co-monomer content [triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), ethoxylated bisphenol-A dimethacrylate (BisEMA), or both in equal parts] on viscosity (eta), degree of conversion (DC), and flexural strength (FS). Eta was measured using a viscometer, DC was obtained by Fourier transfer Raman (FT-Raman) spectroscopy, and FS was determined by three-point bending. At 50 and 66% BisGMA, increases in eta were observed following the partial and total substitution of TEGDMA by BisEMA. For 33% BisGMA, eta increased significantly only when no TEGDMA was present. The DC was influenced by BisGMA content and co-monomer type. Mixtures containing 66% BisGMA showed a lower DC compared with mixtures containing other concentrations of BisGMA. The BisEMA mixtures had a lower DC compared with the TEGDMA mixtures. The FS was influenced by co-monomer content only. BisEMA mixtures presented a statistically lower FS, followed by TEGDMA + BisEMA mixtures, and then by TEGDMA mixtures. Partial or total replacement of TEGDMA by BisEMA increased eta, which was associated with the observed decreases in DC and FS. Although the BisGMA content influenced the DC, it did not affect the FS results.

The influence of powder liquid ratio on the flexural strength of fibre reinforced acrylic resin material.

INTRODUCTION: Often the powder liquid (P/L) ratio of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resins is changed to modify the handling properties of the material. While it is known that this may influence the mechanical properties of unreinforced PMMA resin, little is known about its effect on fibre reinforced resin. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine how different P/L ratios influence the flexural strength (FS) of a glass fibre reinforced autopolymerizing PMMA resin used for fabricating fixed partial dentures. METHODS: Two main groups of PMMA resin, 1 unreinforced and 1 reinforced with glass fibre, had 3 subgroups (n=21) each representing a different P/L ratio. The manufacturer's recommended ratio served as control. The specimens were prepared for a 3-point bending test. Using a universal testing machine, maximum force was recorded and the FS was calculated. Median FS values were compared by means of non-parametric analysis of variance (Kruskal-Wallis). A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: FS values of all reinforced subgroups were significantly higher than the values of the unreinforced subgroups (p<0.05). Among the 3 unreinforced subgroups the difference in FS was insignificant (p>0.05). Within the reinforced group there was a significant difference between the control group, which had a higher median FS value than the two other subgroups (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: When reinforcing PMMA resin with glass fibre, it is important to use the recommended P/L ratio. For unreinforced PMMA resin the P/L ratio can be changed within limits without adverse effects on the FS.

Synthesis of organic-inorganic hybrid compounds based on Bis-GMA and its sol-gel behavior analysis using Taguchi method.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was the synthesis of organic-inorganic hybrid compounds based on Bis-GMA and incorporation of them into conventional Bis-GMA/TEGDMA dental resins. This was achieved by the synthesis of Bis-GMA bearing two -Si(OEt)3 reactive groups (a bridged monomer) and subsequent hydrolysis-condensation reactions with TEOS, in TEGDMA media. METHODS: The structure of the bridged monomer was characterized by using FTIR technique. The sol-gel behavior of the aforementioned hydrolysis-condensation reactions was investigated by using an experimental design based on the Taguchi method. Therefore, amounts of the bridged monomer, TEOS and TEGDMA in the gelation process were optimized in order to achieve the maximum gel content without complete gelation of the mixture. RESULTS: It was found that the amount of the bridged monomer has the major effect with the amount of TEGDMA having a minor effect. The cross-over effect between the constituents of the mixture was also investigated to be negligible. SIGNIFICANCE: The organic-inorganic hybrids developed based on Bis-GMA can be combined with commonly used methacrylate light-curable dental resins.

[Characterization of homemade fast investment material for the IPS-Empress2 castable ceramic].

The aim of this study is to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of our homemade investment material for the IPS-Empress2 castable ceramic. The IPS specific investment material was taken as control. Results show that the setting time, density before heating, density after heating, rate of open hole, compressive strength at 2 hours after setting and the compressive strength after heating to 920 degrees C of the homemade investment material are 9 minutes, 1.813 g/cm3, 1.402 g/cm3, 38.1%, 5.42 MPa and 8.37 MPa respectively, which are comparable or even better than the specific material. Under the SEM, the crystals of the phosphate hydrate in our homemade material are smaller than those in the special material. Since the physical and mechanical properties of our homemade investment material are comparable or superior to those of the specific material, a conclusion is drawn that it has a promising prospect of future clinical application.

Physicochemical properties of discontinuous S2-glass fiber reinforced resin composite.

The objective of this study was to investigate several physicochemical properties of an experimental discontinuous S2-glass fiber-reinforced resin composite. The experimental composite was prepared by mixing 10 wt% of discontinuous S2-glass fibers with 27.5 wt% of resin matrix and 62.5 wt% of particulate fillers. Flexural strength (FS) and modulus (FM), fracture toughness (FT), work of fracture (WOF), double bond conversion (DC), Vickers hardness, volume shrinkage (VS) and fiber length distribution were determined. These were compared with two commercial resin composites. The experimental composite showed the highest FS, WOF and FT compared with two control composites. The DC of the experimental composite was comparable with controls. No significant difference was observed in VS between the three tested composites. The use of discontinuous glass fiber fillers with polymer matrix and particulate fillers yielded improved physical properties and substantial improvement was associated with the use of S2-glass fiber.

Physical and chemical properties of model composites containing quaternary ammonium methacrylates.

OBJECTIVE: Investigate physical and chemical properties of model composites formulated with quaternary ammonium salt monomers (QAS) at different concentrations and alkyl chains lengths METHODS: QAS with 12 dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate (DMADDM) and 16 dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) chains lengths were synthesized and incorporated at 5 and 10% in model composites, resulting in four groups: G12.5 (DMADDM 5%), G12.10 (DMADDM 10%), G16.5 (DMAHDM 5%), G16.10 (DMAHDM 10%). One group was used as control group (CG 0%). Degree of conversion (DC); water sorption (WS) and solubility (SL); hygroscopic expansion (HE); degradation temperature (DT); glass transition temperature (Tg) and polymerization shrinkage (PS) were determined. Knoop hardness (KNH), flexural strength (FS) and elastic modulus (EM) were measured before and after storage Data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's test (p≤0.05). RESULTS: DC ranged between 76.1 (G12.10) and 70.7 (G16.5) %; CG had the lowest WS, SL and HE. There was no statistical difference for PS and FS. KHN values ranged between 30.2 (GC) and 25 (G16.10) and after storage the performance was depended on QAS concentration and chain length. For EM, CG had the highest values before and after storage and no difference was observed in the QAS groups before storage. After storage, the results were dependent on QAS concentration (3.5-4.3GPa). SIGNIFICANCE: In general, the addition of QAS increased composite's degradation compared with the CG. In the tested QAS, the addition of DMADDM at 5% concentration resulted in a less degradable material.

Preparation of a low viscosity urethane-based composite for improved dental restoratives.

Several new urethane-based dimethacrylates were synthesized, characterized and used to formulate the resin composites. Compressive strength (CS) was used as a screen tool to evaluate the mechanical property of the formed composites. Flexural strength, diametral tensile strength, water sorption, degree of conversion and shrinkage of the composites were also evaluated. The results show that most of the synthesized urethane-based dimethacrylates were solid, which are not suitable to dental filling restorations. However, it was found that liquid urethane-based dimethacrylates could be derivatized using asymmetrical methacrylate synthesis. Not only the newly synthesized urethane-based dimethacrylates showed lower viscosity values but also their constructed composites exhibited higher mechanical strengths. Without triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) addition, the new urethane-constructed composites showed significantly lower water sorption and shrinkage.

Ion-releasing dental restorative composites containing functionalized brushite nanoparticles for improved mechanical strength.

OBJECTIVES: This study describes the synthesis of brushite nanoparticles (CaHPO4·2H2O) functionalized with triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) and their application in dental restorative composites with remineralizing capabilities. METHODS: Nanoparticles were synthesized, with TEGDMA being added to one of the precursor solutions at three different molar ratios (0:1, 0.5:1 and 1:1, in relation to the ammonium phosphate precursor). Then, they were added (10 vol%) to a photocurable dimethacrylate matrix containing 50 vol% of reinforcing glass particles. The resulting composites were tested for degree of conversion, biaxial flexural strength and elastic modulus (after 24h and 28days in water), and ion release (over a 28-day period). Commercial composites (one microhybrid and one microfilled) were tested as controls. RESULTS: The final TEGDMA content in the functionalizing layer was modulated by the molar ratio added to the precursor solution. Functionalization reduced nanoparticle size, but did not reduce agglomeration. Improved mechanical properties were found for the composite containing nanoparticles with higher TEGDMA level in comparison to the composite containing non-functionalized nanoparticles or those with a low TEGDMA level. All brushite composites presented statistically significant reductions in strength after 28 days in water, but only the material with high-TEGDMA nanoparticles retained strength similar to the microhybrid commercial control. Overall, ion release was not affected by functionalization and presented steady levels for 28 days. SIGNIFICANCE: Though agglomeration was not reduced by functionalization, the improvement in the matrix-nanoparticle interface allowed for a stronger material, without compromising its remineralizing potential.

Mechanical properties and fracture behavior of flowable fiber reinforced composite restorations.

OBJECTIVE: The aim was to evaluate the effect of short glass-fiber/filler particles proportion on fracture toughness (FT) and flexural strength (FS) of an experimental flowable fiber-reinforced composite (Exp-SFRC) with two methacrylate resin formulations. In addition, we wanted to investigate how the fracture-behavior of composite restorations affected by FT values of SFRC-substructure. METHODS: Exp-SFRC was prepared by mixing 50wt% of dimethacrylate based resin matrix (bisGMA or UDMA based) to 50wt% of various weight fractions of glass-fiber/particulate filler (0:50, 10:40, 20:30, 30:20, 40:10, 50:0wt%, respectively). FT and FS were determined for each experimental material following standards. Specimens (n=8) were dry stored (37°C for 2 days) before they were tested. Four groups of posterior composite crowns (n=6) composed of different Exp-SFRCs as substructure and surface layer of commercial particulate filler composite were fabricated. Crowns were statically loaded until fracture. Failure modes were visually examined. The results were statistically analysed using ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey's test. RESULTS: ANOVA revealed that ratio of glass-fiber/particulate filler had significant effect (p<0.05) on tested mechanical properties of the Exp-SFRC with both monomer systems. Exp-SFRC (50wt%) had significantly higher FT (2.6MPam1/2) and FS (175.5MPa) (p<0.05) compared to non-reinforced material (1.3MPam1/2, 123MPa). Failure mode analysis of crown restorations revealed that FT value of the substructure directly influenced the failure mode. SIGNIFICANCE: This study shows that short glass-fibers can significantly reinforce flowable composite resin and the FT value of SFRC-substructure has prior importance, as it influences the crack arresting mechanism.

Biocompatible alkyl cyanoacrylates and their derivatives as bio-adhesives.

Cyanoacrylate adhesives and their homologues have elicited interest over the past few decades owing to their applications in the biomedical sector, extending from tissue adhesives to scaffolds to implants to dental material and adhesives, because of their inherent biocompatibility and ability to polymerize solely with moisture, thanks to which they adhere to any substrate containing moisture such as the skin. The ability to tailor formulations of alkyl cyanoacrylate to form derivative compounds to meet application requirements along with their biodegradability in conjunction with their inherent biocompatibility make them highly sought after candidates in the biomedical sector. There has been extensive exploration of cyanoacrylate adhesives and their homologue systems in biomedical applications, but no consolidated literature of the vast data is available. The ability of cyanoacrylate adhesives to cure at low temperatures and without the need for any hardener, which is attributed to the high-strength bonding interaction between two non-amalgamating substrates, with their ease of dispersion and self-curing, avoids the curtailing of the effective utilization of such adhesives in biomedical engineering applications as bio glues for amalgamating tissues, implants, scaffolds etc. This article consolidates copious work on cyanoacrylate adhesives and their derived systems which are functional in versatile biomedical engineering applications such as bio glues, dental material and adhesives and other potential applications.