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1.
Rev Sci Tech ; 43: 189-199, 2024 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39222098

RESUMO

Attracting and sustaining investment in Veterinary Services and animal health programmes from national government budgets, development aid and grants, and philanthropic donors requires economic rationale using relevant, reliable and validated analytical approaches. The complex interwoven relationships between animal health, livestock husbandry systems, national food security, global health security and environmental sustainability emphasise the importance of improving data governance and stewardship and applying economic analysis to understand animal disease burdens. These efforts should enable prioritised investment of limited resources and effective monitoring of the impact of programmes over time. Data governance and stewardship capacities are fundamental to development, implementation and performance monitoring of evidence-based policies in animal health. There are challenges in data availability for national and subnational livestock populations in different sectors, for disease incidence and prevalence, and for animal health expenditure in support of optimised allocation of scarce resources, be they finance, land, labour, or management attention and policy focus. Animal health data systems governance and stewardship and economic analysis are core skills for Veterinary Services in developing and applying evidence-based policy, but capability probably varies among World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) Members. The WOAH Performance of Veterinary Services programme has several critical competencies that are relevant to economics of animal health and to data governance and stewardship, but these have not yet been targeted for coordinated capacity development. Implementation of publicâ€"private partnership approaches for animal health programmes creates increasing expectations of robust data and methods for prioritisation, options analysis, and assessing impacts and costs. Experience and examples from national systems in New Zealand, Australia, Ethiopia and Indonesia illustrate current challenges associated with prioritisation of animal health programmes using economic analysis. The Global Burden of Animal Diseases programme intends to support WOAH Members and partners to develop capacities for and standardise approaches to economic analysis and prioritisation in animal health programmes.


Les investissements dans les Services vétérinaires et dans les programmes de santé animale à partir des budgets publics nationaux, des aides et subventions au développement et des fonds alloués par des donateurs philanthropiques peuvent être encouragés et pérennisés au moyen d'une argumentation économique solide fondée sur des méthodes analytiques pertinentes, fiables et validées. La complexité et l'imbrication des relations entre la santé animale, les systèmes d'élevage, la sécurité de l'approvisionnement alimentaire à l'échelle nationale, la sécurité sanitaire mondiale et la durabilité environnementale imposent d'améliorer la gouvernance et la gestion des données et de recourir à des analyses économiques pour mieux comprendre l'impact des maladies animales. Ces efforts devraient permettre de définir les investissements prioritaires dans un contexte de ressources limitées et d'assurer un suivi efficace de l'impact des programmes dans le temps. L'existence de capacités de gouvernance et de gestion des données est donc une condition essentielle pour concevoir et mettre en oeuvre des politiques de santé animale fondées sur des données factuelles et pour suivre leurs performances. Les données disponibles sur les populations d'animaux d'élevage des différentes filières aux niveaux national ou infranational, sur l'incidence et la prévalence des maladies ou sur les dépenses de santé animale sont parfois insuffisantes pour étayer une utilisation optimale de ressources limitées, qu'il s'agisse de moyens financiers, des terres, de la main-d'oeuvre, voire des efforts de gestion ou de la volonté politique. La gouvernance et la gestion des systèmes de données de santé animale et la conduite d'analyses économiques sont des compétences cruciales des Services vétérinaires, que ceux-ci mobilisent pour concevoir et mettre en oeuvre des politiques fondées sur des données factuelles ; il est néanmoins peu probable que ces capacités soient d'un niveau homogène parmi tous les Membres de l'Organisation mondiale de la santé animale (OMSA). Le Processus d'évaluation de la Performance des Services vétérinaires mis en place par l'OMSA définit un certain nombre de compétences critiques dans le domaine de l'économie de la santé animale et de la gouvernance et gestion des données, mais ces compétences n'ont pas encore été intégrées dans un effort coordonné de renforcement des capacités. Les stratégies consistant à confier la mise en oeuvre de programmes de santé animale à des partenariats public-privé suscitent des besoins accrus en données et en méthodes robustes pour l'établissement des priorités, l'analyse des options et l'évaluation des impacts et des coûts. Les auteurs mentionnent les expériences et exemples de systèmes nationaux en Nouvelle-Zélande, en Australie, en Ethiopie et en Indonésie pour illustrer les enjeux actuels liés à l'utilisation des analyses économiques pour définir les priorités des programmes de santé animale. Le programme " Impact mondial des maladies animales " vise à aider les Membres et les partenaires de l'OMSA à renforcer leurs capacités dans le domaine de l'analyse économique et de la définition des priorités des programmes de santé animale et à normaliser leurs approches en la matière.


Para atraer y mantener las inversiones en los Servicios Veterinarios y los programas de sanidad animal procedentes de los presupuestos de los gobiernos nacionales, la ayuda para el desarrollo y las subvenciones, así como de donantes filántropos, se requiere un razonamiento económico en el que se utilicen enfoques analíticos pertinentes, fiables y validados. Las complejas relaciones entre la sanidad animal, los sistemas de ganadería, la seguridad alimentaria nacional, la seguridad sanitaria mundial y la sostenibilidad ambiental ponen de relieve la importancia de mejorar la gobernanza y la gestión de datos y de aplicar el análisis económico para comprender el impacto de las enfermedades animales. Estos esfuerzos deberían permitir establecer prioridades para la inversión de los limitados recursos y realizar un seguimiento eficaz de las repercusiones de los programas a lo largo del tiempo. Las capacidades de gobernanza y gestión de datos son fundamentales para el desarrollo y la implementación de políticas de sanidad animal con una base empírica y para el seguimiento de sus resultados. Existen dificultades en cuanto a la disponibilidad de datos sobre las cabañas ganaderas nacionales y subnacionales de los distintos sectores, la incidencia y prevalencia de las enfermedades y el gasto en sanidad animal que plantean problemas a la hora de optimizar la asignación de unos recursos que son escasos, ya sean los recursos financieros, las tierras, la mano de obra o la atención a la gestión y la orientación de las políticas. La gobernanza y la gestión de los sistemas de datos zoosanitarios y el análisis económico son competencias esenciales para que los Servicios Veterinarios elaboren y apliquen políticas con base empírica, pero es probable que la capacidad varíe entre los Miembros de la Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal (OMSA). El Proceso de Prestaciones de los Servicios Veterinarios de la OMSA abarca varias competencias esenciales que son relevantes para la economía de la sanidad animal y para la gobernanza y la gestión de datos, pero que aún no han sido objeto de actividades coordinadas de desarrollo de capacidades. La aplicación de enfoques de asociación público-privada para los programas de sanidad animal aumenta aún más las expectativas de datos y métodos sólidos para el establecimiento de prioridades, el análisis de opciones y la evaluación de las repercusiones y los costos. La experiencia y los ejemplos de los sistemas nacionales de Nueva Zelanda, Australia, Etiopía e Indonesia ilustran los retos actuales asociados al establecimiento de prioridades en los programas de sanidad animal mediante el análisis económico. El programa sobre el impacto global de las enfermedades animales pretende ayudar a los Miembros y socios de la OMSA a desarrollar capacidades y armonizar enfoques para el análisis económico y el establecimiento de prioridades en los programas de sanidad animal.


Assuntos
Doenças dos Animais , Saúde Global , Medicina Veterinária , Animais , Doenças dos Animais/economia , Doenças dos Animais/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Animais/prevenção & controle , Medicina Veterinária/normas , Medicina Veterinária/economia , Humanos , Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença
2.
Vet Anaesth Analg ; 51(5): 438-448, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39138050

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To survey anaesthetic practices and attitudes towards veterinary patient safety in Australia. STUDY DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional sample population from Australian veterinary practices, including first opinion small animal, mixed animal and referral small animal practices. The survey included practices' anaesthetic management, monitoring equipment and topics regarding patient safety. RESULTS: Responses were obtained from 310/1700 (18%) veterinary practices, with 208 respondents from small animal practices (67%), 71 mixed animal practices (23%) and 31 referral small animal centres (10%). Overall, 61% of respondents reported always having a dedicated staff member monitoring the anaesthetic, who was most commonly a certified veterinary nurse (89%). In 22% of the practices, some of the staff monitoring an anaesthetic did not have any qualification. Completion of anaesthetic plans for each animal prior to an anaesthetic was reported by 24.5% of respondents and labelling of syringes was completed in 80% of practices. Pulse oximetry (98%) and temperature (88%) were the most common clinical variables monitored. The use of capnography (46%) or an electrocardiogram (48%) was also reported by the respondents. Emergency drugs, airway and ventilation equipment are available in 96%, 88% and 59% of practices, respectively. A defibrillator was available in 11% of practices with only 54% respondents being confident in using it. Of the respondents 60% were aware of anaesthesia safety interventions and clinical guidelines regarding patient safety during anaesthesia. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Despite practices showing a relative improvement over the years in the standard of anaesthesia care, most of them are still not meeting international guidelines. Areas where changes could lead to improved safety practices could include: a trained person dedicated to monitor anaesthesia, pain scoring evaluation in patients recovering from anaesthesia, an increased use of standardised handover checklists, record keeping and an increase in open discussion of adverse events by the veterinary team.


Assuntos
Anestesia , Segurança do Paciente , Medicina Veterinária , Austrália , Anestesia/veterinária , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , Medicina Veterinária/normas , Animais , Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Inquéritos e Questionários , Médicos Veterinários
3.
J Am Anim Hosp Assoc ; 60(4): 131-163, 2024 Jul 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38885492

RESUMO

Fluids are drugs used in veterinary patients capable of producing beneficial therapeutic or inadvertent harmful effects within the body's intravascular, interstitial, and intracellular fluid spaces. The individualized design of a fluid therapy plan requires careful patient assessment and targeted selection of proper fluid types, administration routes, and rates, along with adjustments during therapy tailored specifically as per the individual patient's fluid requirement and therapeutic response. Personalized fluid prescriptions and vigilant patient monitoring help avoid patient morbidity from body fluid deficiencies, fluid excess, and electrolyte derangements and support better patient outcomes. These guidelines provide an overview of fluid dynamics within the fluid spaces of the body, describe various types of fluids and their uses, and outline recommendations for fluid administration for resuscitation, rehydration, and maintenance purposes. The guidelines also outline approaches to fluid therapy for anesthetized patients and reiterate the recommendations of reduced fluid rates in this population of patients. Additionally, the guidelines include practical fluid therapy strategies for patients with various common disorders. The goal of these guidelines is to help veterinary professionals safely and effectively prescribe and administer fluid therapy for canine and feline patients.


Assuntos
Doenças do Gato , Doenças do Cão , Hidratação , Cães , Gatos , Hidratação/veterinária , Hidratação/normas , Animais , Doenças do Gato/terapia , Doenças do Cão/terapia , Medicina Veterinária/normas , Sociedades Veterinárias , Estados Unidos
4.
Vet Radiol Ultrasound ; 65(3): 288-293, 2024 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38507602

RESUMO

Increased demand for the interpretation of diagnostic images by board-certified radiologists and profound advancements in technology have led to extremely rapid growth in the field of veterinary teleradiology over the past decade. The aim of this consensus statement is to provide a guideline for best practices for quality and safety in veterinary teleradiology. The statement addresses appropriate image acquisition and transmission, the creation of teleradiology submissions, quality control in teleradiology, and appropriate documentation of imaging reports, as deficiencies in any of these areas may directly affect the standard of patient care. The consensus statement may be used as a guide for radiologists, primary care veterinarians, technicians, and students for the use of teleradiology in practice.


Assuntos
Telerradiologia , Medicina Veterinária , Medicina Veterinária/normas , Animais , Telerradiologia/normas , Consenso , Controle de Qualidade , Sociedades Veterinárias
5.
Vet Radiol Ultrasound ; 65(5): 547-555, 2024 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38899569

RESUMO

Evidence-based medicine drives patient care decision-making; thus, accurate and complete reporting in scientific publications is paramount. A checklist for complete reporting of veterinary radiation therapy was proposed in 2012 using the recommendations of the International Commission of Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU). The purpose of this study is to review the 2012 checklist and propose updates based on changes in technology. Significant technology advancements have gained traction in veterinary medicine, including intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and stereotactic radiation therapy (SRT), both of which have related modality-specific ICRU reporting recommendations. The 2012 checklist and proposed 2024 checklist are then used to assess the completeness of reporting in veterinary radiation oncology publications between 2015 and 2022, of which one hundred and eight publications met the inclusion criteria. Prior to the publication of the 2012 checklist (2005-2010), only nine checklist items showed a good level of completeness in reporting, and from 2015 to 2022, this increased to 16 items. Encouraging and/or requiring the use of reporting checklists at the time of manuscript submission may be responsible for this improvement in reporting. Using the 2024 checklist, which is more relevant to publications discussing IMRT and SRT treatments, only 14 of the analyzed checklist items (34%) show a good level of completeness in reporting, suggesting there is a need for updated guidelines to capture the nuances of advanced techniques. This study proposes a 2024 checklist that can be used as a guideline for future reporting of radiation therapy in veterinary medicine.


Assuntos
Lista de Checagem , Medicina Veterinária , Medicina Veterinária/normas , Lista de Checagem/normas , Animais , Medicina Baseada em Evidências/normas , Radioterapia/veterinária , Radioterapia/normas , Radioterapia (Especialidade)/normas , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Radioterapia de Intensidade Modulada/veterinária , Radioterapia de Intensidade Modulada/normas , Radioterapia de Intensidade Modulada/métodos
6.
Can Vet J ; 64(10): 941-950, 2023 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37780475

RESUMO

This scoping review aims to establish a comprehensive definition of the term "underserved" as it applies to communities, individuals, and populations with inadequate access to animal health services, particularly for dogs. The review adhered to PRISMA guidelines and analyzed 30 articles, applying concepts of One Health and social determinants of health, by using 3 pre-determined categories of contributors to and indicators of underservice. The review categorized article-specific exemplars into veterinary-dependent barriers; community- and individual-related barriers; and health and welfare indicators; with subcategories illustrating features of underserved communities, individuals, or populations in each category. Ultimately, 3 definitions were developed. Animal Health Underserved Areas (AHUA) identify negative human and animal health and welfare outcomes secondary to inadequate access to animal health services in the community. Individuals may identify as underserved based on the same criteria (Animal Health Underserved Individuals, AHUI), and certain groups within otherwise adequately served areas may be identified as Animal Health Underserved Populations (AHUP). The AHUA, AHUI, and AHUP are frequently characterized as rural, remote, and/or Indigenous, and often face systemic marginalization. This inequitable access to animal health services creates human, animal, and community health challenges, underscoring the need for veterinary professionals and other stakeholders to prioritize equitable access to care. Findings from this review should inform development of a scoring system to enable comparative assessment of communities, individuals, and populations and allow strategic service and resource allocation in the future.


Définition du terme « mal desservi ¼ : un examen de la portée vers une description normalisée de l'accès inadéquat aux services vétérinaires. Cet examen de la portée vise à établir une définition complète du terme « mal desservi ¼ tel qu'il s'applique aux communautés, aux individus et aux populations ayant un accès inadéquat aux services de santé animale, en particulier pour les chiens. La revue a adhéré aux directives PRISMA et a analysé 30 articles, appliquant les concepts d'Une seule santé et des déterminants sociaux de la santé, en utilisant 3 catégories prédéterminées de contributeurs et d'indicateurs de sous-service. La recension a classé les exemples spécifiques à l'article en barrières dépendantes des vétérinaires; les obstacles liés à la communauté et à l'individu; et indicateurs de santé et de bien-être; avec des sous-catégories illustrant les caractéristiques des communautés, des individus ou des populations mal desservis dans chaque catégorie. Pour finir, 3 définitions ont été élaborées. Les zones mal desservies en santé animale (AHUA) identifient les résultats négatifs en matière de santé et de bienêtre humains et animaux secondaires à un accès insuffisant aux services de santé animale dans la communauté. Les individus peuvent être identifiés comme mal desservis sur la base des mêmes critères (Individus mal desservis en santé animale ­ AHUI), et certains groupes dans des zones par ailleurs correctement desservies peuvent être identifiés comme des populations mal desservies en santé animale (AHUP). Les AHUA, AHUI et AHUP sont souvent qualifiées de rurales, éloignées et/ou autochtones et sont souvent confrontées à une marginalisation systémique. Cet accès inéquitable aux services de santé animale crée des problèmes de santé humaine, animale et communautaire, soulignant la nécessité pour les professionnels vétérinaires et les autres parties prenantes de donner la priorité à un accès équitable aux soins. Les conclusions de cet examen devraient éclairer le développement d'un système de notation pour permettre une évaluation comparative des communautés, des individus et des populations et permettre à l'avenir une allocation stratégique des services et des ressources.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).


Assuntos
Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Área Carente de Assistência Médica , Medicina Veterinária , Animais , Cães , Saúde Pública , Medicina Veterinária/normas , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/normas
7.
BMC Vet Res ; 17(1): 83, 2021 Feb 17.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33596904

RESUMO

Harmonized institutional processes and reviewer training are vital to maintain integrity and ethical rigor of the veterinary clinical research pipeline and are a prerequisite to future work that might establish centralized or single-site ethical and regulatory review to ease initiation of multi-center studies. Funded by a CTSA One Health Alliance (COHA) pilot award, a diverse working group of veterinary clinicians and institutional representatives was convened in February 2020 to develop a guidance document detailing broadly agreed upon practices for ethical review and approval of veterinary clinical studies conducted in the United States.The working group defined key areas of need for consensus, developed a set of associated guidelines, and circulated these for review by COHA's fifteen member institutions. Six focus areas were identified by the working group and included vital items of protocol review, composition of the review committee, post-approval monitoring and adverse event reporting, consideration of special circumstances such as satellite sites and the use of healthy veterinary subjects in research, and the informed consent process.This document outlines a broadly agreed-upon framework through which to approach vital items associated with veterinary clinical study protocol review and approval. These approaches represent current best practice in the review and approval of veterinary clinical studies, and can serve as a guidance for veterinary clinician-scientists and regulatory experts, to ensure robust and ethically conducted studies that can contribute to the advancement of both animal and human health.


Assuntos
Bem-Estar do Animal , Pesquisa/normas , Medicina Veterinária/normas , Animais , Termos de Consentimento , Ética em Pesquisa , Saúde Única , Estados Unidos
8.
J Am Anim Hosp Assoc ; 56(2): 59-82, 2020.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32078360

RESUMO

Risk for complications and even death is inherent to anesthesia. However, the use of guidelines, checklists, and training can decrease the risk of anesthesia-related adverse events. These tools should be used not only during the time the patient is unconscious but also before and after this phase. The framework for safe anesthesia delivered as a continuum of care from home to hospital and back to home is presented in these guidelines. The critical importance of client communication and staff training have been highlighted. The role of perioperative analgesia, anxiolytics, and proper handling of fractious/fearful/aggressive patients as components of anesthetic safety are stressed. Anesthesia equipment selection and care is detailed. The objective of these guidelines is to make the anesthesia period as safe as possible for dogs and cats while providing a practical framework for delivering anesthesia care. To meet this goal, tables, algorithms, figures, and "tip" boxes with critical information are included in the manuscript and an in-depth online resource center is available at aaha.org/anesthesia.


Assuntos
Anestesia Geral/veterinária , Gatos/fisiologia , Cães/fisiologia , Hospitais Veterinários/organização & administração , Monitorização Fisiológica/veterinária , Medicina Veterinária/organização & administração , Anestesia/veterinária , Anestesia Geral/normas , Bem-Estar do Animal , Animais , Doenças do Gato/cirurgia , Doenças do Cão/cirurgia , Hospitais Veterinários/normas , Monitorização Fisiológica/normas , Estados Unidos , Medicina Veterinária/normas
9.
Rev Sci Tech ; 38(2): 523-536, 2019 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês, Francês, Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31866678

RESUMO

The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) develops international standards for the prevention, detection and control of aquatic animal diseases as well as the safe international trade of amphibians, crustaceans, fish, molluscs and their products. The Competent Authorities of importing and exporting countries should implement the OIE international standards by adopting the required legislation as this provides the basis for setting sanitary measures that ensure safe international trade, while avoiding unjustified sanitary barriers to trade. Based on an analysis of legislation notified by countries to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in the context of the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement), the authors explore how and to what extent Member Countries use the OIE international standards when developing sanitary measures. The study develops an analytical framework for collecting and presenting countries' legislation to determine if a direct link can be demonstrated between national legislation and OIE international standards. Results show that OIE international standards are implemented through different categories of legislation which range from more general (those providing a general sanitary framework) to more specific (those setting requirements for the import of aquatic animals and aquatic animal products). However, the study illustrates the difficulty of identifying direct links between countries' legislation and OIE international standards. Nonetheless, this study is the first step in the design of an approach to better understand how OIE international standards are used by Member Countries to devise sanitary measures in the context of international trade. It further notes that increased transparency of national sanitary legislation can facilitate efforts to improve knowledge on the implementation of OIE international standards.


L'Organisation mondiale de la santé animale (OIE) prépare et publie des normes internationales relatives à la prévention, la détection et le contrôle des maladies des animaux aquatiques et à la sécurité sanitaire des échanges internationaux d'amphibiens, crustacés, poissons, mollusques et produits issus de ces espèces. Les Autorités compétentes des pays importateurs et exportateurs doivent procéder à la mise en œuvre de ces normes par le biais d'une législation appropriée, celle-ci fournissant la base pour élaborer des mesures sanitaires destinées à garantir la sécurité sanitaire des échanges internationaux et à éviter l'imposition d'obstacles injustifiés au commerce. À partir d'une analyse des notifications adressées par les pays à l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) concernant les dispositions de leur législation relevant de l'Accord sur l'application des mesures sanitaires et phytosanitaires (Accord SPS), les auteurs explorent comment et dans quelles mesures les Pays membres utilisent les normes internationales de l'OIE pour développer des mesures sanitaires. Un cadre analytique a été élaboré pour les besoins de cette étude afin de recueillir et de traiter les données relatives à la législation des pays en vue de déterminer l'existence ou non d'un lien direct entre la législation nationale et les normes internationales de l'OIE. Les résultats montrent que la mise en œuvre des normes internationales de l'OIE fait appel à diverses catégories d'instruments législatifs qui vont du plus général (ceux qui fournissent un cadre sanitaire général) au plus spécifique (dispositions relatives aux importations d'animaux aquatiques et de leurs produits). Cette étude fait néanmoins état des difficultés à déceler un lien direct entre la législation d'un pays et les normes internationales de l'OIE. Malgré tout, cette étude marque une première étape dans l'élaboration d'une approche destinée à mieux comprendre comment les Pays membres utilisent les normes internationales de l'OIE lorsqu'ils instaurent des mesures sanitaires dans le contexte des échanges internationaux. Elle fait également ressortir que l'amélioration de la transparence de la législation sanitaire d'un pays est un élément facilitateur pour mieux comprendre tous les aspects de la mise en œuvre des normes internationales de l'OIE.


La Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal (OIE) elabora normas internacionales que regulan la prevención, la detección y el control de las enfermedades de los animales acuáticos, así como la seguridad del comercio internacional de anfibios, crustáceos, peces y moluscos y los productos derivados de ellos. Las autoridades competentes de los países importadores y exportadores deben aplicar las normas internacionales de la OIE adoptando la legislación necesaria, pues esta sienta las bases para establecer medidas sanitarias que garanticen un comercio internacional seguro, evitando a la vez toda barrera sanitaria al comercio que no esté justificada. Los autores, partiendo del análisis de los textos legislativos comunicados por los países a la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC) como parte del Acuerdo sobre la Aplicación de Medidas Sanitarias y Fitosanitarias (Acuerdo MSF), explican cómo y en qué medida los Países Miembros utilizan las normas internacionales de la OIE al definir medidas sanitarias. Como parte del estudio se elaboró un marco analítico destinado a recopilar y presentar la legislación de los países y a determinar, a partir de ahí, si existe un nexo directo entre la legislación nacional y las normas internacionales de la OIE. Los resultados demuestran que las normas internacionales de la OIE se implementan mediante diferentes categorías de instrumentos legales, que van desde lo más genérico (textos que sientan un marco sanitario general) hasta lo más específico (textos que establecen requisitos para importar animales acuáticos y sus derivados). Sin embargo, el estudio evidencia también la dificultad de encontrar nexos directos entre la legislación de los países y las normas internacionales de la OIE. Con todo, el estudio aquí presentado supone el primer paso hacia la concepción de un método que ayude a comprender mejor el modo en que los Países Miembros utilizan las normas internacionales de la OIE para definir medidas sanitarias que se apliquen al comercio internacional. Además, pone de manifiesto que un mayor grado de transparencia de la legislación sanitaria nacional puede facilitar los esfuerzos por conocer con mayor profundidad la forma en que se aplican las normas internacionales de la OIE.


Assuntos
Doenças dos Animais , Cooperação Internacional , Medicina Veterinária/normas , Doenças dos Animais/prevenção & controle , Animais , Comércio/normas , Saúde Global , Internacionalidade
10.
Vet Radiol Ultrasound ; 60(3): 255-264, 2019 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30786324

RESUMO

Institutions' adherence to protocol, quality assurance, and radiation parameter reporting are key to adequately interpret and compare treatment outcomes in radiation oncology. In 2017, the editorial board for Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound adapted author guidelines on "technical information for radiation therapy (RT)". These guidelines provide a framework to report the RT treatment process in manuscripts resulting from veterinary clinical trials. In spite of this framework, however, in implementing IMRT, we have identified different "interpretations" of the extended prescription and reporting recommendations of the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU 83), even within our small team. In the following commentary review, we provide a short summary of various detailed aspects of the ICRU 83 recommended (IMRT) prescription and reporting, including (a) absorbed target dose specification and prescription, (b) homogeneity and conformity, and (c) reporting of absorbed dose in organs at risk. In particular, we want to share our thoughts on possible dangers of noncompliance in adhering to protocol, prescription, and reporting. As veterinary IMRT publications still sparsely adhere to the recommendations of the ICRU, we were motivated to summarize the recommendations to facilitate appropriate reporting for IMRT in future veterinary studies.


Assuntos
Guias como Assunto , Dosagem Radioterapêutica/veterinária , Radioterapia de Intensidade Modulada/veterinária , Medicina Veterinária/normas , Animais , Dosagem Radioterapêutica/normas , Radioterapia de Intensidade Modulada/normas
12.
Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd ; 161(1): 33-42, 2019 Jan.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30602430

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: For a long time there has been a debate in Switzerland as to whether the veterinary farm animal service is still sufficiently guaranteed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the supply and demand of veterinary services for cattle and pigs through a representative survey of veterinarians and farmers. The results revealed that the veterinary farm animal service was rated by the majority of both, farmers and veterinarians, to be good or very good. Veterinary service shortages exist partly in mountain and peripheral regions, in small areas in otherwise well-served regions and in the canton of Ticino. By contrast, about one third of farm animal practices are rather underutilized and would prefer to increase livestock numbers. The emergency service is currently very well guaranteed. Ninety-five percent of veterinarians and farmers stated that on-site emergency service is provided within an hour or less. The quality of veterinary services were also assessed positively by the farmers. While a third of respondents said veterinary care improved compared to five years ago, only two percent felt that veterinary care had deteriorated. Almost all veterinarians stated that vacancies in farm animal practices were difficult to fill adequately. The majority of practice owners do not receive enough applications from suitable candidates. In addition, the majority of applicants were not trained in Switzerland. The security of farm animal veterinary service is currently mostly good to very well guaranteed. However, there is a lack of veterinarians trained to meet the future needs of farm animal veterinarians.


INTRODUCTION: On discute depuis longtemps pour savoir si l'offre de prestations vétérinaires pour les animaux de rente est encore suffisante en Suisse. Le but de la présente étude était de relever l'offre et la demande en matière de prestations vétérinaires pour les bovins et les porcs par le biais d'une enquête représentative auprès de vétérinaires et d'agriculteurs. Les résultats démontrent que l'approvisionnement en soins vétérinaires pour les animaux de rente est considéré, tant par les agriculteurs que par les vétérinaires, comme majoritairement bon à très bon. Il existe des carences en la matière dans les régions de montagnes et les régions périphériques, dans certains endroits de zones autrement bien desservies et dans le canton du Tessin. A l'opposé, environ un tiers des pratiques pour animaux de rente s'estiment sous-occupées et seraient prêtes à s'occuper de plus d'exploitations. Le service d'urgences est actuellement très bien assuré. Cinquante-cinq pour cent des vétérinaires et des agriculteurs ont indiqué qu'il fallait au maximum une heure pour que, en cas d'urgence, le vétérinaire soit sur place. La qualité des prestations vétérinaires a également été jugée de façon positive par les agriculteurs. Un tiers des sondés sont d'avis que la capacité professionnelle s'est améliorée dans les cinq dernières années contre seulement deux pour cent qui estiment qu'elle s'est détériorée. Presque tous les vétérinaires considèrent qu'il est difficile de repourvoir de façon adéquate les places vacantes dans le secteur de la médecine des animaux de rente. Une majorité des propriétaires de cabinets ne reçoit pas assez de postulation venant de candidats appropriés. Les propriétaires de cabinets déclarent également que la majorité des candidats n'ont pas fait leur formation en Suisse. La sécurité de l'approvisionnement en matière de médecine des animaux de rente est actuellement en grande majorité bonne à très bonne. Toutefois la Suisse ne forme actuellement pas assez de vétérinaires pour couvrir les besoins futurs en matière de praticiens ruraux.


Assuntos
Animais Domésticos , Médicos Veterinários/provisão & distribuição , Medicina Veterinária/estatística & dados numéricos , Animais , Bovinos , Emergências/veterinária , Serviços Médicos de Emergência/normas , Serviços Médicos de Emergência/provisão & distribuição , Serviços Médicos de Emergência/tendências , Inquéritos e Questionários , Suínos , Suíça , Médicos Veterinários/estatística & dados numéricos , Médicos Veterinários/tendências , Medicina Veterinária/normas , Medicina Veterinária/tendências
13.
Vet Anaesth Analg ; 45(2): 129-134, 2018 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29398528

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To retrospectively analyse handwritten preanaesthetic records for completeness at two veterinary referral institutions: a university veterinary teaching hospital and a private veterinary referral hospital. To evaluate if emergency records were less complete compared with non-emergency records. Animal or Animal Population Two hundred and fifty preanaesthetic records at each referral institution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Handwritten preanaesthetic records were analysed for completeness. Data was described as complete or incomplete. In order to be classified as complete information had to be present, legible and correct. Sections of the preanaesthetic record analysed included the date, anaesthetist, clinician, presenting problem, procedure, time food withheld, temperature, pulse rate (PR), respiratory rate (fR), American Society of Anesthesiologists-Physical Status Classification (ASA-PSC), premedication drug name, premedication drug dose, premedication route of administration, premedication time, effect of premedication, induction drug name, induction drug dose, induction time, induction quality, maintenance anaesthetic agent, endotracheal tube (ET) diameter, anaesthetic breathing system and monitoring equipment. RESULTS: At both referral institutions 250 records were analysed. Completeness of data was generally poor, however, several differences did exist. Completion rates were generally higher at the university veterinary teaching hospital. A mix of structured and unstructured (requiring free text) data fields were poorly complete. Emergency records were significantly less complete with respect to: Time food withheld (p = 0.006) and Temperature (p = 0.0275). CONCLUSIONS: Differences observed may be due to anaesthetic record design, anaesthetic caseload, case discussion, education or quality assurance programmes. Clinical relevance Increased emphasis on education and implementation of quality assurance programmes should be considered in order to improve completeness of preanaesthetic records.


Assuntos
Anestesia/veterinária , Hospitais Veterinários/normas , Registros/normas , Encaminhamento e Consulta/normas , Medicina Veterinária/normas , Anestesia/normas , Animais , Gatos , Cães , Emergências/veterinária , Furões , Coelhos , Estudos Retrospectivos
14.
Can Vet J ; 59(5): 480-490, 2018 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29904200

RESUMO

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) data generated by diagnostic animal health laboratories are underutilized for AMR reporting in Canada. Data assessment, review of practices in other jurisdictions, and expert interviews were used to develop an evidence-guided plan to generate AMR reports from British Columbia Animal Health Centre (AHC) data that would provide transparent, timely, and useful information to public health practitioners, the food animal sector, and the general public. Using the Canadian Animal Health Surveillance Network (CAHSN) platform was the most efficient method of data retrieval. Project outputs included 2 publicly available reports. The public health report included AMR information for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella. The animal health report included AMR information for Aeromonas salmonicida and Yersinia ruckeri from Atlantic salmon, bacteria from bovine milk samples, and staphylococci from broiler chickens. A preliminary comparison was conducted between selected AHC data and publicly available Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS) reports.


Développement d'une approche factuelle pour la déclaration de la résistance aux antimicrobiens pour les données des laboratoires diagnostiques de santé animale en Colombie-Britannique. Les données sur la résistance aux antimicrobiens produites par les laboratoires diagnostiques de santé animale sont sous-utilisées pour la déclaration de la résistance aux antimicrobiens au Canada. L'évaluation des données, l'examen des pratiques dans les autres territoires et des entrevues avec des experts ont été utilisés afin de développer un plan fondé sur des données probantes pour produire des rapports sur la résistance aux antimicrobiens à partir des données du British Columbia Animal Health Centre (AHC) qui fourniraient des renseignements transparents, opportuns et utiles aux praticiens de la santé publique, au secteur des animaux destinés à l'alimentation et au grand public. L'utilisation de la plate-forme du Système canadien de surveillance de la santé animale (SCSSA) était la méthode d'extraction des données la plus efficace. Les résultats du projet incluaient deux rapports rendus publics. Le rapport sur la santé publique incluait les renseignements sur la résistance aux antimicrobiens pour Staphylococcus aureus résistant à la méthicilline, Escherichia coli et Salmonella. Le rapport sur la santé animale comprenait des renseignements sur la résistance aux antimicrobiens pour Aeromonas salmonicida et Yersinia ruckeri du saumon atlantique, les bactéries provenant d'échantillons de lait bovin et les staphylocoques des poulets à griller. Une comparaison préliminaire a été réalisée entre les données de l'AHC et les rapports publics du Programme intégré canadien de surveillance de la résistance aux antimicrobiens (PICRA).(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).


Assuntos
Doenças dos Animais/microbiologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Notificação de Doenças , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Laboratórios/legislação & jurisprudência , Medicina Veterinária/normas , Doenças dos Animais/epidemiologia , Animais , Colúmbia Britânica/epidemiologia , Prática Clínica Baseada em Evidências , Laboratórios/normas
15.
Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd ; 160(1): 43-50, 2018 Jan.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29298744

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: The first animal disease act of Switzerland was released in 1872. Its revision in 1886 brought the basis for establishing a border veterinary inspection service. This service was first reporting to the federal Ministry of Agriculture; after 1914, the newly created Federal Veterinary Office became responsible for it. The border checks were first limited to live biungulate animals and horses; later on they were extended to meat and meat products and finally to venison and fishery products. At the beginning, part-time veterinarians with own practice were engaged. As the traffic increased, full time border veterinary inspectors joined the team; these were mainly active at the most important border posts (like Basel, St. Margrethen, Buchs, Chiasso, Geneva, more recently the international airports). The border veterinary inspection service, including the relevant instruction of the personnel, was (and is) financed with weight depending fees which included until 1966 a fee intended for financing the efforts to control livestocks epidemics.


Assuntos
Legislação Veterinária/história , Medicina Veterinária/história , Medicina Veterinária/normas , Animais , História do Século XX , Cavalos , Humanos , Carne/normas , Suíça
16.
Ig Sanita Pubbl ; 74(6): 565-587, 2018.
Artigo em Italiano | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31030214

RESUMO

A poor environmental management and the deterioration of health and hygiene conditions (lack of awareness and attention to hygienic standards, to measures for preventing transmission of infection, and to appropriate use of antimicrobial therapies) facilitate the selection, release and diffusion of resistant pathogens in the environment, which can very easily contaminate the food chain. Antimicrobial resistance is a major problem worldwide, involving many sectors: medicine, veterinary medicine, breeding, agriculture, economy and commerce. In addition, the expanding globalization and increasing movements of both goods and people across countries and continents have drastically exacerbated the situation. In this difficult context, professionals of both the food and health sectors have an important role to play and their active participation is essential, together with that of citizens and patients themselves. For this very reason, national programs to combat antimicrobial resistance are needed, with a special focus on surveillance, antimicrobial stewardship, training of professionals and citizens, all the while assuring the availability of economic resources to achieve these goals. The "One Health" initiative is intended to strengthen the link between different scientific disciplines, such as human and veterinary medicine, since the phenomenon of antimicrobial resistance may be further aggravated by microbial transmission from animals to humans, directly or indirectly through the consumption of food. The aim of this narrative review is to give an overview of what is known about antimicrobial resistance related to food chain, to illustrate its extent and epidemiology in Italy, in Europe and globally, and to discuss the measures required to fight antimicrobial resistance including good practices on the use of antibiotics.


Assuntos
Gestão de Antimicrobianos , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Cadeia Alimentar , Inspeção de Alimentos/normas , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Abastecimento de Alimentos/normas , Animais , Antibacterianos , Infecções Bacterianas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Bacterianas/veterinária , Descoberta de Drogas , Resíduos de Drogas/análise , Uso de Medicamentos , Inspeção de Alimentos/legislação & jurisprudência , Abastecimento de Alimentos/legislação & jurisprudência , Saúde Global , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/isolamento & purificação , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Prescrição Inadequada , Infectologia/normas , Internacionalidade , Itália , Carne/análise , Medicina Veterinária/normas , Organização Mundial da Saúde
17.
J Clin Microbiol ; 55(1): 326-330, 2017 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27847375

RESUMO

Antimicrobial susceptibility test results for trimethoprim-sulfadiazine with Streptococcus equi subspecies are interpreted based on human data for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The veterinary-specific data generated in this study support a single breakpoint for testing trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and/or trimethoprim-sulfadiazine with S. equi This study indicates trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as an acceptable surrogate for trimethoprim-sulfadiazine with S. equi.


Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/normas , Streptococcus equi/efeitos dos fármacos , Sulfadiazina/farmacologia , Combinação Trimetoprima e Sulfametoxazol/farmacologia , Trimetoprima/farmacologia , Medicina Veterinária/normas , Animais , Combinação de Medicamentos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/métodos , Medicina Veterinária/métodos
18.
J Appl Microbiol ; 123(6): 1373-1380, 2017 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28779537

RESUMO

Regulatory guidelines are in place across the world to ensure that approval of antibiotics is consistent with current scientific understanding of quality, efficacy and safety including minimizing the risk of the development of antibiotic resistance. We suggest the regulatory process is fit for purpose and does indeed approve products that are safe for use with regard to development of antibiotic resistance. However, we maintain that in order to preserve the longevity of antibiotics, treatment should be based on an established diagnosis and normally only antibiotics authorized for the diagnosed indication and indicated bacteria are used. Furthermore, susceptibility testing should be carried out whenever possible. Despite a general acceptance that antibiotic resistance is a significant issue, antibiotics can still receive a marketing authorization without a sponsor having to generate a clinical breakpoint. The consequence of this is that for many antibiotics we have no measure of what is resistant and what is susceptible at the approved dose. We argue that the time is right for all approvals of new or existing antibiotics to have independently agreed clinical breakpoints, as part of the regulatory process, without which talk of resistance is somewhat meaningless. This is relevant not only for novel antibiotics but also for generic compounds.


Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Legislação Veterinária , Medicina Veterinária/normas , Animais , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/metabolismo , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Humanos , Política , Medicina Veterinária/organização & administração
19.
Rev Sci Tech ; 36(2): 721-730, 2017 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30152478

RESUMO

The paper outlines a framework for shaping and prioritising improvements to investments in animal health systems in order to improve their sustainability. The framework includes financial inputs that can be separated between core investments and day-to-day expenditures. The latter financial inputs should differentiate between avoiding losses in production and reducing wider societal impacts such as negative implications for trade and the environment. Overall the framework provides information on the financial costs of the animal health system and the animal health outcomes that, if collected over time, will allow the efficiency of resource use across the system to be measured. It discusses an application of the framework using existing data, which highlighted problems with measuring and costing veterinary inputs, and with quantifying the range of outputs and the impact of veterinary activities. The paper recommends that the framework proposed is reviewed and compared with work that has been carried out on the human health accounting systems. A true application of the framework will require data sets that can differentiate between public-sector, private-sector and non-governmental organisation investments and the cost of day-to-day animal health goods and services paid by animal owners. Data sets are also needed on animal health outcomes in order to compare investments with animal health outcomes and thereby: demonstrate the success of previous investments, identify weaknesses in the investment profile and ensure that future investments sustain an animal health system, which functions well.


Les auteurs exposent les grandes lignes d'un cadre permettant de définir et de hiérarchiser les améliorations à apporter aux investissements dans les systèmes de santé animale en vue d'une meilleure durabilité. Le cadre prévoit les apports financiers à prendre en compte, qui peuvent être répartis en investissements de fond et dépenses de fonctionnement. Ces derniers apports devraient établir une distinction entre les pertes de production qu'ils permettent d'éviter et l'atténuation d'impacts sociétaux plus larges tels que les effets négatifs des maladies sur le commerce et l'environnement. Dans l'ensemble, le cadre fournit des renseignements sur les coûts financiers d'un système de santé animale et sur les résultats obtenus ; collectées sur des durées longues, ces données permettront de mesurer l'efficacité de l'utilisation des ressources au sein du système. Les auteurs analysent les résultats d'une application du cadre à partir de données existantes, qui mettent en évidence les problèmes liés à la mesure et au chiffrage du coût des intrants vétérinaires et à la quantification des divers extrants et de l'impact des prestations vétérinaires. Les auteurs recommandent que le cadre proposé soit réexaminé et comparé à d'autres travaux relatifs aux systèmes de gestion financière de la médecine humaine. Une véritable application du cadre devra faire appel à des séries de données capables de différencier les investissements suivant leur provenance (secteur public, secteur privé, organisations non gouvernementales) et le coût des biens et services courants de santé animale pris en charge par les propriétaires d'animaux. Il faudra également disposer de données sur les résultats obtenus en santé animale afin de comparer les investissements avec ces résultats et de démontrer ainsi le succès des investissements réalisés, identifier les points faibles de la stratégie d'investissement et s'assurer que les investissements à venir soutiennent un système de santé animale qui fonctionne bien.


Los autores describen sucintamente un marco destinado a formular y jerarquizar medidas de mejora de las inversiones en los sistemas de sanidad animal para lograr que estos sean más sostenibles. Dicho marco incluye las aportaciones económicas, que pueden dividirse en inversiones básicas y gastos corrientes. Dentro de estas aportaciones conviene distinguir entre aquellas destinadas a evitar pérdidas productivas y aquellas que apuntan a reducir consecuencias de mayor calado para la sociedad, por ejemplo efectos negativos sobre el comercio o el medio ambiente. Globalmente, el marco ofrece información sobre los costos económicos del sistema de sanidad animal y los resultados zoosanitarios que, cuantificados a lo largo del tiempo, permitirán medir la eficiencia con que el conjunto del sistema utiliza los recursos. Los autores refieren una aplicación del marco en la que se emplearon datos concretos, lo que puso de manifiesto la existencia de problemas para medir las aportaciones veterinarias y evaluar su costo y para cuantificar los diversos resultados y efectos de la actividad veterinaria. Así pues, los autores abogan por revisar el marco propuesto y compararlo con el trabajo ya realizado en relación con sistemas de «contabilidad¼ de la salud humana. Para aplicar realmente este marco harán falta conjuntos de datos que permitan discriminar entre las inversiones del sector público, las del sector privado y las de organizaciones no gubernamentales y determinar el costo que tienen los bienes y servicios zoosanitarios cotidianos para los propietarios de animales. También se necesitan conjuntos de datos sobre los resultados zoosanitarios, que sirvan para comparar las inversiones con los resultados obtenidos en sanidad animal y, de este modo, demostrar el éxito de inversiones previas, detectar deficiencias en los patrones de inversión y asegurarse de que las futuras inversiones vengan a sostener un sistema de sanidad animal que funcione debidamente.


Assuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/economia , Medicina Veterinária/economia , Medicina Veterinária/normas , Bem-Estar do Animal , Animais , Modelos Econômicos
20.
Rev Sci Tech ; 36(2): 607-613, 2017 Aug.
Artigo em Francês, Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30152459

RESUMO

Pathogens represent a considerable and ever-present threat to animal health, agriculture-based economies, food safety, public health and food security. Whatever the origin of the event (natural, accidental or intentional), the standards set by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) enable countries to improve their organisation to reduce the risk, relying mainly on quality Veterinary Services, which can be assessed using the OIE Tool for the Evaluation of Performance of Veterinary Services (PVS). Setting up a surveillance and early detection system in line with OIE standards, underpinned by an animal health network involving a public-private partnership with veterinarians, farmers, hunters, laboratories and wardens of protected areas, makes it possible to deal with the appearance of any pathogens and to intervene rapidly to control and eradicate them. Emergency plans to deal with pathogens with the most serious repercussions on animal health, public health and the economy are vital and must be regularly assessed using simulation exercises in order to identify and implement any adaptations or improvements to them.


Les agents pathogènes constituent une menace considérable et permanente pour la santé animale, les économies fondées sur l'agriculture, la sécurité sanitaire des aliments, la santé publique et la sécurité alimentaire. Quelle que soit l'origine de l'évènement (naturelle, accidentelle ou intentionnelle), la prise en compte des normes de l'Organisation mondiale de la santé animale (OIE) permet aux pays de mieux s'organiser pour diminuer le risque en s'appuyant notamment sur des Services vétérinaires de qualité, ceux-ci pouvant être évalués avec l'Outil pour l'évaluation des performances des Services vétérinaires (PVS) de l'OIE. La mise en place d'un système de surveillance et de détection précoce en cohérence avec les normes de l'OIE, et reposant sur un réseau sanitaire axé sur un partenariat public-privé avec les vétérinaires, fermiers, chasseurs, laboratoires et gardes des espaces protégés, permet de faire face à toute éventuelle apparition d'agents pathogènes et d'intervenir rapidement pour les maîtriser et les éliminer. L'élaboration de plans d'urgence pour les agents pathogènes ayant les répercussions les plus graves pour la santé animale, la santé publique et l'économie est indispensable et ceux-ci doivent être régulièrement évalués par des exercices de simulation permettant d'éventuelles adaptations ou améliorations de ces plans sanitaires.


Los agentes patógenos suponen une amenaza permanente y considerable para la sanidad animal, las economías basadas en la agricultura, la inocuidad de los alimentos, la salud pública y la seguridad alimentaria. Sea cual sea el origen del acontecimiento (natural, accidental o intencionado), el hecho de tener en cuenta las normas de la Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal (OIE) permite a los países organizarse mejor para reducir el riesgo, apoyándose básicamente en Servicios Veterinarios de calidad, que es posible evaluar con la herramienta de evaluación de las prestaciones de los Servicios Veterinarios (PVS) de la OIE. La instauración de un sistema de vigilancia y detección precoz que sea coherente con las normas de la OIE y descanse en una red sanitaria articulada a partir de la colaboración publicoprivada con veterinarios, productores agropecuarios, cazadores, laboratorios y vigilantes de espacios protegidos permite responder a toda aparición de agentes patógenos e intervenir rápidamente para controlarlos y eliminarlos. Es absolutamente indispensable elaborar planes de emergencia referidos a los agentes patógenos que tienen consecuencias más graves para la sanidad animal, la salud pública y la economía, planes que será preciso evaluar periódicamente mediante simulacros que sirvan para aportarles toda adaptación o mejora que se requiera.


Assuntos
Doenças dos Animais/epidemiologia , Saúde Global , Cooperação Internacional , Medicina Veterinária/normas , Doenças dos Animais/prevenção & controle , Animais , Bioterrorismo , Inocuidade dos Alimentos , Humanos , Legislação Veterinária , Saúde Pública/normas , Médicos Veterinários , Zoonoses
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