New insights about the antidepressant-like effects of riparin A in a chronic murine model of depression.

Riparin A is a synthetic form of natural riparins. Acute scale studies that take into consideration the structure-activity relationship have shown preliminary evidence of antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of riparin A, similar to that already known for other riparins. However, for better pharmacological characterization of this new compound, further studies are required. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of chronic treatment with riparin A (10 mg/kg; intraperitoneally) on depressive-like behavior in the forced swimming test and tail suspension test, as well as the reduction of anhedonia in the sucrose preference test, and on anxiety-like behavior in the open field and elevated plus maze apparatus, triggered in rats previously subjected to unpredictable chronic mild stress by 4 weeks. In addition, a pentobarbital-induced sleep time test was also used. Riparin A reduced the duration of immobility in both the forced swimming test and tail suspension test, as well as attenuated the anhedonia in the sucrose preference test. Furthermore, riparin A appears to produce anxiolytic effects in rats exposed to an open field and elevated plus maze, while increasing the alertness/vigilance in rats submitted to pentobarbital-induced sleep time test, without altering their locomotor integrity. Our results suggest that chronic riparin A appears to be a potential pharmacological target for new studies on the control of depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in stressed rats.

Sex and estrous-phase dependent alterations in depression-like behavior following mild traumatic brain injury in adolescent rats.

Following mild traumatic brain injury (TBI), high school and collegiate-aged females tend to report more emotional symptoms than males. Adolescent male and female rats (35 days old) were subjected to mild TBI and evaluated for anxiety- and depression-like behaviors using the elevated plus maze and forced swim test (FST), respectively, and cellular alterations. Injured brains did not exhibit an overt lesion, atrophy of tissue or astrocytic reactivity underneath the impact site at 6-week post-injury, suggestive of the mild nature of trauma. Neither male nor female brain-injured rats exhibited anxiety-like behavior at 2 or 6 weeks, regardless of estrous phase at the time of behavior testing. Brain-injured male rats did not exhibit any alterations in immobility, swimming and climbing times in the FST compared to sham-injured rats at either 2- or 6-week post-injury. Brain-injured female rats did, however, exhibit an increase in immobility (in the absence of changes in swimming and climbing times) in the FST at 6 weeks post-injury only during the estrus phase of the estrous cycle, suggestive of a depression-like phenotype. Combined administration of the estrogen receptor antagonist, tamoxifen, and the progesterone receptor antagonist, mifepristone, during proestrus was able to prevent the depression-like phenotype observed during estrus. Taken together, these data suggest that female rats may be more vulnerable to exhibiting behavioral deficits following mild TBI and that estrous phase may play a role in depression-like behavior.

Bag-1 mediates glucocorticoid receptor trafficking to mitochondria after corticosterone stimulation: Potential role in regulating affective resilience.

Molecular abnormalities within the Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) stress signaling pathway involved in dysfunction of mitochondria and confer vulnerability to stress-related psychiatric disorders. Bcl-2 associated athanogene (Bag-1) is a target for the actions of mood stabilizers. Bag-1 interacts with GR, thereby regulating glucocorticoid function. In this study, we investigate the potential role of Bag-1 in regulating GR translocation into mitochondria. Corticosterone (CORT) treatment significantly enhanced Bag-1/GR complex formation and GR mitochondrial translocation in cultured rat cortical neurons after treatment for 30 min and 24 hr. By contrast, after stimulation with CORT for 3 days, localization of the Bag-1/GR complex and mitochondrial GR were reduced. Similar results were obtained in mice, in which administrated CORT in drinking water for 21 days significantly impaired the GR levels in the mitochondria, while Bag-1 over-expression rescued this reduction. Furthermore, chronic CORT exposure led to anhedonia-like and depression-like behaviors in the sucrose-consumption test and forced swimming test, and these behaviors were rescued by Bag-1 over-expression. These results suggest that Bag-1 mediates GR trafficking to mitochondria and regulates affective resilience in response to a CORT increase and provide potential insight into the mechanisms by which Bag-1 and GR could contribute to the physiology and pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders in response to the change of stress hormone.

"Maybe I'm just not good enough?": British swimmers' experiences of attempting to qualify for the Olympic Games.

The purpose of this study was to explore the transitional experiences of British swimmers as they attempted to qualify for the Olympic Games and gain a place in the British Swimming World Class Performance Programme. An interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) approach was adopted (Smith JA. Psychol Health 1996;11:261-271). Six swimmers (aged 20-25 years), one of each of their parents, and four coaches completed interviews leading up to and following Olympic trials over an eight-month period. Audio recordings were transcribed verbatim and analyzed following the guidelines set out by Smith and Osborne (Smith JA, Osborn M. Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. London: Sage; 2003:51-80). Results indicated that athletes' transition experiences were characterized by a range of demands, which were categorized into five higher-order themes (a) Questioning "Am I good enough?"; (b) Managing and fulfilling expectations; (c) Operating within an environment that is working against them; (d) Lacking support and understanding of self and demands; and (e) Maintaining balance versus being an international swimmer. Overall, the results indicate that this attempted transition is complex, challenging, and unique and largely influenced by self-confidence. Addressing the individual factors impacting on athletes' self-confidence appears critical to enhancing swimmers' transitional experiences at the highest level.

Characteristics of surfers as bystander rescuers in Europe.

INTRODUCTION: Coastal locations contribute significantly to global drowning, with surfers frequently conducting rescues. This study explored the characteristics of surfers as bystander rescuers in Europe. METHODS: A cross-sectional online survey collected demographics (age, sex, geographical location), surfing experience, ability, lifesaving and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training, information seeking behaviors and previous performance of a rescue. Analyses comprised descriptive frequencies, binomial logistic regression with adjusted odds ratio (AOR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) and chi-squares (p < .05). RESULTS: Europe-dwelling respondents totaled 1705 (76% male; 43% 25-34 years). Thirty-nine percent (39.2%; n = 668) had previously performed a rescue. Likelihood of having conducted a rescue significantly increased with 6 or more years of surfing experience (6-10 years [AOR = 1.96; 95%CI: 1.20-3.22]; 11-15 years [AOR = 3.26; 95%CI: 1.56-6.79]; 16 years or more [AOR = 4.27; 95%CI: 2.00-9.11]) when compared to surfers with <1 year experience. Expert/professional ability surfers were 10.89 times (95%CI: 4.72-25.15) more likely to have conducted a rescue than novice/beginners. Respondents who had received both a certified lifeguard and CPR course were significantly more likely to have conducted a rescue (AOR = 3.34; 95%CI: 2.43-4.60). CONCLUSION: Surfers who had previously conducted rescues commonly had more years of experience, higher self-rated surf ability and greater likelihood of having received certified training. However, not all surfers who have performed rescues had received training. Findings suggest surfers should receive rescue and CPR training before they start surfing at locations without trained supervision and refresh training regularly. Surfers are amenable to injury prevention information, especially online and via apps.

Waves cue distinct behaviors and differentiate transport of congeneric snail larvae from sheltered versus wavy habitats.

Marine population dynamics often depend on dispersal of larvae with infinitesimal odds of survival, creating selective pressure for larval behaviors that enhance transport to suitable habitats. One intriguing possibility is that larvae navigate using physical signals dominating their natal environments. We tested whether flow-induced larval behaviors vary with adults' physical environments, using congeneric snail larvae from the wavy continental shelf (Tritia trivittata) and from turbulent inlets (Tritia obsoleta). Turbulence and flow rotation (vorticity) induced both species to swim more energetically and descend more frequently. Accelerations, the strongest signal from waves, induced a dramatic response in T. trivittata but almost no response in competent T. obsoleta Early stage T. obsoleta did react to accelerations, ruling out differences in sensory capacities. Larvae likely distinguished turbulent vortices from wave oscillations using statocysts. Statocysts' ability to sense acceleration would also enable detection of low-frequency sound from wind and waves. T. trivittata potentially hear and react to waves that provide a clear signal over the continental shelf, whereas T. obsoleta effectively "go deaf" to wave motions that are weak in inlets. Their contrasting responses to waves would cause these larvae to move in opposite directions in the water columns of their respective adult habitats. Simulations showed that the congeners' transport patterns would diverge over the shelf, potentially reinforcing the separate biogeographic ranges of these otherwise similar species. Responses to turbulence could enhance settlement but are unlikely to aid large-scale navigation, whereas shelf species' responses to waves may aid retention over the shelf via Stokes drift.

How do swimmers pace the 400 m freestyle and what affects the pacing pattern?

To describe the pacing pattern of elite 400 m freestyle swimmers, understand how athletes select the first half compared to their 200-m race pace, and correlate critical speed (CS) and D' with pacing parameters. The best all-time 400 m performances were obtained, and 200 m performances were retrieved from the same competition. Twenty-four performances were selected and, when possible, 50 m-splits were obtained. CS and D' were calculated based on the 200 m and 400 m performances. Most athletes adopted a parabolic pacing pattern. Performance in the 400 m correlated with that of the 200 m (rho = 0.418, p = 0.042), the % difference between 200 m performance and 200 m split correlated with CS (rho = -0.595, p = 0.002) and with D' (rho = 0.808, p < 0.001). The correlation between D' and % difference between average speed and CS was nearly perfect (rho = 1.000, p < 0.001). Recommendations of having the first half of the 400 m 4-5 s slower than their 200 m race do not seem to be appropriate for all swimmers and depends on physiological abilities.

Anxiolytic, antidepressant and inhibitory effect on MAO isoenzymes by Bougainvillea glabra flower extract in rats.

Main aim of current study was to determine the anxiolytic and antidepressant potential of Bougainvillea glabra Extract (BVE). The effects were investigated by using Open-Field-Test (OFT), Light-and-Dark Model (LD), Hole-Board (HB) and Forced-Swimming-Test (FST). Different doses for BVE were given to Wistar-Rats and compared with Control and Diazepam. Data has been collected by simple observations of animal behaviors in mentioned models. Collected data was analyzed by SPSS-22 version. In OFT (number of squares travelled), significant differences noted between Control and BV100mg/kg (p=0.001), Diazepam and BV100mg/kg (p=0.0001), Diazepam and BV200mg/kg (p=0.015), Diazepam and BV300 mg/kg (p=0.002). In LD-Test, significant differences were noted between Control and BV100mg/kg, BV200mg/kg and BV300mg/kg (p=0.0001), Diazepam and BV100mg/kg, 200mg/kg (p=0.0001), Diazepam and BV300mg/kg (p=0.028). In HB-Test by head dips, significant differences noted between control group and BV100mg/kg and 200mg/kg (p=0.0001), Control group and BV300mg/kg (p=0.005). For number of head dips, significant differences noted between Diazepam and BV100mg/kg, 200mg/kg and 300mg/kg (p=0.0001). In FST, significant differences were observed between Control group and BV100mg/kg, BV200mg/kg and BV300mg/kg (p=0.0001), Fluoxetine and BV100mg/kg, BV200mg/kg and BV300mg/kg (p=0.0001). It is observed that MAO-A and MAO-B are inhibited by BVE. Study demonstrates that BV flowers have anxiolytic and antidepressant activities.

Effects of neuromedin U-8 on stress responsiveness and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in male C57BL/6J mice.

Neuromedin U (NMU) is a highly conserved neuropeptide that has been implicated in the stress response. To better understand how it influences various aspects of the stress response, we studied the effects of intracerebroventricular NMU-8 administration on stress-related behavior and activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in male C57BL/6J mice. We investigated these NMU-8 effects when mice remained in their home cage and when they were challenged by exposure to forced swim stress. NMU-8 administration resulted in increased grooming behavior in mice that remained in their home cage and in a significant increase in c-Fos immunoreactivity in the paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH) and arcuate nucleus (ARC). Surprisingly, NMU-8 administration significantly decreased plasma corticosterone concentrations. Furthermore, NMU-8 administration increased immobility in the forced swim test in both naïve mice and mice that were previously exposed to swim stress. The effect of NMU-8 on c-Fos immunoreactivity in the PVH was dependent on previous exposure to swim stress given that we observed no significant changes in mice exposed for the first time to swim stress. In contrast, in the ARC we observed a significant increase in c-Fos immunoreactivity regardless of previous stress exposure. Interestingly, NMU-8 administration also significantly decreased plasma corticosterone concentrations in mice that were exposed to single forced swim stress, while this effect was no longer observed when mice were exposed to forced swim stress for a second time. Taken together, our data indicate that NMU-8 regulates stress responsiveness and suggests that its effects depend on previous stress exposure.

Sexual dimorphism in cognitive disorders in a murine model of neuropathic pain.

BACKGROUND: A sex-difference in susceptibility to chronic pain is well-known. Although recent studies have begun to reveal the sex-dependent mechanisms of nerve injury-induced pain sensitization, sex differences in the affective and cognitive brain dysfunctions associated with chronic pain have not been investigated. Therefore, we tested whether chronic pain leads to affective and cognitive disorders in a mouse neuropathic pain model and whether those disorders are sexually dimorphic. METHODS: Chronic neuropathic pain was induced in male and female mice by L5 spinal nerve transection (SNT) injury. Pain sensitivity was measured with the von Frey test. Affective behaviors such as depression and anxiety were assessed by the forced swim, tail suspension, and open field tests. Cognitive brain function was assessed with the Morris water maze and the novel object location and novel object recognition tests. RESULTS: Mechanical allodynia was induced and maintained for up to 8 weeks after SNT in both male and female mice. Depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors were observed 8 weeks post-SNT injury regardless of sex. Chronic pain-induced cognitive deficits measured with the Morris water maze and novel object location test were seen only in male mice, not in female mice. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic neuropathic pain is accompanied by anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors in a mouse model regardless of sex, and male mice are more vulnerable than female mice to chronic pain-associated cognitive deficits.

Opportunities for gender transformative approaches in a community-based drowning reduction program in Bangladesh.

BACKGROUND: Community-based programs in rural low-and middle-income country settings are well-placed to conduct gender transformative activities that aid program sustainability and catalyse wider social change, such as reducing gender inequities that in turn improve health outcomes. The Anchal program is a drowning prevention intervention for children aged 1-5 years old in rural Bangladesh. It provides community crèche-based supervision delivered by local trained paid-female volunteers. We aimed to identify the influence of the Anchal program on gender norms and behaviours in the community context, and the effects these had on program delivery and men and women's outcomes. METHODS: Qualitative in-depth interviews, focus group discussions and observations were conducted with program beneficiaries and providers. Gender outcomes were analysed using FHI 360's Gender Integration Framework. RESULTS: The Anchal program was found to be a gender accommodating program as it catered for communities' gender-based roles and constraints but did not actively seek to change underlying beliefs, perceptions and norms that led to these. The program in some cases enhanced the independence and status of female community staff. This changed perceptions of communities towards acceptable levels of physical mobility and community involvement for women. Conversely, gender affected program delivery by reducing the ability of female supervisory staff to engage with male community leaders. The double burden of wage and household labour carried by local female staff also limited performance and progression. Gender-based constraints on staff performance, attrition and community engagement affected efficiency of program delivery and sustainability. CONCLUSIONS: The Anchal program both adapted to and shaped community gender norms and roles. The program has well-established relationships in the community and can be leveraged to implement gender transformative activities to improve gender-based equity. Health programs can broaden their impacts and target social determinants of health like gender equity to increase program sustainability and promote equitable health outcomes.

Sink or Swim? A survival analysis of sport dropout in Australian youth swimmers.

OBJECTIVES: To examine long-term participation and dropout rates in Australian youth swimming using survival analyses and to determine whether multiple individual, socio-demographic, and competition-related factors influenced dropout. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study of registration and competitive performance data. METHODS: Part 1-Registration data from N = 17 161 female (n = 9400) and male (n = 7761) New South Wales (NSW) swimmers aged 10-15 years (inclusive). Part 2-Competition level involvement in a subsample of female (n = 1011) and male (n = 811) swimmers, aged 12-15 years, was also examined. To determine dropout rates and influential factors, Kaplan-Meier survival analyses supplemented by Cox regression were used. RESULTS: (1) Kaplan-Meier analyses identified median sustained participation rates of four years (95% CI = 3.93-4.06), with 15.9% maintaining participation over 10 years. Cox regressions identified age-group was associated with dropout (P < .001), with a 184.9% higher Hazard Rate (HR) for 10- vs 15-year-olds. Residential proximity to major cities was associated with dropout (P < .001), with urban swimmers reporting a 24.8% higher HR rate than rural swimmers. Sex and relative age were not associated with dropout. (2) The subsample median sustained participation was five years (95% CI = 4.79-5.20), with 25.3% maintaining participation for ten years. Level of competition was associated (P < .001), with an 86% higher HR when considering lower competition levels (ie, club/district v national). CONCLUSION: In a large representative sample of swimmers, survival analyses identified age-group, competition level, and city proximity were associated with increased swimming dropout rates.

Monitoring the swimmer's training load: A narrative review of monitoring strategies applied in research.

The high incidence of injury during swim training and the increasing demands of the sports make monitoring of the swimmer's training load a key concept requiring further investigation. Research has previously introduced numerous methods for the purposes of monitoring the swimmer's training load, but a narrative review discussing the strengths and limitations of each method is lacking. Consequently, this narrative review aims to summarize the monitoring strategies that have been applied in research on competitive swimmers. This knowledge can assist professionals in the field in choosing which method is appropriate in their particular setting. The results from this study showed that external training load was predominantly obtained through real-life observation of the swimmers' training volume. However, research has investigated a number of internal load monitoring tools, including blood lactate, training heart rate, and perceived effort of training. To date, blood lactate markers are still considered most accurate and especially recommended at higher levels of competitive swimming or for those at greater risk of injury. Further, mood state profiling has been suggested as an early indicator of overtraining and may be applied at the lower competitive levels of swimming. Professionals in the field should consider the individual, the aim of the current training phase, and additional logistical issues when determining the appropriate monitoring strategy in their setting.

An enjoyable school-based swimming training programme improves students' aquaticity.

AIM: The main objectives of this research were to a) examine the test-retest reliability of aquaticity test (study 1), b) investigate the efficacy of 'swimming lesson', during the physical education course, in the aquaticity (study 2) and c) examine enjoyment from the 'swimming lesson' (study 3) in primary school students of the 3rd grade. METHODS: In the first study, 23 students performed 2 assessment sessions for the evaluation of aquaticity, separated by 1 week. In the second study, 30 students followed a short-term swimming training programme (9 sessions). Before and after the programme, students' aquaticity was assessed. In the third study, enjoyment was examined in 273 students who followed the short-term swimming programme. RESULTS: The test-retest reliability for the assessment of students' aquaticity was high (ICC = 0.87-0.99). Paired t tests, also, revealed significant improvement (28-62.7%) in the aquaticity of the children following the swimming programme. A great percentage of students reported high levels of enjoyment (92.2%). CONCLUSION: A short-term swimming programme, incorporated into the physical education course, is an enjoyable exercise modality that may be used for the improvement of children's aquaticity. We, also, found that the testing protocol may be reliably used for the evaluation of aquaticity in the paediatric population.

Descriptive epidemiology and correlates of children's swimming competence.

This study examined the swimming competence of primary school children, and how it was related to swimming activity, non-fatal aquatic events, and demographic factors. Primary school students (N = 4959; female = 2705, male = 2241; age range = 5 to 14 years) across 28 schools in the 15 districts of Hong Kong completed the Swimming Competence Questionnaire, and questions about their swimming experience, non-fatal aquatic events, and demographic variables. Descriptive statistics showed that over 60% of children could swim more than 5m, but less than 50% could swim over 25m. Over 50% of children were able to perform some basic swimming skills (e.g., holding breath underwater, floating, poolside/kickboard kicking, and treading water). Swimming competence was positively predicted by the demographic factors (i.e., age, sex, family income, and parents' highest education level), swimming experience, learning experience, and swimming location. Treading water was the only factor of swimming competence that established asignificant negative association with non-fatal aquatic events. Current results can be used to target key groups to improve children's swimming competence and reduce non-fatal aquatic events; children from lower socio-economic backgrounds and with less swimming experience should be encouraged to participate in more formal learn to swim lessons.

Perceptions and use of recovery strategies: Do swimmers and coaches believe they are effective?

This study aimed to investigate swimmer's use and coach prescription of recovery strategies during training and competition while examining perceived challenges, barriers, and beliefs in the importance of their effectiveness. A mixed-methods sequential explanatory design was implemented. Thirty-seven male and 45 female sub-elite to elite swimmers (age 18 ± 3 y), and 4 male and 6 female coaches (age 40 ± 9 y) completed an online, 78-item recovery strategy survey. Swimmers and coaches responded to questions regarding when, why, and how they used recovery strategies, perceived challenges and barriers to strategy inclusion during training and competition. Data were coded and analysed thematically. Fisher's Exact Test was conducted on 5-point Likert scale responses. Most recovery strategies were used and prescribed more during competition. Swimmers reported active recovery as the most effective recovery strategy (44%), whereas coaches rated sleep or napping (40%). Swimmers and coaches perceived most recovery strategies to be more effective and important during competition than in training. Swimmers used, and coaches prescribed, recovery strategies more during the competition, highlighting the discrepancies in use between training and competition. Targeted education programmes should enhance athletes and coach's recovery knowledge and practical application of strategies, while accounting for individual sport and life demands.

Selected Cardiovascular and Psychological Changes Throughout a Competitive Season in Collegiate Female Swimmers.

Dobson, J, Harris, B, Claytor, A, Stroud, L, Berg, L, and Chrysosferidis, P. Selected cardiovascular and psychological changes throughout a competitive season in collegiate female swimmers. J Strength Cond Res 34(11): 3062-3069, 2020-Measures that reflect the balance between training-induced fatigue and recovery can provide valuable feedback to help revise training plans. The aim of this study was to use multidimensional measures of the vagal control of the heart rate (HR), psychological stress, and burnout to investigate the impact of overload training and tapering in female swimmers. Thirteen female Division-1 swimmers completed the HR and psychological measures 3 times during a competitive season: (a) at the beginning of the season (BL), (b) eleven weeks later during a period of overload training (OL), and (c) eleven more weeks later and after a taper (TP). Cardiovascular measures included the resting logarithm of the root mean square of successive R-R intervals (lnRMSSD), HR responses to forced breathing (HRdiff), and HR responses to sustained handgrip exercise (HRhg). Psychological measures consisted of the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire and the Recovery-Stress Questionnaire. Repeated measures analyses of variance revealed that sport devaluation, reduced accomplishment, general stress, and emotional exhaustion all increased throughout the season (all were p < 0.05). Also, lnRMSSDrest decreased (p < 0.01) and HRhg increased (p < 0.05) during OL, both of which then returned to BL levels during TP (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively); whereas HRdiff values fell progressively during the season (p < 0.05). The results indicate that OL impaired cardiac vagal stimulation, and the bulk of evidence indicated that it was fully restored during a TP. In conclusion, lnRMSSD and HRhg were particularly sensitive to changes in workload throughout the season, and so those measures may be especially useful for preventing an excessive accumulation of training-induced fatigue.

Effects of Sesame Oil Aroma on Mice after Exposure to Water Immersion Stress: Analysis of Behavior and Gene Expression in the Brain.

(1) Background: Sesame has been popular as a healthy food since ancient times, and effects of the aroma component of roasted sesame are also expected. However, little research has been reported on its scent; (2) Methods: Jcl:ICR male mice were housed under water immersion stress for 24 h. Then, the scent of saline or sesame oil was inhaled to stress groups for 90 min. We investigated the effects of sesame oil aroma on the behavior and brains of mice; (3) Results: In an elevated plus maze test, the rate of entering to open arm and the staying time were decreased by the stress. These decrements were significantly enhanced by sesame oil aroma. Stress had a tendency to increase the serum corticosterone concentration, which was slightly decreased by the aroma. Expression of Kruppel-like factor-4 (Klf-4) and Dual-specificity phosphatase-1 (Dusp-1) in the striatum were increased by water immersion stress, and the level of Klf-4 and Dusp-1 in the striatum and hippocampus were significantly attenuated by sesame oil aroma (4) Conclusions: The present results strongly suggest that the odor component of sesame oil may have stress suppressing effects. Moreover, Klf-4 and Dusp-1 may be sensitive stress-responsive biomarkers.

Comparison of Subjective Workout Intensities between Aquatic and Land-based Running in Healthy Young Males: A Pilot Study.

Background and objectives: Aquatic exercises have demonstrated several advantages over land-based exercise, but only a few studies have compared the workout intensities and efficiencies in a stage-specific manner. This study aimed to investigate workout intensity during aquatic and land-based running, based on the rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Materials and Methods: Twenty healthy young male subjects underwent a land-based running test (LRT) and an aquatic running test (ART), in the form of a cardiopulmonary exercise treadmill test and a shallow-water running test. The seven stages of the ART were composed of 3 minutes each of the Bruce protocol performed during the LRT. In the ART, the participants were instructed to run in a swimming pool with matching RPE to that obtained at each stage of the LRT. Results: Heart rate (HR) during both LRT and ART exhibited a linear relationship (r = 0.997 and 0.996, respectively; p < 0.001). During the initial and middle period, HR was higher in the ART than in the LRT. However, in the final period, HR was higher in the LRT than in the ART. Conclusions: In aquatic exercises based on the RPE obtained from the LRT, HR exhibited a linear relationship in both the ART and the LRT. The ART appears to increase cardiac loading more efficiently in the initial period and does not increase cardiac loading abruptly at a later period. Although there is no precise, objective, controlled parameter to compare the ART and the LRT, the RPE may be used as a convenient measurement for workout intensity in aquatic running.