Parenting Students and Indicators of Financial Stability, Health, and Academic Success: Findings from a Population-Based Sample of Public Urban University Students.

Parenting students constitute a significant portion of the college population, with 22% of undergraduate students nationwide managing the dual responsibilities of parenthood and education. Single-parenting students face disproportionate challenges to achieving academic success. This study examines the health, financial, and academic aspects of parenting students attending a large, urban public university, specifically comparing single parents to their married or cohabiting counterparts and non-parenting students in New York City. We collected data from 2104 participants, including 142 single parents and 119 married or cohabiting parents, through a cross-sectional survey. Using adjusted regression models, we evaluated the associations between parenting status and financial, health, and academic factors. Our findings reveal that, in comparison to non-parents, single parents are significantly more likely to carry debt (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.81), rely on food assistance (aOR 5.03), and achieve slightly lower GPAs (ß - 0.11). Single parents also work more hours (aOR 1.66) and have an increased likelihood of facing debt (aOR 2.66), housing difficulties (aOR 2.80), food insecurity (aOR 2.21), and lower GPAs (ß - 0.22) compared to their married or cohabiting peers. The disaggregation of single and married or cohabiting parents reveals significant disparities, emphasizing the vulnerability of single-parenting students in higher education. Targeted interventions addressing issues like food security and housing are essential to support the academic success of single parents.

Rising nonmarital first childbearing among college-educated women: Evidence from three national studies.

Levels of nonmarital first childbearing are assessed using recent administrations of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 Cohort; the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health; and the National Survey of Family Growth. Results confirm that the higher a woman's educational attainment, the less likely she is to be unmarried at the time of her first birth. A comparison over time shows increases in nonmarital first childbearing at every educational level, with the largest percentage increase occurring among women with college degrees at the BA or BS level or higher. This article projects that 18 to 27% of college-educated women now in their thirties who have a first birth will be unmarried at the time. In addition, among all women who are unmarried at first birth, women with college degrees are more likely to be married at the time of their second birth, and, in a majority of cases, the other parent of the two children was the same person. A growing proportion of well-educated women, and their partners, may therefore be pursuing a family formation strategy that proceeds directly to a first birth, and then proceeds, at a later point, to marriage, followed by a second birth. Possible reasons for the increase in nonmarital first births among the college-educated include the stagnation of the college wage premium; the rise in student debt; decreasing selectivity; and the growing acceptability of childbearing within cohabiting unions, which have become a common setting for nonmarital childbearing, and among single parents.

Determinants of unintentional injuries in preschool age children in high-income countries: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Injuries are the leading cause of death and disability in preschool children who are subject to specific risk factors. We sought to clarify the determinants of unintentional injuries in children aged 5 years and under in high-income countries and report on the methodological quality of the selected studies. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted of observational studies investigating determinants of unintentional injury in children aged 0-5. Searches were conducted in Web of Science, Medline, Embase, PsycInfo and CINAHL. All methods of data analysis and reporting followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA 2021) guidelines. Determinants are reported at the child, parental, household and area level. RESULTS: An initial search revealed 6179 records. Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria: 17 cohort studies and 2 case control studies. While studies included longitudinal surveys and administrative healthcare data analysis, the highest quality studies examined were case-control designs. Child factors associated with unintentional injury include male gender, age of the child at the time of injury, advanced gross motor score, sleeping problems, birth order, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis and below average score on the standard strengths and difficulties scale. Parental factors associated with unintentional injuries included younger parenthood, poor maternal mental health, hazardous or harmful drinking by an adult within the home, substance misuse, low maternal education, low paternal involvement in childcare and routine and manual socioeconomic classification. Household factors associated with injury were social rented accommodation, single-parent household, White ethnicity in the United Kingdom, number of children in the home and parental perception of a disorganised home environment. Area-level factors associated with injury were area-level deprivation and geographic remoteness. CONCLUSION: Child factors were the strongest risk factors for injury, whereas parental factors were the most consistent. Further research is needed to examine the role of supervision in the relationships between these risk factors and injury. Injury intent should be considered in studies using administrative healthcare data. Prospective research may consider utilising linked survey and administrative data to counter the inherent weaknesses of these research approaches.

Single parent adoption in India: Mental health and legal perspectives and the way forward.

Single parent adoption (SPA) is a relatively new construct worldwide and in India. The Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government of India, has laid down criteria for adoption in general and SPA in particular, in conjunction with the Juvenile Justice Act (Care and Protection of Children), 2015. There is scant literature on this topic of SPA, more so in India, that looks into the various psychological nuances of SPA from a mental health professional's (MHP) perspective. This review paper aims to assess SPA from the perspective of a MHP that will focus on its various legal nuances as well as the psychological connotations attached to it. For this, a search strategy was employed that included a thorough literature search from two databases (PubMed and Google Scholar) with relevant keywords related to the topic. The various legal issues pertaining to SPA in the current scenario, the psychological issues and challenges faced by single parents, the behavioral outcomes of adoptees who are adopted by single parents, and ways to deal with the various obstacles of SPA are discussed.

[Stressful Living Conditions in Nuclear, Single Parent and Stepfamilies and Use of Prevention Services. Findings of Two Representative German Studies]. / Belastungslagen von Alleinerziehenden-, Stief- und Kernfamilien Inanspruchnahme von Unterstützungsangeboten. Befunde aus zwei repräsentativen deutschen Studien.

AIM OF THE STUDY: Comparison of (stressful) living conditions and use of universal, selective and indicated prevention services in nuclear, single parent and stepfamilies with young children. METHODS: Using two representative German surveys of mothers with children aged 0-3 years (KiD 0-3 2015, n=6,671, and AID:A 2019, n=1,501), mothers' reported burden and the use of various prevention services in different family types were examined descriptively and with Chi²-tests. RESULTS: Overall, single parent families and, to some extent, stepfamilies showed increased socioeconomic stress compared to nuclear families (e. g., young motherhood, higher poverty risk). In particular, universal prevention services (e. g., prenatal classes, parent-child courses) were used less frequently by single parent families, while selective and indicated services such as family or child guidance counselling services and offers of youth welfare agencies were used more frequently. CONCLUSION: Increased socioeconomic stress suggests a higher need for support among single parents compared to nuclear families. Universal group offers are possibly not sufficient to meet these needs, whereas selective individual counselling offers such as pregnancy and child guidance counseling are used more frequently by single parent families and stepfamilies compared to nuclear families. There seems to be a lack of (group) offers tailored to single parent families - particularly in the first developmental phase of a child's life.

Challenges of single parents raising children with intellectual and developmental disabilities.

BACKGROUND: Single-parent families with children with disabilities need greater attention given the notable increase in their number and their additional difficulties. Single parents in East Asian countries, especially, may face greater risks than their peers elsewhere, given the region's unique cultural background. METHOD: The study used a mixed methods design; we administered a risk assessment survey to 354 families of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities and conducted in-depth interviews with eight single parents. RESULTS: Compared to two-parent families, single-parent families faced greater risks with respect to family relationships, economic status and legal rights. In the interviews, single parents reported a range of challenges, including sole parental responsibilities, poor physical and mental health, social isolation and alienation, the stress of juggling care and work, and difficulty accessing services. CONCLUSION: These findings offer implications for future policy and practices concerning single parents in South Korea.

Unpacking the linkages between single parent households and early adolescent adjustment.

Living with an unmarried mother is consistently associated with adjustment issues in adolescence, but these associations can vary by both time and place. Following life course theory, this study applied inverse probability of treatment weighting techniques to data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979) Children and Young Adults study (n = 5,597) to estimate various treatment effects of family structures through childhood and early adolescence on internalizing and externalizing dimensions of adjustment at age 14. Young people who lived with an unmarried (single or cohabiting) mother during early childhood and adolescence were more likely to drink and reported more depressive symptoms by age 14 than those with a married mother, with particularly strong associations between living with an unmarried mother during early adolescence and drinking. These associations, however, varied according to sociodemographic selection into family structures. They were strongest for youth who more closely resembled the average adolescent living with a married mother.

The Long Road to Parenthood: Assisted Reproduction, Surrogacy, and Adoption Among US Surgeons.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to characterize demographics, costs, and workplace support for surgeons using assisted reproductive technology (ART), adoption, and surrogacy to build their families. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: As the surgical workforce diversifies, the needs of surgeons building a family are changing. ART, adoption, and surrogacy may be used with greater frequency among female surgeons who delay childbearing and surgeons in same-sex relationships. Little is known about costs and workplace support for these endeavors. METHODS: An electronic survey was distributed to surgeons through surgical societies and social media. Rates of ART use were compared between partners of male surgeons and female surgeons and multivariate analysis used to assess risk factors. Surgeons using ART, adoption, or surrogacy were asked to describe costs and time off work to pursue these options. RESULTS: Eight hundred and fifty-nine surgeons participated. Compared to male surgeons, female surgeons were more likely to report delaying children due to surgical training (64.9% vs. 43.5%, P < 0.001), have fewer children (1.9 vs. 2.4, p < 0.001), and use ART (25.2% vs. 17.4%, P = 0.035). Compared to non-surgeon partners of male surgeons, female surgeons were older at first pregnancy (33 vs 31 years, P < 0.001) with age > 35 years associated with greater odds of ART use (odds ratio 3.90; 95% confidence interval 2.74-5.55, P < 0.001). One-third of surgeons using ART spent >$40,000; most took minimal time off work for treatments. Forty-five percent of same-sex couples used adoption or surrogacy. 60% of surgeons using adoption or surrogacy spent >$40,000 and most took minimal paid parental leave. CONCLUSIONS: ART, adoption, or surrogacy is costly and lacks strong workplace support in surgery, disproportionately impacting women and same-sex couples. Equitable and inclusive environments supporting all routes to parenthood ensure recruitment and retention of a diverse workforce. Surgical leaders must enact policies and practices to normalize childbearing as part of an early surgical career, including financial support and equitable parental leave for a growing group of surgeons pursuing ART, surrogacy, or adoption to become parents.

Network analysis of England's single parent household COVID-19 control policy impact: a proof-of-concept study.

Lockdowns have been a core infection control measure in many countries during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In England's first lockdown, children of single parent households (SPHs) were permitted to move between parental homes. By the second lockdown, SPH support bubbles between households were also permitted, enabling larger within-household networks. We investigated the combined impact of these approaches on household transmission dynamics, to inform policymaking for control and support mechanisms in a respiratory pandemic context. This network modelling study applied percolation theory to a base model of SPHs constructed using population survey estimates of SPH family size. To explore putative impact, varying estimates were applied regarding extent of bubbling and proportion of different-parentage within SPHs (DSPHs) (in which children do not share both the same parents). Results indicate that the formation of giant components (in which COVID-19 household transmission accelerates) are more contingent on DSPHs than on formation of bubbles between SPHs, and that bubbling with another SPH will accelerate giant component formation where one or both are DSPHs. Public health guidance should include supportive measures that mitigate the increased transmission risk afforded by support bubbling among DSPHs. Future network, mathematical and epidemiological studies should examine both independent and combined impact of policies.

Same-sex male couples and single men having children using assisted reproductive technology: a quantitative analysis.

RESEARCH QUESTION: How do same-sex male couples (SSMC) and single men perceive their experience of using assisted reproductive technology (ART) in Canada; what factors contribute to their experience and the decisions made throughout the ART process? DESIGN: This cross-sectional study used an anonymous online survey to gather exploratory data (between August 2018 and August 2019) about participant experience and decision-making considerations, for SSMC and single men internationally who had undergone ART in Canada. The survey was accessed by 145 individuals; 98 participants were included in the final analysis. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for quantitative analysis. RESULTS: Four out of five participants had a positive overall experience of using ART in Canada. Having the social support of knowing others who had previously pursued ART, and needing to work with multiple egg donors, were found to affect overall experience significantly. Agencies were the most common way for intended parents to connect with third parties. Major factors men considered when choosing an egg donor included medical history, physical attributes, personality and temperament, ethnicity, and education; they tended to select gestational surrogates who had similar lifestyle values to themselves. Most coupled survey respondents created embryos using each partner's spermatozoa (73.6%). CONCLUSIONS: This exploratory study expands on limited knowledge of the current topic, identifying key areas for future research. Most SSMC and single men, domestic and internationally, had a positive experience pursuing ART in Canada to have children. Research on the experiences of SSMC and single men and decision-making considerations should continue.

Parental feeding practices and children's disordered eating among single parents and co-parents.

OBJECTIVE: Some parental feeding practices are associated with pediatric disordered eating and weight status. Existing research, however, has focused on maternal feeding practices in co-parent households. Single parents and fathers are notably understudied in this area. The current study examined associations of parental feeding practices with child disordered eating behaviors and weight, and compared associations between single mothers and fathers with a matched sample of co-parenting mothers and fathers. METHOD: Parents (N = 524) of youth between 5 and 16 years completed an online survey that included measures of parental feeding practices and unhealthy eating/weight-related parenting practices. Co-parents were matched to each single parent based on gender, race, ethnicity, education level, age, and BMI. RESULTS: Single parents reported significantly greater concern about their child's weight, eating and shape, and reported engaging in more restraint and restriction of their child's eating, as well as having more perceived responsibility of their child's eating than caregivers in co-parent households. Children of single parents were significantly more likely to engage in secretive eating. DISCUSSION: Associations between single parents' feeding practices and child weight and disordered eating parallel the broader literature. There were differences between single mothers and fathers and co-parenting mothers and fathers, particularly in their report of their unhealthy eating/weight-related parenting practices. Such differences may influence children's longer-term eating behaviors and weight status. Further research on single-parent households is needed, including longitudinal and epidemiological studies.

The Effect of EITC Exposure in Childhood on Marriage and Early Childbearing.

Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, this study analyzes the effect of exposure to the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) in childhood on marriage and childbearing in early adulthood. Results suggest that EITC exposure in childhood leads women to delay marriage and first births in early adulthood (ages 16-25), but has no effect on men. A $1,000 increase in EITC exposure in childhood leads to a 2%-3% decline in a woman's likelihood of having a first birth and a comparable decline in her likelihood of marrying by her early 20s. We find similar reductions in fertility among Black and White women, though marriage declines are concentrated among White women. Results are focused on children growing up in the bottom half of the income distribution and those who spent the majority of childhood residing with a single parent-two groups that are the primary beneficiaries of the EITC. These findings have important implications for the well-being of individuals exposed to the EITC in childhood, as well as their future children.

Fertility intentions and long-acting reversible contraceptive use among HIV-negative single mothers in Zambia.

BACKGROUND: Integrating family planning interventions with HIV studies in developing countries has been shown to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission and simultaneously reduce HIV and unintended pregnancy in high-risk populations. As part of a prospective cohort study on HIV incidence and risk factors in Zambian women having unprotected sex, we also offered family planning counseling and immediate access to long-acting reversible contraceptives. Although long-acting reversible contraceptives are the most effective form of contraception, many Zambian women are limited to oral or injectable methods because of a lack of knowledge or method availability. This project offers to single mothers who are enrolled in a cohort study information about and access to long-acting reversible contraceptives at enrollment and at each follow-up visit. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates how fertility intentions affect long-acting reversible contraceptive use in HIV-negative single mothers in Zambia. Our primary outcome was long-acting reversible contraceptive use throughout the study participation. We also estimated rates of long-acting reversible contraceptive uptake and discontinuation. We specifically studied single mothers because they are at high risk for unintended pregnancy, which can have significant negative ramifications on their financial, social, and psychologic circumstances. STUDY DESIGN: From 2012-2017, Zambia Emory HIV Research Project recruited 521 HIV-negative single mothers ages 18-45 years from government clinics in Lusaka and Ndola, Zambia's 2 largest cities. Participants were followed every 3 months for up to 5 years. At each visit, we discussed fertility goals and contraceptive options and offered a long-acting reversible method to any woman who was not pregnant or who already was using a long-acting reversible or permanent contraceptive method. Data were collected on demographic factors, sexual behavior, and reproductive history. Multivariable logistic regression was used to model baseline fertility intentions with long-acting reversible contraceptive use. RESULTS: We enrolled 518 women; 57 women did not return for any follow-up visits. There was a significant increase in long-acting reversible contraceptive use during the study. At baseline, 93 of 518 women (18%) were using a long-acting reversible method, and 151 of 461 women (33%) used a long-acting reversible method at the end of follow-up period (P<.0001). Four women chose an intrauterine device, and 91 women chose an implant for their first uptake event. After we adjusted the data for other confounders, we found that women in Ndola who did not desire any more children were more likely to use a long-acting reversible contraceptive (adjusted prevalence ratio, 2.02; 95% confidence interval, 1.88-3.42). During follow up, 37 of 183 long-acting reversible contraceptive users (20%) discontinued their method; women who desired future children at baseline were more likely to discontinue earlier (P=.016). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that integrated family planning services can increase long-acting reversible contraceptive use successfully among Zambian single mothers, who are a vulnerable population that disproportionately is affected by unintended pregnancy. A steady increase in use over time confirms the importance of repeated messaging about these unfamiliar methods. Thus, it is imperative that family planning interventions target single mothers in developing countries to promote effective contraceptive use.

Healthcare services and medication use among widowed partners of patients deceased due to cancer - results from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE).

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to quantify the effect of a cancer death on healthcare and medication use among widowed individuals (Widowed-Cancer), by comparing this population with partnered individuals and with widowed individuals whose partners were deceased due to cardiovascular diseases (Widowed-CVD). METHODS: Data were retrieved from the Sixth Wave of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe - SHARE, conducted in 2015, in 18 countries. Widowed-Cancer were matched by country, sex, age and educational level with currently partnered individuals (1:2; n = 901 and n = 1802, respectively) and with Widowed-CVD (1:1; n = 606 and n = 606, respectively). Adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were computed using logistic regression. RESULTS: The use of drugs for sleep problems (OR = 1.42, 95%CI:1.12-1.80) and anxiety or depression (OR = 1.56, 95%CI:1.20-2.03) was more common among Widowed-Cancer than in partnered individuals; a tendency towards higher odds of being hospitalised in the previous year was also observed in Widowed-Cancer (OR = 1.20, 95%CI:0.98-1.47). Among participants whose partners were deceased in 2015, Widowed-Cancer were more likely than Widowed-CVD to report ≥10 contacts with medical doctors or nurses in the previous year (OR = 3.32, 95%CI:1.20-9.24; P for interaction = .042) and a higher use of drugs for sleep problems (OR = 14.43, 95%CI:1.74-119.84; P for interaction = .027). CONCLUSION: Widowed individuals whose partners were deceased due to cancer had a higher use of healthcare, which highlights the importance of improving the quality of end-of-life care, even during widowhood.

Determinants for early introduction of complementary foods in Australian infants: findings from the HSHK birth cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the timing of introduction of complementary (solid) foods among infants in South Western Sydney, Australia, and describe the maternal and infant characteristics associated with very early introduction of solids. METHODS: Mother-infant dyads (n = 1035) were recruited into the "Healthy Smiles Healthy Kids" study by Child and Family Health Nurses at the first post-natal home visit. Data collected via telephone interviews at 8, 17, 34 and 52 weeks postpartum included timing of introduction of solids and a variety of maternal and infant characteristics (n = 934). Multiple logistic regression was used to identify factors independently associated with the risk of introducing solids very early, which for the purpose of this study was defined as being before 17 weeks. RESULTS: The median age of introduction of solids was 22 weeks. In total, 13.6% (n = 127) of infants had received solids before 17 weeks and 76.9% (n = 719) before 26 weeks of age. The practice of introducing solids early decreased with older age of the mother. Compared to women < 25 years of age, those who were 35 years or older were 72% less likely to introduce solids very early (OR = 0.28, CI95 0.14-0.58). Single mothers had more than twice the odds of introducing solids before the age of 17 weeks compared to married women (OR = 2.35, CI95 1.33-4.16). Women who had returned to work between 6 to 12 months postpartum were 46% less likely to introduce solids very early compared with those who were not working at the child's first birthday (OR = 0.54, CI95 0.30-0.97). Women born in Vietnam and Indian sub-continent had lower odds of introducing solids very early compared to Australian born women (OR = 0.42, CI95 0.21-0.84 and OR = 0.30, CI95 0.12-0.79, respectively). Infants who were exclusively formula-fed at 4 weeks postpartum had more than twice the odds of receiving solids very early (OR = 2.34, CI95 1.49-3.66). CONCLUSIONS: Women who are younger, single mothers, those not working by the time of child's first birthday, those born in Australia, and those who exclusively formula-feed their babies at 4 weeks postpartum should be targeted for health promotion programs that aim to delay the introduction of solids in infants to the recommended time.

How soon do single mothers have another child? A competing risk analysis of second premarital childbearing in sub-Saharan African countries.

BACKGROUND: A considerable number of previous studies have examined the trends, correlates, and consequences of premarital childbearing among adolescents and young women in Africa. However, very little is known about whether and how soon single mothers have another premarital birth in sub-Saharan African countries. This study examines the timing of a second premarital birth among single mothers and assesses how it may differ across key socio-demographic variables. METHODS: We pooled recent Demographic and Health Surveys from 25 sub-Saharan African countries to create a database of 57, 219 single mothers aged 15-49 years. Cumulative incidence graphs and Fine and Gray's competing risk models were used to delineate the timing of a second premarital birth and its socio-demographic correlates. RESULTS: More than one-third of single mothers in 16 countries have had a second premarital birth in their reproductive life. We also observed that more than 15% of the single mothers in Angola, Benin, the Republic of Chad, Liberia, Namibia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Uganda, have had another premarital birth three years after the first. The incidence of a second premarital birth was significantly lower among women with secondary or higher education, compared to women with less than secondary education (p < 0.05) in most countries. Residence in an urban area compared to rural, was also significantly associated with a low incidence of second premarital birth in 10 countries (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicate a rapid progression to having a second premarital birth in some sub-Sahara African countries, particularly among socio-economically disadvantaged women. The findings suggest the need for tailored interventions for improving the quality of life of single mothers, to reduce the associated burden and consequences of having a premarital birth.

Household Composition and Gender Differences in Parental Time Investments.

Recent research has documented the relatively poor performance of boys, especially those from single-mother households, on a number of outcomes. Differences in noncognitive skills are often cited as a main contributing factor. However, we still know little about the underlying mechanisms driving differences in noncognitive skills and other outcomes. This article provides empirical evidence that parental time investments, defined as the amount of time that parents spend participating in activities with their child, change differentially by child gender following a transition from a two-parent to single-mother household. Boys experience larger investment reductions following the change in household structure, which may help facilitate previously documented gender gaps in noncognitive skills for those in single-mother households. Boys lose an estimated additional 3.8 hours per week in fathers' time investments, nearly 30% of average weekly paternal investments across the sample. The difference is increasing with age, concentrated in leisure and entertainment activities, with little to no evidence that mothers increase investments in boys relative to girls after such transitions.

The Dynamics of U.S. Household Economic Circumstances Around a Birth.

With the arrival of an infant, many households face increased demands on resources, changes in the composition of income, and a potentially heightened risk of income inadequacy. Changing household economic circumstances around a birth have implications for child and family well-being, women's economic security, and public program design, yet have received little research attention in the United States. Using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation, this study provides new descriptive evidence of month-to-month changes in household income adequacy and the composition of household income in the year before and after a birth. Results show evidence of significant declines in household income adequacy in the months around a birth, particularly for single mothers who live without other adults. Income from public benefit programs buffers but does not eliminate declines in income adequacy. Results have implications for policies targeted at this period, including public benefit and parental leave programs.

Use of tobacco, alcohol and cannabis in late adolescence: roles of family living arrangement and socioeconomic group.

BACKGROUND: France has one of the highest levels in Europe for early use of legal and illegal psychoactive substances. We investigate in this country disparities in adolescent problematic substance use by family living arrangement and parental socioeconomic group. METHODS: The data used were from the 2017 nationally-representative ESCAPAD survey, conducted among 17-year-olds in metropolitan France (N = 39,115 with 97% response rate). Prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated using modified Poisson regression. RESULTS: Adolescents living in non-intact families (44%) reported daily smoking, binge drinking and regular cannabis use (respectively ≥3 episodes and ≥ 10 uses in the last 30 days) much more frequently than those living in intact families (for example, the PR estimates for father single parent families were respectively 1.69 (1.55-1.84), 1.29 (1.14-1.45) and 2.31 (1.95-2.74)). Socioeconomic differences across types of families did little to explain the differential use. Distinctive socioeconomic patterns were found: a classical gradient for smoking (PR = 1.34 (1.22-1.47) for the most disadvantaged group relative to the most privileged); an inverse association for binge drinking (PR = 0.72 (0.64-0.81) for the most disadvantaged relative to the most privileged), and no significant variation for cannabis use. CONCLUSION: Our findings shed light on the consistency of the excess use of adolescents from non-intact families and on the substance-specific nature of the association with parental socioeconomic group. Preventive approaches at the population level should be complemented by more targeted strategies.

Excess Early (< 34 weeks) Preterm Rates Among Non-acknowledged and Acknowledged Low Socioeconomic Position Fathers: The Role of Women's Selected Pregnancy-Related Risk Factors.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the proportion of the excess early preterm birth (< 34 weeks, PTB) rates among non-acknowledged and acknowledged low socioeconomic position (SEP) fathers attributable to White and African-American women's selected pregnancy-related risk factors for PTB. METHODS: Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition methods were performed on the Illinois transgenerational birth-file of infants (1989-1991) and their parents (1956-1976) with appended U.S. census income information. The neighborhood income of father's place of residence at the time of his birth and at the time of his infant's birth were used to measure lifetime SEP. RESULTS: Among non-Latina White women, the early PTB rate for non-acknowledged (n = 3260), acknowledged low SEP (n = 1430), and acknowledged high SEP (n = 9141) fathers equaled 4.02%, 1.82%, and 1.19, respectively; p < 0.001. White women's selected pregnancy-related risk factors for PTB (inadequate prenatal usage, suboptimal weight gain, and/or cigarette smoking) were responsible for 19.3% and 41.2% of the explained disparities in early PTB rates for non-acknowledged and acknowledged low (compared to acknowledged high) SEP fathers, respectively. Among African-American women, the early PTB rate for non-acknowledged (n = 22,727), acknowledged low SEP (n = 4426), and acknowledged high SEP (n = 365) fathers equaled 6.72%, 4.34%, and 3.29%, respectively; p < 0.001. African-American women's selected pregnancy-related risk factors for PTB were responsible for 21.4% and 20.2% of the explained disparities in early PTB rates for non-acknowledged and acknowledged low SEP fathers, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Non-Latina White and African-American women's selected pregnancy-related risk factors for PTB explain a significant percentage of excess early PTB rates among non-acknowledged and acknowledged low (compared to acknowledged high) SEP fathers.