Bone lesions and intestinal barrier disruption caused by the isolated novel goose parvovirus infection in ducks.

Short beak and dwarfism syndrome (SBDS) is attributed to Novel Goose Parvovirus (NGPV), which has inflicted significant economic losses on farming in China. Despite its significant impact, limited research has been conducted on the pathogenesis of this disease. The SD strain, a parvovirus variant isolated from ducks in Shandong province, was identified and characterized in our study. Phylogenetic analysis and sequence comparisons confirmed the classification of the SD strain as a member of NGPV. Based on this information, we established an animal model of SBDS by inoculating Cherry Valley ducks with the SD strain. Our findings indicate that infection with the SD strain leads to a reduction in body weight, beak length, width, and tibia length. Notably, significant histopathological alterations were observed in the thymus, spleen, and intestine of the infected ducks. Furthermore, the SD strain induces bone disorders and inflammatory responses. To evaluate the impact of NGPV on intestinal homeostasis, we performed 16S rDNA sequencing and gas chromatography to analyze the composition of intestinal flora and levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the cecal contents. Our findings revealed that SD strain infection induces dysbiosis in cecal microbial and a decrease in SCFAs production. Subsequent analysis revealed a significant correlation between bacterial genera and the clinical symptoms in NGPV SD infected ducks. Our research providing novel insights into clinical pathology of NGPV in ducks and providing a foundation for the research of NGPV treatment targeting gut microbiota.

First detection of Tetraparvovirus ungulate 1 in diseased cattle (Chinese Simmental) from Hunan province, China.

Tetraparvovirus is an emerging parvovirus infecting a variety of mammals and humans, and associated with human diseases including severe acute respiratory infection and acute encephalitis syndrome. In the present study, a Tetraparvovirus ungulate 1 (formerly known as bovine hokovirus) strain HNU-CBY-2023 was identified and characterized from diseased Chinese Simmental from Hunan province, China. The nearly complete genome of HNU-CBY-2023 is 5346 nt in size and showed genomic identities of 85-95.5% to the known Tetraparvovirus ungulate 1 strains from GenBank, indicating a rather genetic variation. Phylogenetic and genetic divergence analyses indicated that Tetraparvovirus ungulate 1 could be divided into two genotypes (I and II), and HNU-CBY-2023 was clustered into genotype II. This study, for the first time, identified Tetraparvovirus ungulate 1 from domestic cattle from mainland China, which will be helpful to understand the prevalence and genetic diversity of Tetraparvovirus ungulate 1.

Short beak and dwarfism syndrome among Pekin ducks: First detection, full genome sequencing, and immunohistochemical signals of novel goose parvovirus in tongue tissue.

Novel goose parvovirus (NGPV) is continuously threatening the global duck industry, as it causes short beak and dwarfism syndrome among different duck breeds. In this study, we investigated the viral pathogenesis in the tongue of affected ducks, as a new approach for deeper understanding of the syndrome. Seventy-three, 14- to 60-day-old commercial Pekin ducks were clinically examined. Thirty tissue pools of intestine and tongue (15 per tissue) were submitted for molecular identification. Clinical signs in the examined ducks were suggestive of parvovirus infection. All examined ducks had short beaks. Necrotic, swollen, and congested protruding tongues were recorded in adult ducks (37/73, 51%). Tongue protrusion without any marked congestion or swelling was observed in 20-day-old ducklings (13/73, 18%), and no tongue protrusion was observed in 15-day-old ducklings (23/73, 32%). Microscopically, the protruding tongues of adult ducks showed necrosis of the superficial epithelial layer with vacuolar degeneration. Glossitis was present in the nonprotruding tongues of young ducks, which was characterized by multifocal lymphoplasmacytic aggregates and edema in the propria submucosa. Immunohistochemical examination displayed parvovirus immunolabeling, mainly in the tongue propria submucosa. Based on polymerase chain reaction, goose parvovirus was detected in 9 out of 15 tongue sample pools (60%). Next-generation sequencing confirmed the presence of a variant goose parvovirus that is globally named NGPV and closely related to Chinese NGPV isolates. Novel insights are being gained from the study of NGPV pathogenesis in the tongue based on molecular and immunohistochemical identification.

First investigation of the prevalence of parvoviruses in slaughterhouse pigs and genomic characterization of ungulate copiparvovirus 2 in Vietnam.

Ungulate protoparvovirus 1, also known as porcine parvovirus 1 (PPV1), is considered to be one of the major causes of reproductive failure in pig breeding herds. Other parvoviruses have also been identified in pigs, including ungulate tetraparvovirus 3, or PPV2, ungulate tetraparvovirus 2, or PPV3, and ungulate copiparvovirus 2, or PPV4, but their significance for pigs is unknown. In the present study, the prevalence of PPV1-4 was investigated using a total of 231 lung and serum samples collected from slaughterhouses in 13 provinces throughout Vietnam. The overall prevalence was 54.5% (126/231) for PPV1, 28.0% (65/231) for PPV2, 17.7% (41/231) for PPV3, and 7.8% (18/231) for PPV4. While PPV1 and PPV2 were found in 11 provinces, PPV4 was detected in only three provinces. Co-circulation of PPV1, PPV2 and PPV3 was frequently observed, with PPV1/PPV2 coinfection predominating, with 20.8% (48/231). All four PPVs were detected together in only one sample from Thua Thien Hue. Three nearly complete PPV4 genome sequences of 5,453 nt were determined and deposited in the GenBank database. Alignment and comparison of the three genome sequences showed 99.5-99.6% nucleotide sequence identity, and the deduced amino acid sequences of open reading frames 1-3 were 99.6-99.9% identical to each other, 98.9-99.3% identical to those of other Vietnamese strains and 99.4-99.7% identical to those of Chinese strains). Phylogenetic analysis further confirmed a close relationship between Vietnamese and Chinese PPV4 strains. These results are the first to report the prevalence of PPV1, PPV2, PPV3, and PPV4 and nearly complete genomic sequences of PPV4 in pigs from slaughterhouses in Vietnam.

Molecular survey of selected viral pathogens in wild leopard cats (Prionailurus bengalensis) in Taiwan with an emphasis on the spatial and temporal dynamics of carnivore protoparvovirus 1.

The leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) was listed as an endangered species under the Wildlife Conservation Act in Taiwan in 2009. However, no study has evaluated the possible direct or indirect effects of pathogens on the Taiwanese leopard cat population. Here, we targeted viral pathogens, including carnivore protoparvovirus 1 (genus Protoparvovirus), feline leukemia virus (FeLV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), coronaviruses (CoVs), and canine distemper virus (CDV), through molecular screening. The spatial and temporal dynamics of the target pathogens were evaluated. Through sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, we clarified the phylogenetic relationship of viral pathogens isolated from leopard cats and domestic carnivores. Samples from 23 live-trapped leopard cats and 29 that were found dead were collected from 2015 to 2019 in Miaoli County in northwestern Taiwan. Protoparvoviruses and CoVs were detected in leopard cats, and their prevalence (95% confidence interval) was 63.5% (50.4%-76.6%) and 8.8% (0%-18.4%), respectively. Most of the protoparvovirus sequences amplified from Taiwanese leopard cats and domestic carnivores were identical. All of the CoV sequences amplified from leopard cats were identified as feline CoV. No spatial or temporal aggregation of protoparvovirus infection in leopard cats was found in the sampling area, indicating a wide distribution of protoparvoviruses in the leopard cat habitat. We consider sympatric domestic carnivores to be the probable primary reservoir for the identified pathogens. We strongly recommend management of protoparvoviruses and feline CoV in the leopard cat habitat, particularly vaccination programs and population control measures for free-roaming dogs and cats.

Simultaneous detection of duck circovirus and novel goose parvovirus via SYBR green I-based duplex real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis.

Beak atrophy and dwarfism syndrome (BADS) is commonly caused by co-infection with duck circovirus (DuCV) and novel goose parvovirus (NGPV). Therefore, concurrent detection of both viruses is important for monitoring and limiting BADS, although such a diagnostic test has not been reported. In this study, we developed a duplex, SYBR Green I-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to enable the simultaneous detection of DuCV and NGPV. The assay readily distinguished between the two viruses, based on their different melting temperatures (Tm), where the Tm for DuCV was 80 °C and that for NGPV was 84.5 °C. Other non-target duck viruses that were tested did not show melting peaks. The detection limit of the duplex assay was 101 copies/µL for both viruses. This method exhibited high repeatability and reproducibility, and both the inter-assay and intra-assay variation coefficients were <1.6%. Thirty-one fecal samples were collected for clinical testing using real-time PCR analysis, and the results were confirmed using sequencing. The rate of co-infection was 6.5%, which was consistent with the sequencing results. This duplex real-time PCR assay offers advantages over other tests, such as rapid, sensitive, specific, and reliable detection of both viruses in a single sample, which enables the quantitative detection of DuCV and NGPV in clinical samples. Using this test may be instrumental in reducing the incidence of BADS and the associated economic losses in the duck and goose industries.

Simultaneous differentiation and diagnosis of goose parvovirus and astrovirus in clinical samples with duplex SYBR Green I real-time PCR.

Two pairs of primers were designed to bind conserved genomic regions of goose parvovirus (GPV) and goose astrovirus (GAstV) to establish a simple, sensitive, and highly specific duplex quantitative PCR (qPCR) method to simultaneously detect the two viruses. The duplex qPCR can distinguish GPV (melting point: 82.1 °C) and GAstV (melting point: 79.8 °C) by the peaks of their individual melting curves. Mixed testing with other waterfowl viruses produced no nonspecific peaks. The established standard curves showed good linear relationships (R2 > 0.997) and the limits of detection (LOD) for GPV and GAstV were 5.74 × 101 and 6.58 × 101 copies/µL, respectively. Both intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were <2%, indicating that the method has good repeatability. Twenty tissue samples from diseased geese were examined with the duplex qPCR assay and conventional PCR. Duplex qPCR showed positive rates of 25% for GPV and 45% for GAstV, and the positive rate for GPV and GAstV coinfection was 15%, slightly higher than the results for conventional PCR. These results indicated that this duplex qPCR method is highly sensitive, specific, and reproducible, and is suitable for epidemiological studies to effectively control the transmission of GPV and GAstV.

Isolation and characterization of a recombinant Muscovy duck parvovirus circulating in Muscovy ducks in South China.

In 2019, flocks of Muscovy ducks presented with clinical signs typical of MDPV infection. The MDPV GD201911 strain was isolated by inoculating samples from positive birds into Muscovy duck embryos. Challenge with the isolate GD201911 caused typical MDPV disease symptoms and resulted in 25%-40% mortality, depending on the challenge dose, indicating the high pathogenicity of GD201911 for Muscovy ducks. Genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that GD201911 clustered with recombinant MDPV strains, indicating that recombinant MDPV is circulating in China. Epidemiological monitoring should be performed continuously to assist with decision making for disease control.

Identification of a novel bovine copiparvovirus in pooled fetal bovine serum.

A novel parvovirus was identified as a cell culture contaminant by metagenomic analysis. Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) was used to determine viral loads in the cell culture supernatant and further analysis, by ddPCR and DNA sequencing, demonstrated that fetal bovine serum (FBS) used during cell culture was the source of the parvovirus contamination. The FBS contained ~ 50,000 copies of the novel parvovirus DNA per ml of serum. The viral DNA was resistant to DNAse digestion. Near-full length sequence of the novel parvovirus was determined. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that virus belongs to the Copiparvovirus genus, being most closely related to bovine parvovirus 2 (BPV2) with 41% identity with the non-structural protein NS1 and 47% identity with the virus capsid protein of BPV2. A screen of individual and pooled bovine sera identified a closely related variant of the novel virus in a second serum pool. For classification purposes, the novel virus has been designated bovine copiparvovirus species 3 isolate JB9 (bocopivirus 3-JB9).

Identification of a common conserved neutralizing linear B-cell epitope in the VP3 protein of waterfowl parvoviruses.

Waterfowl parvoviruses (WPVs) including goose parvovirus (GPV), novel GPV-related virus (NGPV) and Muscovy duck parvovirus (MDPV) cause significant economic losses and epizootic threat to the waterfowl industries, and little is known about the B-cell epitopes of WPVs. In this study, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) 5B5 against the VP3 protein of NGPV was used to identify the possible epitope in the three kinds of WPVs. The mAb 5B5 had neutralizing activities to the three viruses, and reacted with the conserved linear B-cell epitopes of 438LHNPPP443 in VP3 protein of GPV, NGPV and MDPV. To the authors' best knowledge, this is the first report on identification of the common conserved neutralizing linear B-cell epitope on VP3 protein of three different WPVs, which would facilitate the development of a novel immunodiagnostic assay for rapid detection of WPV infection.

First detection and genetic characterization of ungulate tetraparvovirus 2 and ungulate tetraparvovirus 4 in special livestock on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China.

Tetraparvovirus, formerly known as Partetravirus, is a newly discovered genus in the family Parvoviridae that is considered phylogenetically distinct from other parvoviruses. However, nothing is known about the prevalence of Tetraparvovirus in special livestock living on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China, such as Tibetan pigs and Tibetan sheep. A pair of special primers was designed based on the conserved regions in the genome of ungulate tetraparvovirus 2 (P-PARV4) and ungulate tetraparvovirus 4 (O-PARV4) and was used to detect P-PARV4 in domestic pigs and Tibetan pigs and O-PARV4 in ovines and Tibetan sheep. The results showed a 15.59 and 9.38% prevalence of P-PARV4 in domestic pigs (18.96% in Gansu Province and 11.76% in Qinghai Province) and Tibetan pigs (14.28% in Gansu Province and 4.44% in Qinghai Province), respectively, and a 7.31 and 5.20% prevalence of O-PARV4 in ovines (6.61% in Gansu Province and 8.00% in Qinghai Province) and Tibetan sheep (4.55% in Gansu Province and 5.50% in Qinghai Province), respectively. The prevalence of P-PARV4 was 14.76% (31/210) for ≤1-month-old pigs and 10.58% (20/189) for > 1-month-old pigs, and the positive rates of O-PARV4 were 7.65% (18/235) for ≤1-month-old sheep and 5.05% (11/218) for > 1-month-old sheep. The phylogenetic analysis of NS1, VP1, VP2 and the whole PARV4-related provirus genome demonstrated that both P-PARV4 and O-PARV4 sequences in this study were more closely related to the sequences of other strains discovered in the same genus of animals. The identity analyses for the full-length VP2 genomes of O-PARV4 revealed 98.84-100.00% sequence identity among the 7 strains and the previously reported strain, which was 98.60-99.28% for P-PARV4. In the present study, for the first time, we have provided comprehensive information regarding the widespread infection of P-PARV4 and O-PARV4 in special livestock on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China. Our present findings highlight the importance of epidemiologic surveillance to limit the spread of Tetraparvovirus in livestock at high altitudes in China.

A novel recombinant genome of minute virus of canines in China.

In this study, we determined almost all of the genome sequence of minute virus of canines (MVC) strain CDK47/2017 and performed phylogenetic analysis with this isolate and other MVC isolates. The genome of CDK47/2017 has the following characteristics: 1) The amino acid sequence of the NS1 protein is similar to that of the novel strain 15D009/KT241026.1, which has 17 identical amino acid changes and two identical amino acid insertions compared with other known MVC strains. These two strains clustered in a unique branch in an NSI-based phylogenetic tree. 2) Phylogenetic analysis based on the NP1 protein showed that strain CDK47/2017clustered in an independent branch with strains 15D009/KT241026.1 and HM-6/AB158475.1, both of which has 10 identical amino acid changes compared with other known MVC strains. 3) Eight unique amino acid substitutions of the CDK47/2017 capsid protein resulted in it forming a unique branch in the phylogenetic tree. 4) Recombination events were identified between the 3' end of the NS1 gene and 5' end of NP1 gene. Together, these characteristics suggest that strain CDK47/2017 represents a novel MVC strain that is distinct from all known MVC strains with sequences in the GenBank database. This contributes to a greater understanding of the genetic evolution of MVC.

Molecular evidence of goose-parvovirus-related abnormal molting in Pekin ducks.

Since January 2019, abnormal molting has been observed frequently in approximately 40-day-old Pekin ducks in China. To investigate the possible involvement of a virus, we tested the prevalence of duck circovirus (DuCV), goose hemorrhagic polyomavirus (GHPyV), and goose parvovirus (GPV) in 11 molt cases in two provinces. GPV was detected in all cases, particularly in all samples collected from the feather area. The complete genome sequences of three GPV strains were determined and found to have 52 nucleotide changes relative to GPVs associated with short beak and dwarfism syndrome of Pekin ducks. These data will enhance our understanding of GPV diversity and outcomes of GPV infection in Pekin ducks.

PARV4 found in wild chimpanzee faeces: an alternate route of transmission?

Human parvovirus 4 (PARV4, family Parvoviridae, genus Tetraparvovirus) displays puzzling features, such as uncertain clinical importance/significance, unclear routes of transmission, and discontinuous geographical distribution. The origin, or the general reservoir, of human PARV4 infection is unknown. We aimed to detect and characterize PARV4 virus in faecal samples collected from two wild chimpanzee populations and 19 species of captive non-human primates. We aimed to investigate these species as a potential reservoir and alternate route of transmission on the African continent. From almost 500 samples screened, a single wild Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii sample tested positive. Full genome analysis, as well as single ORF phylogenies, confirmed species-specific PARV4 infection.

Molecular detection of canine bufaviruses in wild canids.

Novel protoparvoviruses genetically related to human and non-human primate bufaviruses (BuVs) have been detected recently in respiratory and enteric specimens collected from dogs and cats. In this study, by molecular screening of archival collections of faecal samples from wolves and foxes, we detected BuVs with a rate of 17.1% (7/41) and 10.5% (9/86), respectively. Sequence analysis of a portion of the ORF2 gene region of nine positive samples showed that the viruses in these samples were closely related to BuVs (97.5-99.0% nucleotide sequence identity) found in domestic carnivores.

Identification and genomic analysis of two novel duck-origin GPV-related parvovirus in China.

BACKGROUND: Since early 2015, mule duck and Cherry Valley duck flocks have been suffering from short beak and dwarfism syndrome. This widely spreading infectious disease is characterized by growth retardation, smaller beak and tarsus with high morbidity and low mortality rate. For better understanding, we identified and characterized virus isolates named AH and GD from diseased Cherry Valley duck and mule duck flocks and investigated the damage caused by novel parvovirus-related virus (NGPV) to tissues and organs, including kidney, brain, pancreas, liver, spleen, bursa of fabricius and myocardial tissues. RESULTS: AH and GD isolates shared high nucleotide identity with goose parvovirus (GPV). Alignment studies of AH and GD isolates showed 94.5-99.2% identity with novel parvovirus-related virus (NGPV), 98.7-91.5% identity with GPV and 79.9-83.7% with muscovy duck parvovirus (MDPV). Compared with other NGPV, classical GPV and MDPV sequences, a four 14-nucleotide-pair insertion in GD isolate was found in left open reading frame (ORF) (87-100 nt and 350-363 nt) and in right ORF (4847-4861 nt and 5122-5135 nt). However, in AH isolate, a five 14-nucleotide-pair deletions similar to other NGPV were found. The complete genome sequence comparison of eleven NGPV isolates from mule ducks and cherry valley ducks revealed no remarkable difference between them. Notably, the myocardium and bursa of fabricius of both disease and healthy animals are perfectly normal while other tissues have inflammatory cells exudation. CONCLUSIONS: The AH and GD strains are novel parvovirus-related virus that isolates from mule ducks or cherry valley ducks which DNA sequence has no remarkable difference. The histopathology of tissues and organs such as kidney, brain etc. revealed non-significant changes in experimental and control animals. Overall, this study has contributed better understanding of molecular biology of NGPV strains and will help to develop the candidate strain for vaccine preparation to get better protection against these viral infections.

Growth characteristics of the novel goose parvovirus SD15 strain in vitro.

BACKGROUND: Short beak and dwarfism syndrome (SBDS) was caused by novel goose parvovirus (NGPV)--a variant of goose parvovirus (GPV). Ducks infected with NGPV shows clinical signs including growth retardation and protrusion of the tongue from an atrophied beak. SBDS outbreak was first reported at the northern coastal provinces of China during 2015 and it was again reported in Sichuan, an inland province of China in 2016. The disease caused a huge economic loss in Chinese duck feeding industry. RESULTS: The SD15 strain of NGPV was isolated from liver and intestinal tract tissue samples of infected ducks. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to estimate viral load in embryonated eggs and cells infected with adapted virus. The data showed that duck embryo fibroblasts (DEFs) were permissive to NGPV, while goose embryo fibroblasts (GEFs) cells were not, and the copy numbers of SD15 in the allantoic fluid of infected eggs remained at 105.0-106.5 copies/ml. The adaption procession of the virus was determined via qPCR, and viral proliferation was detected through indirect fluorescent antibody assay (IFA) in DEFs. It was further determined that viral copy numbers peaked at 96 h post-inoculation (hpi), which is the best time to harvest the virus in DEFs. Cytotoxic effects and cell death were observed at 72 hpi in SD15 infected DEFs, yet SD15 did not induce apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: The growth characteristics of SD15 strain of NGPV determined would be beneficial for further molecular characterization of these viruses and develop potential vaccines if required.

Specific detection and differentiation of classic goose parvovirus and novel goose parvovirus by TaqMan real-time PCR assay, coupled with host specificity.

BACKGROUND: Classic goose parvovirus (cGPV) causes high mortality and morbidity in goslings and Muscovy ducklings. Novel GPV (N-GPV) causes short beak and dwarfism syndrome (SBDS) in Cherry Valley ducks, Pekin ducks and Mule ducks. Both cGPV and N-GPV have relatively strict host specificity, with obvious differences in pathogenicity. Specific detection of cGPV and N-GPV may result in false positives due to high nucleotide similarity with Muscovy duck parvovirus (MDPV). The aim of this study was to develop a highly specific, sensitive, and reliable TaqMan real-time PCR (TaqMan qPCR) assay for facilitating the molecular detection of cGPV and N-GPV. RESULTS: After genetic comparison, the specific conserved region (located on the NS gene) of cGPV and N-GPV was selected for primer and probe design. The selected regions were significantly different from MDPV. Through a series of optimization experiments, the limit of detection was 50.2 copies/µl. The assay was highly specific for the detection of cGPV and N-GPV and no cross-reactivity was observed with E. coli., P.M., R.A., S.S., MDPV, N-MDPV, DAdV-A, DEV, GHPV, DHAV-1, DHAV-3, ATmV, AIV, MDRV and N-DRV. The assay was reproducible with an intra-assay and inter-assay variability of less than 2.37%. Combined with host specificity, the developed TaqMan qPCR can be used for cGPV and N-GPV in differential diagnoses. The frequency of cGPV in Muscovy duckling and goslings was determined to be 12 to 44%, while N-GPV frequency in Mule ducks and Cherry Valley ducks was 36 to 56%. Additionally, fluorescence-positive signals can be found in Mule duck embryos and newly hatched Mule ducklings. These findings provide evidence of possible vertical transmission of N-GPV from breeding Mule ducks to ducklings. CONCLUSIONS: We established a quantitative platform for epidemiological investigations and pathogenesis studies of cGPV and N-GPV DNA that was highly sensitive, specific, and reproducible. N-GPV and cGPV infections can be distinguished based on host specificity.

New Parvovirus Associated with Serum Hepatitis in Horses after Inoculation of Common Biological Product.

Equine serum hepatitis (i.e., Theiler's disease) is a serious and often life-threatening disease of unknown etiology that affects horses. A horse in Nebraska, USA, with serum hepatitis died 65 days after treatment with equine-origin tetanus antitoxin. We identified an unknown parvovirus in serum and liver of the dead horse and in the administered antitoxin. The equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H) shares <50% protein identity with its phylogenetic relatives of the genus Copiparvovirus. Next, we experimentally infected 2 horses using a tetanus antitoxin contaminated with EqPV-H. Viremia developed, the horses seroconverted, and acute hepatitis developed that was confirmed by clinical, biochemical, and histopathologic testing. We also determined that EqPV-H is an endemic infection because, in a cohort of 100 clinically normal adult horses, 13 were viremic and 15 were seropositive. We identified a new virus associated with equine serum hepatitis and confirmed its pathogenicity and transmissibility through contaminated biological products.

Development of a SYBR Green II Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Clinical Detection of the Duck-Origin Goose Parvovirus in China.

OBJECTIVE: To establish an efficient, convenient and quantitative method for the clinical detection of the duck-origin goose parvovirus. METHOD: In the present study, a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was established for detecting the duck-origin goose parvovirus using the fluorescent chimeric dye SYBR Green II. Specific primers were designed to target a highly conserved region of the VP3 gene of the duck-origin goose parvovirus. RESULTS: This method was able to detect a minimum of 19.6 copies/µL of viral genomic DNA. Results showed that this method was faster and had a higher sensitivity than the traditional PCR in the clinical specimen test. In this paper, we developed a rapid, sensitive detection and quantitative analysis technology for the duck-origin goose parvovirus by real-time PCR assay. CONCLUSION: This test provides improved technical support for studies regarding the clinical diagnosis and epidemiological investigations of the duck-origin goose parvovirus.