[Transposition of the cephalic vein in free flap breast reconstruction: Technical note]. / Déroutage de la veine céphalique dans la reconstruction mammaire par lambeaux libres : note technique.

Free flaps have become a reliable practice for breast reconstruction. However, the venous congestion is still the most frequent reason of flap failure. It is due to bad quality of the internal mammary veins, a preferential superficial venous outflow of the flap or due to venous thrombosis. The transposition of the cephalic vein could useful in some cases. We describe the surgical technique and suggest an intraoperative algorithm. Seventeen patients (15 DIEP and 2 PAP) were included. Twenty nine point four percent had an unusable internal mammary vein, 23.5% a preferential superficial venous outflow and 47.1% a venous thrombosis. The length of the cephalic vein dissected varied from 15 to 25cm. The mean time of dissection was 39min. There was no flap failure after cephalic vein transposition. The sequelae were one or two scars on the arm without any functional morbidity. The transposition of the cephalic vein is a reliable, less morbid alternative in case of bad quality internal mammary vein with a good quality internal mammary artery, in case of an additional venous outflow necessity or in case of venous thrombosis.

Usability of the middle temporal vein as a recipient vessel for free tissue transfer in skull-base reconstruction.

In skull-base reconstruction, finding appropriate recipient veins is difficult if the patient has undergone previous craniotomy or requires multiple drainage vessels, because of postoperative scarring and the limited number of veins in the temporal region. Therefore, we have used the middle temporal vein (MTV) to overcome these problems. We examined the presence and caliber of the MTV in 12 patients undergoing skull-base reconstruction. The MTV was identified in all cases and used for reconstruction, alone or with the superficial temporal vein (STV), in 8 patients without postoperative flap loss and was only measured in 4 patients. The caliber of the MTV was significantly greater than that of the STV, and there was no significant difference between the usage of the MTV and STV in the length of reconstruction time. Therefore, the MTV is of an appropriate caliber, and its use does not require complicated procedures as alternative recipient vessels.

Meningiomas engaging major venous sinuses.

BACKGROUND: Meningiomas with growth onto or into the major venous sinuses, that is, venous meningiomas, provide management problems regarding their radical removal and preservation of venous drainage. The relationship to venous structures often precludes radical surgery; the risk of recurrence and aggressive histology is greater for parasagittal meningiomas than in other locations. Older series reflect the conflict between radical surgery and subtotal removal followed by the "wait-and-scan" approach for the residual. This review summarizes our experience of a more contemporary series of venous meningiomas, after to the introduction of gamma-knife radiosurgery, for residual tumors and a long follow-up of 10 years. METHODS: Treatment, histopathology, and follow-up data of 100 consecutive patients undergoing surgery for venous meningiomas were prospectively collected. Gamma-knife surgery was considered as a direct postsurgical adjunct or as an adjunct after a period of radiological follow-up. The proliferation marker MIB-1 was prospectively analyzed. Two patients were lost to follow-up after 5 years, and 98 were followed until their death or a minimum of 10 years. RESULTS: The 6-month outcome was good-to-excellent in 94 patients; one patient died. Eighteen patients died within 10 years. Ten had aggressive or anaplastic meningiomas. In 10 years, tumor recurrence or progression was noted in 23 patients. One important reason was that only 42% of patients undergoing Simpson grade 1 removal had free resection margins at microscopic examination. Patients with Simpson grade 1 surgery had a recurrence rate of 10%. Patients with deliberate nonradical surgery (Simpson grade IV) had a tumor recurrence rate of 72%, whereas a combined treatment of direct gamma-knife radiosurgery after a tailored microsurgical resection (Simpson IV gamma) allowed return to a low recurrence rate of 10%. The tumor proliferation indices (MIB-1/Ki-67) were prognostically relevant for recurrence after either microsurgery or gamma-knife radiosurgery. CONCLUSION: Surgical microscopic radicality was unexpectedly difficult to achieve. Gamma-knife radiosurgery was a useful adjunct but only in patients with tumors of low proliferative index. It should probably be used as part of the initial surgical management. As expected, treatment results for these patients seem to have improved during the last decades but recurrence and malignancy remained a problem, which is not always solved by repeated radiosurgery.

The creation of a scalp A.V fistula followed by an STA-MCA vein graft bypass: a case report.

A thirty-two-year-old male developed multiple neurologic symptoms. Medical evaluation disclosed hypertension, obesity, and a type IV hyperlipoprotein electrophoresis. A nuclear cerebral arteriogram showed reduced flow in the right middle cerebral artery. Arteriographic examination revealed an occlusion at the origin of this artery. The ipsilateral superficial temporal artery was too small to be used in an EC-IC bypass procedure. To correct these conditions, a two-stage procedure was performed. First, an arteriovenous fistula was created between the superficial temporal artery and its accompanying vein. Second, four and one-half months later, the temporal vein, which had by then enlarged, was resected and grafted from the proximal superficial temporal artery to the right angular artery. Angiography three months after the latter procedure showed that the anastomosis was patent.