Differential Pricing of Pharmaceuticals: Theory, Evidence and Emerging Issues.
Pharmacoeconomics
; 36(12): 1395-1405, 2018 12.
Article
en En
| MEDLINE
| ID: mdl-30062518
ABSTRACT
Differential pricing-manufacturers varying prices for on-patent pharmaceuticals across markets-can, in theory, lead to increased patient access and improved research and development (R&D) incentives compared with charging a uniform price across markets. Theoretical models of price discrimination and Ramsey pricing support differentials based inversely on price elasticities, which are plausibly related to average per capita income. However, these models do not address absolute price levels and dynamic efficiency. Value-based differential pricing theory incorporates insurance coverage and addresses static and dynamic efficiency. Limited empirical evidence indicates a weak positive relationship between prices and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. External referencing and parallel trade undermine differential pricing. We discuss previously neglected factors that undermine differential pricing in practice. High price growth relative to GDP in the USA leads to widening differentials between the USA and other countries. Concerns over the effects of confidential rebating challenges acceptance of this approach to implementing price differentials. The growth of branded generics in low- and middle-income countries leads to complex markets with product and price differentiation.
Texto completo:
1
Colección:
01-internacional
Banco de datos:
MEDLINE
Asunto principal:
Preparaciones Farmacéuticas
/
Costos de los Medicamentos
/
Industria Farmacéutica
/
Modelos Teóricos
Tipo de estudio:
Health_economic_evaluation
/
Prognostic_studies
Límite:
Humans
Idioma:
En
Revista:
Pharmacoeconomics
Asunto de la revista:
FARMACOLOGIA
/
TERAPIA POR MEDICAMENTOS
Año:
2018
Tipo del documento:
Article
País de afiliación:
Estados Unidos