Carotid body contribution to the physio-pathological consequences of intermittent hypoxia: role of nitro-oxidative stress and inflammation.

ABSTRACT

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), characterized by chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), is considered to be an independent risk for hypertension. The pathological cardiorespiratory consequences of OSA have been attributed to systemic oxidative stress, inflammation and sympathetic overflow induced by CIH, but an emerging body of evidence indicates that a nitro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory milieu within the carotid body (CB) is involved in the potentiation of CB chemosensory responses to hypoxia, which contribute to enhance the sympathetic activity. Accordingly, autonomic and cardiovascular alterations induced by CIH are critically dependent on an abnormally heightened CB chemosensory input to the nucleus of tractus solitarius (NTS), where second-order neurons project onto the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), activating pre-sympathetic neurons that control pre-ganglionic sympathetic neurons. CIH produces oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the NTS and RVLM, which may contribute to the long-term irreversibility of the CIH-induced alterations. This brief review is mainly focused on the contribution of nitro-oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory molecules on the hyperactivation of the hypoxic chemoreflex pathway including the CB and the brainstem centres, and whether the persistence of autonomic and cardiorespiratory alterations may depend on the glial-related neuroinflammation induced by the enhanced CB chemosensory afferent input.