l-Cysteine and barium titanate co-modified enteromorpha biochar as effective peroxymonosulfate activator for atrazine treatment.

ABSTRACT

In this study, pyrolysis and hydrothermal methods were used for Enteromorpha biochar that was co-modified with l-cysteine and barium titanate (LBCBa). It has great environmental tolerance and can remove 93.0 % of atrazine (ATZ, 10 mg·L-1) within 60 mins of ultrasonic treatment. The enhanced hydrophilicity, electron-donating capability, and piezoelectricity of LBCBa are considered to induce excellent performance. The apparent reaction rate of the LBCBa-2/PMS/ATZ system with ultrasonic was 2.87 times that without ultrasonic. The density functional theory points out that, introducing l-cysteine to carbon edges improves the adsorption of ATZ and peroxymonosulfate (PMS), making PMS easier to activate. This work offered unique insights for fabricating effective catalysts and demonstrated the combination of hydrophilic functional groups and piezoelectricity in improving catalytic performance and stability.