Impact of diabetes on COVID-19 and glucocorticoids on patients with COVID-19 and diabetes during the Omicron variant epidemic: a multicenter retrospective cohort study in South China.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: To explore the impact of diabetes on the clinical features and prognosis of COVID-19 and assess the influence of glucocorticoid use on the prognosis of patients with COVID-19 and diabetes. METHODS: This retrospective multicenter cohort study included patients admitted between December 2022 and January 2023. The patients were grouped according to diabetes and glucocorticoid use. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: Among 400 patients with glucocorticoid data, 109 (27.3%) had diabetes. The inflammatory cytokines were higher in patients with diabetes, manifested by higher IL-6 (25.33 vs. 11.29 ng/L, p = 0.011), CRP (26.55 vs. 8.62 mg/L, p = 0.003), and PCT (0.07 vs. 0.04 ng/ml, p = 0.010), while CD4+ (319 vs. 506 /mL, p = 0.004) and CD8+ (141 vs. 261 /mL, p < 0.001) T lymphocytes were lower. The overall mortality rate of hospitalized COVID-19 patients with diabetes was 13.46%. The diabetic patients who received glucocorticoids vs. those who did not receive glucocorticoids had a similar mortality (15.00% vs. 11.39%, p = 0.591). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with COVID-19 and diabetes are more likely to experience hyperinflammatory response and T cell reduction, especially those with severe/critical disease. Glucocorticoid use was not associated with the prognosis of COVID-19 in patients with diabetes. Still, glucocorticoids should be used cautiously in diabetic patients with severe/critical COVID-19.