A Validated "Pool and Split" Approach to Screening and Optimization of Copper-Catalyzed C-N Cross-Coupling Reactions.

ABSTRACT

A general method for the quick identification of effective catalytic systems for copper-catalyzed C-N cross-couplings is described. This is based on evaluating mixtures of copper sources, ancillary ligands, and bases in different solvents followed by two deconvolution procedures, which aim at identifying the most proper reagent combination in only three distinct steps. Despite being a high-throughput approach in nature, the proposed method utilizes only frugal technological platforms such as 24-well microplates while offering a screening efficiency-the number of executed experiments vs the total number of possible experiments-higher than 95%. To facilitate visualization and mining of the high-throughput experimentation (HTE) data, Visual Basic scripts have been developed, which allow streamlining the extraction of raw HPLC data into TIBCO Spotfire for the graphical display in the form of pie charts. The unique capabilities of this "pool and split" approach have been demonstrated by applying it to literature known cross-coupling reactions. In every case, the described experimental setup was validated by retrieving the original literature conditions in addition to exposing several additional solutions with a minimum number of parallel experiments. Finally, examples are provided for the successful application of this HTE screening workflow to internal projects.