Effect of a standardized fluid management algorithm on acute kidney injury and mortality in pediatric patients on extracorporeal support.

ABSTRACT

Acute kidney injury (AKI), fluid overload (FO), and mortality are common in pediatric patients supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). The aim of this study is to evaluate if using a fluid management algorithm reduced AKI and mortality in children supported by ECMO. We performed a retrospective study of pediatric patients aged birth to 25 years requiring ECMO at a quaternary level children's hospital from 2007 to 2019 In October 2017, a fluid management algorithm was implemented for protocolized fluid removal after deriving a daily fluid goal using a combination of diuretics and ultrafiltration. Daily algorithm compliance was defined as ≥ 12 h on the algorithm each day. The primary and secondary outcomes were AKI and mortality, respectively, and were assessed in the entire cohort and the sub-analysis of children from the era in which the algorithm was implemented. Two hundred and ninety-nine (median age 5.3 months; IQR 0.2, 62.3; 45% male) children required ECMO (venoarterial in 85%). The fluid algorithm was applied in 74 patients. The overall AKI rate during ECMO was 38% (26% severe-stage 2/3). Both AKI incidence and mortality were significantly lower in patients managed on the algorithm (p = 0.02 and p = 0.05). After adjusting for confounders, utilization of the algorithm was associated with lower odds of AKI (aOR 0.40, 95%CI 0.21, 0.76; p = 0.005) but was not associated with a reduction in mortality. In the sub-analysis, algorithm compliance of 80-100% was associated with a 54% reduction in mortality (ref < 60% compliant; aOR0.46, 95%CI0.22-1.00; p = 0.05).  Conclusion: Among the entire cohort, the use of a fluid management algorithm reduced the odds of AKI. Better compliance on the algorithm was associated with lower mortality. Multicenter studies that implement systematic fluid removal may represent an opportunity for improving ECMO-related outcomes. What is Known • Acute kidney injury and fluid overload are associated with morbidity and mortality in children supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. What is New • A systematic and protocolized approach to fluid removal in children supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation reduces acute kidney injury incidence. • Greater adherence to a protocolized fluid removal algorithm is associated with a reduction in mortality.