Computer models of cell polarity establishment in plants.

ABSTRACT

Plant development is a complex task, and many processes involve changes in the asymmetric subcellular distribution of cell components that strongly depend on cell polarity. Cell polarity regulates anisotropic growth and polar localization of membrane proteins and helps to identify the cell's position relative to its neighbors within an organ. Cell polarity is critical in a variety of plant developmental processes, including embryogenesis, cell division, and response to external stimuli. The most conspicuous downstream effect of cell polarity is the polar transport of the phytohormone auxin, which is the only known hormone transported in a polar fashion in and out of cells by specialized exporters and importers. The biological processes behind the establishment of cell polarity are still unknown, and researchers have proposed several models that have been tested using computer simulations. The evolution of computer models has progressed in tandem with scientific discoveries, which have highlighted the importance of genetic, chemical, and mechanical input in determining cell polarity and regulating polarity-dependent processes such as anisotropic growth, protein subcellular localization, and the development of organ shapes. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of computer models of cell polarity establishment in plants, focusing on the molecular and cellular mechanisms, the proteins involved, and the current state of the field.