Poisonings in ruminants by Cenostigma pyramidale (Tul.) Gagnon & G.P.Lewis (Fabaceae): A mini-review of teratogenic potential and phytochemical evidence.

ABSTRACT

Teratogenic plants can be found in pastures in different parts of the world and represent a threat to the reproduction of ruminants. In the northeast region of Brazil, several studies have indicated that Cenostigma pyramidale (Tul.) Gagnon & G.P.Lewis is one of the main poisonous plants that causes reproductive problems in sheep and goats. In this context, the present study reviewed spontaneous and experimental poisonings reports by C. pyramidale in sheep and goats, as well as analyzing the phytochemical evidence related to this species. The scientific documents were retrieved from different databases and, after applying the selection criteria, a total of 16 articles published between 2000 and 2024 were included in this review. Cenostigma pyramidale causes embryonic loss, abortion, and congenital malformations in pregnant sheep and goats in the Brazilian semi-arid region. The main malformations observed in newborn animals are arthrogryposis, scoliosis, micrognathia, multiple skull deformities, cleft palate, and brachygnathism. Many secondary metabolites have already been isolated from C. pyramidale, however, to date, no evidence has been found regarding the possible teratogenic compounds that occur in this plant. From this perspective, new phytochemical studies are necessary to help unravel the mechanisms of action of embryotoxic agents from C. pyramidale.