A new suggestion to marine gold extraction: Utilizing reduced graphene oxide membranes within seawater desalination processes.

ABSTRACT

Traditional mining practices not only cause severe environmental issues, but also face the problem of insufficient production capacity of gold to meet its growing demand. The proposed alternative strategies for gold production, such as the extraction of gold from seawater, still keep a formidable challenge due to their strong dependence on adsorbent materials with high capacity, selectivity, and sensitivity, while also needing to meet the demands of being environmentally friendly and cost-effective. In practice, the direct extraction of gold from seawater is limited by its extremely low yield and high energy expenditure. However, if the combination of gold extraction techniques with seawater desalination can substantially reduce the energy consumption, the extraction of gold from seawater will become economical and feasible. In this paper, we evaluate the feasibility of marine gold extraction using reduced graphene oxide membranes (rGOM) during the seawater desalination process. The rGOM can adsorb almost all Au3+ from the solutions with trace concentrations of Au3+ ranging from 10 ppb to 200 ppb. The adsorption quantity is linearly related to the concentration, indicating that the adsorption capacity of rGOM is much higher than the total amount of Au3+ in the solution. Additionally, the rGOM can selectively adsorb 99 % of Au3+ in the mixed solution while hardly adsorbing other common elements in seawater. More importantly, the rGOM exhibits the long-term stability over 30 days when being immersed in the solution, making it directly compatible with the existing seawater desalination processes. These specific properties allow the rGOM to be an ideal candidate for combining the extraction of gold from seawater with seawater desalination processes. Our findings provide a methodology for enhancing the economic efficiency of the extraction of gold from seawater and hold promise for addressing the problem of gold scarcity.