Do tumor localization, microsatellite instability and mismatch repair deficiency have an impact on the prognosis of colorectal cancer?

BACKGROUND: Recent reports have shown that left-and right-sided colon cancers display different clinical and biological features. Chromosomal instability, epigenetic alterations, and defects in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) mismatch repair (MMR) system may lead to the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). Besides microsatellite instability (MSI) caused by DNA MMR activity degradation increases the risk for CRC. AIM: We aimed to show the differences between CRCs in different locations, to research the cause of these differences, to present whether there is a relation between MMR and MSI, and to evaluate their effects on prognosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 641 CRC cases were divided into three groups: Group 1 (right-sided), Group 2 (left-sided), and Group 3 (rectum). Demographics, cancer stages, location of the tumors, number of the lymph nodes removed, MMR deficiency or proficiency, MSI status, and survival were assessed by retrospective review of the patients. RESULTS: Among 641 patients, 64.9% were males. Group 1, 2, and 3 comprised 31.2%, 45.7%, and 23.1% of all the cases, respectively. There was a significant difference in terms of survival and location only in stage II tumors. Stage II left colon cancer (LCCs) had a statistically significant lower survival rate. There was no significant difference in survival between both MSI and MMR statuses. In addition, cases were also stratified by stages. According to this data, 10.1, 45.7, and 44.2% of the patients had stages I, II, and III disease, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Although it was not statistically significant, tumors with MMR deficiency (dMMR) and high microsatellite instability (MSI-H) are more common in right-sided colon tumors.

House advancement flap anoplasty for severe post-hemorrhoidectomy anal stenosis.

Anal stenosis (AS), which is a very rare but serious complication, usually develops after hemorrhoidectomy. It may be mild, moderate or severe depending on the grade of stenosis. While mild and moderate types can be monitored with conservative treatment, most of the severe type require advancement flap anoplasty. There are several commonly used flap types such as Y-V, diamond and house-type flaps, but the best results belong to house-type flaps. In this paper, we aimed to present a case of severe post-hemorrhoidectomy AS, in which we performed house advancement flap anoplasty, with its video demonstrating the procedure step by step.

Comparative efficacy of medical treatment versus surgical sphincterotomy in the treatment of chronic anal fissure.

BACKGROUND: Anal fissure which is defined as a longitudinal tear in anoderm below the dentate line is one of the most common benign diseases of anorectal area. Severe pain during the defecation and emotional stress that it causes may reduce people's quality of life. AIMS: In this randomized clinical trial, we aimed to compare the efficiency of the topical ointment with medical treatment and surgical lateral internal sphincterotomy. METHOD: This is a randomized clinical trial of 550 patients who were treated for chronic anal fissure. Patients were randomly divided into 4 groups according to the treatment type they received. RESULTS: In a vast majority of the patients, the primary complaint was pain (92.3%) and bleeding during defecation (62%). Both pain relief and healing of the fissure, which are the components of response to treatment, had not been observed in 56 (37.3%) patients of topical nitroglycerin ointment group until the second month. Among the recalcitrant patients in both topical nitroglycerin (56) and topical diltiazem ointment (47) groups, 27 (48.2%), and 36 (76.5%) patients underwent surgery, respectively. The best response to treatment was also obtained in lateral internal sphincterotomy group. CONCLUSION: LIS is still the gold standard for the treatment of chronic anal fissure when the physicians would like to avoid recurrence and obtain the best pain relief.

Predicting permeability of compacted clay filtrated with landfill leachate by k-Nearest Neighbors modelling method.

It is important to protect the soil and groundwater from the pollution originating from leachate. Compacted clay soils is a favorable and economic method to protect groundwater and soil against contamination. In this study, compaction tests of leachate was done by using Modified Proctor method. The effects of microbial activity on the permeability of compacted clay soils were analyzed and the obtained data were applied to k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN) method to predict the permeability of soils in landfill sites. k-NN method, which is a non-parametric distance-based machine learning method and widely used in classification and regression problems was applied to model the relationship between the microorganisms and the permeability. By using k-NN classification method, total heterotrophic bacteria and fungi microorganisms correctly classified the permeability variance as 78.59% and 77.31% success rate, respectively. Also, k-NN modelling was set on regression mode to predict permeability value and produced similar success rates in regression similarity with the actual value. Although, fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci microorganisms had neutral or negative contribution on analyses. For prediction accuracy and regression analysis, the k-NN method was considered for modeling the data. The results of the k-Nearest Neighbors method proved that it is a promising tool for predicting permeability of compacted clay by using microbial activity.

Coeliac trunk and common hepatic artery variations in children: an analysis with computed tomography angiography.

BACKGROUND: Understanding the coeliac trunk (CeT) and hepatic artery anatomy is important not only in preventing iatrogenic injuries but also in planning surgical procedures in children. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyse the prevalence of CeT and common hepatic artery (CHA) variations in the paediatric population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and seventy-four children who underwent abdominal multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) angiography, either because of trauma or liver transplantation, were analysed retrospectively. The patterns of CeT, CHA and their variant branches were revealed and compared with previous studies involving adults. RESULTS: A total of 157 (90.2%) of the 174 patients had normal CeT anatomy, whereas 17 (9.8%) had variations. Five types of CeT variations were identified according to Song's classification in which 'hepatosplenic trunk + left gastric artery + superior mesenteric artery' was the most prevalent. One hundred-twelve (64.4%) of the 174 patients had normal CHA anatomy; however, 62 (35.6%) had variations. Six types of CHA variations were identified according to Michel's and Hiatt's classification. The most common was 'replaced left hepatic artery originating from left gastric artery'. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalences of CeT and hepatic artery variations are high in children, as they are in older patients. Awareness of these variations is important in terms of avoiding iatrogenic injury and in promoting surgical procedure planning for liver transplantation or abdominal tumour surgery.

Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of juglone encapsulated PLGA nanoparticles.

AIMS: The aim of the study was to examine the effect of different process parameters which including; initial juglone amount, initial poly(d,l-lactide co-glycolide) amount, polyvinyl alcohol volume and polyvinyl alcohol concentration on encapsulation of juglone to poly(d,l-lactide co-glycolide) nanoparticles. METHODS AND RESULTS: The synthesized nanoparticle formulations were analyzed for reaction yield, encapsulation efficiency, particle size, polydispersity, zeta potential and juglone release. In conjunction with the highest encapsulation rate, the highest amount of juglone release was obtained for F4 formulation, which has 281·8 nm particle size, 0·217 polydispersity index, and -19·55 mV zeta potential. After the detailed physicochemical characterization of this formulation, the four different kinetic models were used and it was found that juglone release mechanism controlled by Fickian diffusion method. According to antimicrobial activity results, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of both F4 and free juglone is higher for Gram negative bacteria than Gram positive bacteria. Inhibition zone diameters in the quantitative methods are found 15 and 16 mm for Staphylococcus aureus, 9 and 7 mm for Bacillus cereus, respectively, for F4 and free juglone. Moreover, the MIC values for qualitative methods were found 31·5 µg ml-1 for two bacteria strains. CONCLUSIONS: It was found that the antibacterial activity of the juglone nanoparticles was higher and longer than the free juglone. Additionally, a similar antimicrobial effect with a lower juglone amount (obtained from controlled release study) indicates that nanoparticle formulation is more effective. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The use of nanoparticle formulations of juglone in biological systems and applications could be more beneficial than its free form due to its toxicity.

THE USEFULNESS OF MONITORING THE NEUTROPHIL TO LYMPHOCYTE RATIO IN PATIENTS WITH PERIPHERAL VERTIGO.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in a differential diagnosis and follow-up of patients with peripheral vertigo. Twenty patients with benign positional paroxysmal vertigo (BPPV) and 20 patients diagnosed with vestibular neuritis (VN) were included in the study. Serum samples were analysed at the initial presentation and on the seventh day of admission retrospectively. The WBC (white blood cell) count was 10500±2100 /mm3, the neutrophil count was 4700±1100/mm3, the lymphocyte count was 5000±1200/mm3 and the NLR was 0.9±0.2 in the VN group. In patients with BPPV, the WBC count was 9200±1300/mm3, the neutrophil count was 5200±1200/mm3, the lymphocyte count was 3100±1200/mm3 and the NLR was 1.9±0.9. The NLR was lower in patients with VN than in patients diagnosed with BPPV. The WBC and lymphocyte count was significantly higher in the patients with VN than in the patients diagnosed with BPPV. Within the first week of admission, the WBC and lymphocyte counts in patients with VN decreased, and the NLR was more elevated than at the admission. It is highly recommended that NLR is used in the diagnosis and follow-up of the most commonly observed aetiological factors of peripheral vertigo, BPPV and VN.

Volumetric evaluation of fat in the renal sinus in normal subjects using stereological method on computed tomography images and its relationship with body composition.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was: to describe a simple, accurate and practical technique for estimating the volume of adipose tissue within the renal sinus (RS) using stereological method on computed tomography (CT) images; to establish a population database for volume of fat within the RS from 21 to 80 years of age; to investigate the effect of age, gender, body mass index (BMI) and abdominal diameters on RS fat volume in normal subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed abdominal CT examinations of 240 patients without renal pathology between the ages of 21 and 80 years. There were 6 groups of patients, with 40 patients for each decade. RESULTS: RS fat volumes in the left and right kidney were 5.70 ± 2.87 cm³ and 4.15 ± 2.39 cm³, respectively, in males and 3.51 ± 2.67 cm³ and 2.49 ± 2.16 cm³, respectively, in females. RS fat volume and age were positively correlated for both kidneys (left: r = 0.46; right: r = 0.44; p < 0.001, both), though it appeared to decline after age 70. CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative data may allow clinicians to better estimate the age-related RS fat volume changes and help them in decision making.

Arterial blood gas analysis predicts futile recanalization in mechanical thrombectomy-treated acute ischemic stroke patients: a multicenter study.

OBJECTIVE: It is known that providing recanalization alone in large vessel occlusions is not sufficient to provide a good 90-day clinical outcome. It is advocated that neuroprotection should be increased before endovascular treatment and that the penumbra should be protected from reperfusion damage after recanalization. However, the effects of blood gas parameters before and after mechanical thrombectomy on clinical outcomes are not clear. The objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of serial blood gas measures in accurately predicting futile recanalization at an early stage. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study is a multicenter inquiry that collected data in a prospective manner and analyzed it retrospectively. Patients with a 2b-3 thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (TICI) score after mechanical thrombectomy for recanalization were consecutively analyzed from July 2022 to March 2023. Arterial blood gas parameters, including pH, oxygen saturation (SaO2), partial carbon dioxide pressure (PaCO2), partial oxygen pressure (PaO2), lactate, and bicarbonate (HCO3), were measured at four time points: before mechanical thrombectomy treatment (preoperative), immediately after recanalization (postoperative 1st), during the 3rd hour (postoperative 3rd), and at the 5th hour (postoperative 5th). The patients were categorized into groups based on their modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores. RESULTS: The study included 136 patients with an average age of 69.71±11.22. The postoperative 1st-hour SaO2 values were lower in the mRS 3-6 group (p=0.038). The postoperative pH and lactate mean were greater in the mRS 3-6 group than in the 0-2 group (p=0.038 and 0.018, respectively). In logistic regression, a unit rise in lactate increased poor functional outcomes 1,632 times (p=0.024). Early neurological recovery was associated with decreased postoperative 3rd-hour lactate (p=0.014). The mean postoperative PaO2 (average of 1, 2, 3 PaO2) was higher in those with symptomatic cerebral bleeding (p=0.044). CONCLUSIONS: Monitoring lactate and pH levels in AIS patients who have had mechanical recanalization can be utilized to predict mortality and morbidity, especially in the first five hours after the procedure. Graphical Abstract: https://www.europeanreview.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/Graphical-abstract-8.jpg.

The relationship between albumin and its proportion to other markers in predicting mortality in severe COVID-19 patients.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between albumin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN)/albumin ratio (BAR), D-dimer/albumin ratio (DAR), C-reactive protein (CRP)/albumin ratio (CAR), and neutrophil/albumin ratio (NAR) levels and prognosis in severe COVID-19 cases. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 619 patients diagnosed with severe COVID-19 in the emergency department were retrospectively analyzed. BAR, DAR, CAR, and NAR values were obtained by dividing BUN, neutrophil, CRP, and D-dimer by albumin. All patients were divided into groups [survived and deceased patients, and those who received and did not receive mechanical ventilation (MV) assistance]. These groups were statistically compared with regard to albumin, BAR, DAR, CAR, and NAR. RESULTS: While 350 out of 619 patients survived, 269 patients died. A statistically significant difference was determined between survived and deceased patient groups with regard to BUN, neutrophil, lymphocyte, CRP, D-dimer, albumin, BAR, NAR, DAR, and CAR levels (p<0.001 for all). Also, BAR, NAR, DAR, and CAR were significantly higher in those who received MV support, while albumin was found to be low (p<0.001). According to receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, NAR, BAR, CAR, albumin, and DAR had the highest area under the curve (AUC) values compared to the other parameters (0.825, 0.815, 0.806, 0.772, and 0.770, respectively) (p<0.001 for all). According to logistic regression analysis, BAR, NAR, DAR, and CAR levels were determined as important risk factors for mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Low serum albumin levels can be used for severity as an additional tool in severe COVID-19 patients. Moreover, the NAR, BAR, and CAR levels were found to be more valuable than albumin levels in predicting prognosis in these patients.

A randomized controlled trial examining the impact of low vs. moderate-intensity aerobic training in post-discharge COVID-19 older subjects.

OBJECTIVE: Post-COVID-19 patients complained of pain, fatigue, breathlessness, and reduction in quality of life which required planned intervention. This study aimed to compare the impact of 10 weeks of low vs. moderate-intensity aerobic training on physical fitness, psychological status, and quality of life in post-COVID-19 older subjects. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 72 patients were randomized into 3 equal groups, moderate-intensity exercise (MIG, n = 24), low-intensity exercise (LIG, n = 24), and control group (CG, n = 24). The exercise was done 40 min/4 times per week for 10 weeks. We measured exercise capacity using the six-minute walking test, 1 min sit-to-stand test, post-COVID-19 functional scale (PCFS), and quality of life using the SF-36 questionnaire and HAMILTON Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). RESULTS: There was no difference between groups regarding the demographic and most clinical characteristics of the subjects. Compared with CG there were statistically significant improvements in studying groups (MIG and LIG) with (p < 0.05) in most outcomes and the improvement was higher in MIG than in LIG in most outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: 10-week moderate-intensity and low-intensity aerobic training programs are effective with superior effect to moderate-intensity. Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise is more effective and feasible in post-discharge COVID-19 older subjects regarding exercise capacity, quality of life, and psychological status than low-intensity aerobic exercise.

How childhood trauma and emotions influence essential tremor and its severity in Sakarya Province.

OBJECTIVE: Essential tremor (ET) is among the most common central nervous system disorders. It is characterised by symmetrical and bilateral postural tremor, usually affecting the hands. Alongside such motor symptoms, psychiatric symptoms, such as anxiety and depression, often occur. This study aimed to investigate how anxiety, depression and childhood trauma influence ET patients' tremor frequency and severity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The participants comprised 85 patients and 70 control volunteers. Participating patients have been admitted to our clinic for hand tremor complaints and diagnosed with ET, according to the Washington Heights Inwood Genetic Study of Essential Tremor (WHIGET) diagnosis criteria, and they returned for follow-up for at least one year after their initial treatment. Patients with thyroid dysfunction, Parkinson's disease, central nervous system pathology, a history of smoking or alcohol use or a history of drug use that may cause tremor were excluded from the study. Patients' demographic data, such as their age and gender, age at disease onset, disease duration, family history and tremor severity were recorded. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) were applied to all patients. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were found in BDI score averages and BAI score averages between the patient and control groups (p = 0.002; p = 0.001) and physical abuse, emotional neglect and sexual abuse scores on the CTQ scale (p = 0.001, p = 0.007 and p = 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Childhood mental trauma and emotional mood disorders are more common among ET patients. However, these disorders do not appear to affect ET severity.