Non-fused nonfullerene acceptors with asymmetric benzo[1,2-b:3,4-b', 6,5-b"]trithiophene (BTT) central donor core and different acceptor terminal units for organic solar cells.

Here in, we have designed two new unfused non-fullerene small molecules based on asymmetric benzo[1,2-b:3.4-b', 6,5-b"]trithiophene (BTT) central donor core and different terminal units, i.e. 2-(3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ylidene)malononitrile (NFA-4) and 1,3-diethyl-2-thioxodi hydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione (NFA-5) and their optical and electrochemical properties were investigated. Employing a wide band-gap copolymer D18, the binary D18: NFA-4 and D18:NFA-5 bulk heterojunction-based organic solar cells realized an overall power conversion efficiency of about 17.07% and 11.27 %, respectively. The higher value of power conversion efficiency for the NFA-4-based organic solar cells, as compared to the NFA-5 counterpart, is attributed to the enhanced values of short circuit current, open circuit voltage, and fill factor. After the incorporation of NFA-5 into the binary bulk heterojunction D18:NFA-4, the ternary organic solar cells attained a power conversion efficiency of 18.05 %, which is higher than that for the binary counterparts and attributed to the increased values of short circuit current, fill factor, and open circuit voltage. The increased value of short circuit current is associated with the effective utilization of excitons through the energy transfer from the NFA-5 to NFA-4 as the NFA-4 exhibits a more significant dipole moment than the NFA-5 and is effectively dissociated into a free charge carrier.

[ANCA-associated vasculitis affecting lungs and kidneys: clinical and morphological characteristic, treatment, outcomes].

Up to 80% of all cases of pulmonary-renal syndrome are due to systemic vasculitis associated with antibodies to neutrophil cytoplasm (ANCA). Most patients die within the first year after the onset of the disease but adequate immunosuppressive therapy ensures the 5-year survival rate of 65-75%. We obtained clinical and morphological data for 34 patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis affecting lungs and kidneys treated at S. P. Botkin Hospital in 1994-2012. 16 patients presented with granulomatous polyangiitis (Wegener 's granulomatosis), 11 with microscopic polyangiitis, and 7 with eosinophilicpolyangiitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome). We made the definitive diagnosis in 79% of the cases. Pulmonary lesions were largely in the form offocal, nodular and infiltrative changes, one third of the patients suffered blood spitting/pulmonary hemorrhage and 15% respiratory distress. Most patients had renal dysfunction (16% required emergency hemodialysis), lesions of ENT skin, joints, peripheral nervous system, and eyes. Therapy with corticosteroids and cytostatics increased the total and renal survival rate up to 91 and 82% respectively despite unfavourable prognostic factors in most patients. Duration of observation was 32.5 [0.1;129] months, the survival rate depended on the severity of lung lesions whereas renal problems had no appreciable effect on life prognosis.

[A case of alopecia in a patient with hydatid disease treated with Nemozole (albendazole)].

The paper describes the development of alopecia with a patient with echinocccosis alveolaris during treatment with Nemozole (albandazole). To decide to continue or to discontinue Nemozole treatment in the development of alopecia, the patient should be given full information on the risk of alopecia to his life and quality of life as compared to the sequels of recurrent hydatid disease when Nemozole is discontinued.

[Potential of endovascular embolization, chemoembolization and chemoimmunoembolization based at a multidisciplinary hospital].

The paper is devoted to a topical problem of modern roentgenovascular surgery, i.e. endovascular embolization. The results of its application in S.P. Botkin City Clinical Hospital demonstrate high efficacy of this method for the arrest of hemorrhage and treatment of various diseases.

[Diagnostics of cavitary processes in the lungs].

The paper concerns CT-semiotics of cavitary processes in the lungs. Their major forms are discussed with reference to underlying pathological changes. The most common manifestations of the diseases associated with the cavitary processes are described. CT is a highly informative method for the visualization of pulmonary cavitation and the surrounding chest structures; this method improves diagnostics of pulmonary pathology.

[Hemodynamic efficacy of modified gelatin in patients with acute blood loss and sepsis].

The paper presents the results of a clinical trial using the new modified gelatin-based drug hemofusin to correct dyshidria in patients with blood loss and sepsis. Based on the findings, the authors provide evidence for the high clinical efficacy of this drug and the expediency of its incorporation into a complex of infusion therapy in this patient contingent.

[Pulmonary cytotoxicity induced by bleomycin and methotrexate].

Early detection of drug-induced pulmonary parenchymal injuries is often hampered by nonspecific clinical and X-ray manifestations. The diagnosis is usually based on a history of drug use, clinical and X-ray presentation, and exclusion of other causes of lung tissue injury. Chemical preparations most commonly cause pathological pulmonary changes. Overall, about 10% of all patients receiving chemotherapy develop pathological changes in the lung parenchyma. The main chemical preparations causing lung injury are bleomycin, methotrexate, carmustine, busulfan, and cyclophosphamide. Out of all examination techniques, computed tomography is most sensitive in determining the presence, specific features, and trends in the development of drug-induced pulmonary parenchymal disease. The paper gives the data available in the literature and 2 clinical observations of pulmonary parenchymal disease induced by bleomycin and methotrexate.

[Characteristics of the clinical course of myocardial infarct during acute and functionally restorative periods in patients with concomitant bronchial asthma]. / Osobennosti klinicheskogo techeniia infarkta miokarda v ostrom i funktsional'no-vosstanovitel'nom periodakh u bol'nykh s soputstvuiushchei bronkhial'noi astmoi.

A comprehensive clinical and instrumental examination of patients aged 45 years or more with coronary heart disease and bronchial asthma (BA) indicated that the incidence of documented large myocardial infarction was high and equal to 24.3%. In patients with a long history of BA, myocardial infarction was more frequently characterized by a typical anginal onset, clinical symptoms of the concomitant lung disease regressing. No substantial differences were found in the site and magnitude of focal changes, in the incidence of first and recurrent myocardial infarctions among the patients with a prior history of BA and among those who had myocardial infarction before BA manifestations. An older age and shorter history of angina pectoris were typical of patients sustaining myocardial infarction in the presence of a long-term prior course of BA. Late complications of myocardial infarction included aggravated concurrent BA more frequently (25%), which was largely of allergic origin and pathogenetically applied to the postinfarction syndrome.

[Approaches to the rehabilitation of bronchial asthma patients]. / Nekotorye podkhody k reabilitatsii bol'nykh bronkhial'noi astmoi.

Rehabilitation of patients with bronchial asthma is a complicated problem which has been studied insufficiently. It includes a number of constituent elements: exclusion or restriction of contact with an allergen, specific sensitization, choice of rational maintenance therapy, health resort treatment, and so forth. The main purpose of rehabilitation treatment for bronchial asthma consists in the creation of the most favourable life and work conditions for patients.

[Features of the clinical course of ischemic heart disease in patients with accompanying bronchial asthma in older age groups]. / Osobennosti klinicheskogo techeniia ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa u bol'noi s soputstvuiushchei bronkhial'noi astmoi v starshikh vozrastnykh gruppakh.

The data are presented on the incidence and the course of coronary heart disease (CHD) in senior group patients with concomitant bronchial asthma (BA). The clinical symptomatology in the given case differs in some respects from the classical concepts of the conventional course of the disease under consideration. The patients with concomitant BA show, in a considerable number of cases, (21.9 percent), an asymptomatic course of CHD. Among the patients with the angina pectoris syndrome, the proportion of the patients with functional class I angina pectoris is relatively low. Among such patients, there predominate subjects with a brief history of CHD (lasting less than 5 years). The incidence of the arrhythmic patterns of CHD (paroxysmal or constant atrial fibrillation, stable ventricular premature heart beat of high brades) is not great either. The clinical interrelations between CHD and BA when combined are characterized, as a rule, by the fact that exacerbation of one of the diseases is accompanied by regression of the symptoms of the concomitant pathology that withdraws as if to the background. The data obtained appear to suggest that the given group of the patients require a goal-oriented instrumental examination (exercise tests, ECG-monitoring, etc.) followed by administration of adequate coordinated drug treatment.

[The ultrasonic diagnosis of the changes in the kidneys in renal forms of acute kidney failure]. / Ul'trazvukovaia diagnostika izmenenii v pochkakh pri renal'nykh formakh ostroi pochechnoi nedostatochnosti.

An ultrasonic investigation of the kidneys in patients with renal forms of acute renal failure (32 and 24 with ethylene glycol poisoning and leptospirosis, respectively) recorded in the oligo-anuric phase a specific ultrasonic picture of renal lesion demonstrable as long as full recovery of impaired functions. The picture was characterized by enlargement of the kidneys with good differentiation of the pyramids in enhanced parenchymal echogenicity. Ethylene glycol poisoning is characterized by limited renal mobility and an echo negative halo around them. These signs may appear helpful in the diagnosis of renal forms of acute renal failure.

[Bronchomotor hyperreactivity and bronchial patency in patients with acute pneumonia during clinico-roentgenological convalescence]. / Bronkhomotornaia giperreaktivnost' i bronkhial'naia prokhodimost u bol'nykh ostroi pnevmoniei v period kliniko-rentgenologicheskogo vyzdorovleniia.

A study of bronchial permeability in 98 patients with acute pneumonia during clinico-roentgenological convalescence using a method of the analysis of the flow-volume loop diagram showed disorders of bronchial permeability in 73.46% of the patients, of them obvious disorders in 21.42% and latent ones in 52.04%. Hyperreactivity of the tracheobronchial tree to acetylcholine was established in 84.4% of the patients without signs of obvious obstruction and in some cases only to obsidan indicating the presence of disorders of vagotonic regulation without change in the functioning of beta-adrenoreceptors.

[Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis]. / Allergicheskii bronkholegochnyi aspergillez.

The article concerns one of the present-day problems in the teaching of the allergic diseases of the lungs, namely allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Discusses the disease diagnosis and clinical course, diagnostic approaches, efficient drug therapy, and prognostic aspects. Based on an analysis of the authors' own data, the problem of the possibility of the systemic pathoimmune manifestations associated with skin, eye and kidney injuries that occur during allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is discussed.

[Bronchomotor effects of cardioselective beta 1-adrenoblockaders in patients with bronchial asthma]. / Bronkhomotornye éffekty kardioselektivnykh beta 1-adrenoblokatorov u bol'nykh bronkhial'noi astmoi.

A study was made of the effect of beta 1-adrenoblockers (metoprolol, atenolol, talinolol) on bronchial patency in patients with concomitant bronchial asthma (BA) under acute drug use and in the course of continuous therapy. Broncho-obstructive complications occurring in part of the patients were not associated with the disease gravity or with the pathogenetic variety of BA. Besides, they were not associated with the drug dose either (use was made of the mean therapeutic dosage range). The rate and the intensity of bronchial patency abnormalities occurring in the course of the continuous treatment with beta 1-adrenoblockers (with metoprolol, in particular) depended on the initial status of the adrenergic regulation of the body. Significant disorders of bronchial patency including clinically marked ones were naturally observed with initially low excretion of cAMP in the morning portion of urine (less than 3 mmole/1).

[Possibilities and limitations of using inhaled sympathomimetics in patients with bronchial asthma in older age groups]. / Vozmozhnosti i ogranicheniia primeneniia ingaliatsionnykh simpatomimetikov u bol'nykh bronkhial'noi astmoi v starshikh vozrastnykh gruppakh.

Using a method of circadian ECG monitoring, the authors detected a peculiar phenomenon of frequent arrhythmic action of sympathomimetic inhalants in patients with bronchial asthma, mainly during remission. Possible interpretation of the results obtained was as follows: reduction during remission of functional beta block including heart block determining "cardioprotective" action in sympathomimetic inhalations; depletion of reserves of myocardial sympathetic mediators at the height of exacerbation of bronchial asthma; peculiarities of absorption of sympathomimetic inhalants with relation to a stage of disease. The authors discussed the potentialities and limitations of the use of sympathomimetic inhalants during exacerbation and remission of bronchial asthma with relation to patients' age and concomitant coronary heart disease.

[The possibilities and prospects in using the calcium antagonist korinfar in patients with bronchial asthma]. / Vozmozhnosti i perspektivy primeneniia antagonista kal'tsiia korinfara u bol'nykh bronkhial'noi astmoi.

A study of patients with a stable course of bronchial asthma (BA) has confirmed the absence of a significant bronchodilating effect of nifedipine during an acute drug test (a single sublingual administration of the drug at a dose of 20 mg). Preliminary administration of nifedipine at a dose of 20 mg was noted to result in the prolongation of a bronchodilating effect of salbutamol inhaled at a dose of 200 micrograms, not influencing a degree of its expression. it has been assumed that prolonged use of nifedipine would result in reduced requirements of BA patients in inhalation sympathomimetics. This therapeutic trend especially holds promise for middle aged and aged BA patients with concomitant CHD, arterial hypertension. Reduced requirements in sympathomimetics in them would lead to the reduction of risk of iatrogenic exacerbations of cardiovascular diseases.

[Use of calcium antagonists in therapy of bronchial asthma]. / Primenenie antagonistov kal'tsiia v terapii bronkhial'noi astmy.

A study was made of the therapeutic efficacy of calcium antagonists (CA) in the treatment of bronchial asthma. It has been shown that CA, particularly nifedipine and verapamil, do not exert, in the course of an acute drug test, any significant effect on bronchial patency. At the same time CA produce an appreciable preventive effect when administered to bronchial asthma patients with the syndrome of bronchial tree hyperreactivity--cold and post-exercise bronchospasm. Special attention is drawn to CA synergism with inhalation sympathomimetics, which lies in the increase of the duration of the bronchodilating action of the latter ones. The paper provides the data concerned with the effective use of CA in multimodality treatment of the patients with associated bronchial asthma and coronary heart disease.

[Isolated amyloidosis of the trachea]. / Izolirovannyi amiloidoz trakhei.

A case of isolated amyloidosis of the trachea in a woman aged 46 was described. The main clinical signs of the disease were dry cough, recurring hemoptysis and hoarseness of the voice. Endoscopy showed disseminated polypoid formations in the trachea. A histological study of mucosal biopsy from these formations revealed amyloid masses deposited in the submucosal layer. An additional study brought about no data on the generalized nature of amyloid dystrophy of any other organs. The use of computed tomography to determine the type of tracheal lesion in this localization of the process was shown to be promising.

[An analysis of the causes of death in bronchial asthma patients (based on the data from a 13-year prospective observation)]. / Analiz prichin smerti bol'nykh bronkhial'noi astmoi (po dannym 13-letnego retrospektivnogo nabliudeniia).

The results of the catamnestic study of case reports and records of postmortem examination of 102 patients with bronchial asthma (BA) aged 47 to 88 years who died at a general hospital during 1976-1988 indicate that in the overwhelming majority of cases, there took place death "with asthma" rather than death "from asthma". At the same time the dominant pathology was coronary heart disease (acute coronary failure, myocardial infarction, progressive heart failure associated with atherosclerotic and postinfarction cardiosclerosis). Emphasis is laid on the fact that according to the autopsy data, the rate of the recognized stenosing atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries considerably exceeded the number of cases of coronary heart disease documented clinically (typical angina pectoris of effort, significant macrofocal myocardial infarction). The characteristic features of the group under observation included an unexpectedly frequent combination of BA and malignant neoplasms (24 cases), including lung cancer in 13 of these cases.

[Characteristics of the diagnosis and treatment of secondary pneumonia in acute leukemia]. / Osobennosti diagnostiki i lecheniia vtorichnykh pnevmonii pri ostrom leikoze.

The authors presented the results of clinical observations and autopsy findings concerning the peculiarities of the development, diagnosis and treatment of secondary pneumonia in acute leukemia with pulmonary complications. Immunological disorders in patients with pneumonia in acute leukemia (general-changes in the levels of lysozyme, complement, immunoglobulins, T-lymphocytes, lymphocyte blast-transformation reaction; local-morphological changes, changes in the content of lysozyme, acid phosphatase activity, bronchoalveolar wash-off) were shown. A study of bronchoalveolar washes-off showed a clinical efficacy of a method of endobronchial injection of leukocytic mass for pneumonia in acute leukemia.