Plasma-based proteomic profiling identifies the distinct regulation of proteins in hyperplasia and endometrial cancer.

BACKGROUND: Among gynaecological malignancies, endometrial cancer (EC) is the most prevalent type of uterine cancer affecting women. This study explored the proteomic profiles of plasma samples obtained from EC patients, those with hyperplasia (Hy), and a control group (CO). A combination of techniques, such as 2D-DIGE, mass spectrometry, and bioinformatics, including pathway analysis, was used to identify proteins with modified expression levels, biomarkers and their associated metabolic pathways in these groups. METHODS: Thirty-four patients, categorized into three groups-10 with EC, 12 with Hy, and 12 CO-between the ages of 46 and 75 years old were included in the study. Untargeted proteomic analysis was carried out using two-dimensional difference in gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). RESULTS: In all three groups, 114 proteins that were significantly (p ≤ 0.05 and fold change ≥ 1.5) altered were successfully identified using peptide mass fingerprints (PMFs). Compared with those in the control group (CO), the EC samples had 85 differentially expressed proteins (39 upregulated and 46 downregulated), and in the Hy group, 81 proteins were dysregulated (40 upregulated and 41 downregulated) compared to those in the CO group, while 33 proteins exhibited differential regulation (12 upregulated and 21 downregulated) in the EC plasma samples compared to those in the Hy group. Vitamin D binding protein and complement C3 distinguished Hy and EC from CO with the greatest changes in expression. Among the differentially expressed proteins identified, enzymes with catalytic activity represented the largest group (42.9%). In terms of biological processes, most of the proteins were involved in cellular processes (28.8%), followed by metabolic processes (16.7%). STRING analysis for protein interactions revealed that the significantly differentially abundant proteins in the three groups are involved in three main biological processes: signalling of complement and coagulation cascades, regulation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) transport and uptake by insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs), and plasma lipoprotein assembly, remodelling, and clearance. CONCLUSION: The identified plasma protein markers have the potential to serve as biomarkers for differentiating between EC and Hy, as well as for early diagnosis and monitoring of cancer progression.

Medication Adherence and Treatment Satisfaction With Lipid-Lowering Drugs Among Patients With Diabetes and Dyslipidemia.

BACKGROUND: Poor adherence to lipid-lowering drugs in diabetic patients with dyslipidemia increases has been linked with an increased cardiovascular risk. A better understanding of the determinants of adherence to lipid-lowering drugs and treatment satisfaction among people with diabetes and dyslipidemia is crucial. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess the prevalence of adherence to lipid-lowering drugs, identify its determinant factors, and evaluate treatment satisfaction among users of lipid-lowering drugs who have diabetes and dyslipidemia. METHODS: We surveyed 398 adult patients with diabetes and dyslipidemia, using a validated medication adherence survey (Adherence to Refills and Medications Scale) and a validated treatment satisfaction survey (Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication, TSQM). Sociodemographic and medical history data were collected through questionnaires. RESULTS: The prevalence of poor medication adherence was 36%. Factors associated with poor adherence included adverse reactions to medications, lack of medication availability, and lack of family support. Adherent patients reported lower low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and total cholesterol levels, higher treatment satisfaction, and a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease and comorbidities. Having a family history of dyslipidemia was negatively associated with adherence, while the number of comorbidities positively influenced it. The scores of TSQM components such as effectiveness, global satisfaction, and convenience were significantly higher in people who were adherent or achieved the LDL-C target. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: Our findings highlight the need for interventions targeting several factors impacting adherence to lipid-lowering drugs in patients with diabetes and dyslipidemia. Managing adverse effects, leveraging family support, and ensuring medication access represent crucial aspects of improving adherence and potentially mitigating cardiovascular risks in this high-risk population.

DNMT1 maintains metabolic fitness of adipocytes through acting as an epigenetic safeguard of mitochondrial dynamics.

White adipose tissue (WAT) is a key regulator of systemic energy metabolism, and impaired WAT plasticity characterized by enlargement of preexisting adipocytes associates with WAT dysfunction, obesity, and metabolic complications. However, the mechanisms that retain proper adipose tissue plasticity required for metabolic fitness are unclear. Here, we comprehensively showed that adipocyte-specific DNA methylation, manifested in enhancers and CTCF sites, directs distal enhancer-mediated transcriptomic features required to conserve metabolic functions of white adipocytes. Particularly, genetic ablation of adipocyte Dnmt1, the major methylation writer, led to increased adiposity characterized by increased adipocyte hypertrophy along with reduced expansion of adipocyte precursors (APs). These effects of Dnmt1 deficiency provoked systemic hyperlipidemia and impaired energy metabolism both in lean and obese mice. Mechanistically, Dnmt1 deficiency abrogated mitochondrial bioenergetics by inhibiting mitochondrial fission and promoted aberrant lipid metabolism in adipocytes, rendering adipocyte hypertrophy and WAT dysfunction. Dnmt1-dependent DNA methylation prevented aberrant CTCF binding and, in turn, sustained the proper chromosome architecture to permit interactions between enhancer and dynamin-1-like protein gene Dnm1l (Drp1) in adipocytes. Also, adipose DNMT1 expression inversely correlated with adiposity and markers of metabolic health but positively correlated with AP-specific markers in obese human subjects. Thus, these findings support strategies utilizing Dnmt1 action on mitochondrial bioenergetics in adipocytes to combat obesity and related metabolic pathology.

Untargeted metabolomics reveals the impact of Liraglutide treatment on metabolome profiling and metabolic pathways in type-2 diabetes mellitus.

Liraglutide, a type2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)-related treatment, improves glycemic control and reduces the risks of adverse cardiovascular events in T2DM patients. However, the underlying mechanisms of the above-mentioned beneficial effects of Liraglutide are not well understood. To have better understanding of these mechanisms, we aimed to study the metabolic impacts of Liraglutide on the metabolome and corresponding pathways in T2DM patients, especially metabolism plays a very fundamental role in health and diseases and is influenced by drugs. In this study, plasma samples collected from T2DM patients (n = 20) and taken pre- and post-Liraglutide treatment were used for untargeted metabolomics analyses, including metabolome profiling and metabolic pathway/network analyses. The metabolome profiling analyses identified 93 endogenous metabolites that were significantly affected by Liraglutide treatment where 49 and 44 metabolites were up and down regulated, respectively. Liraglutide caused metabolic alterations impacting metabolic pathways such as pentose and glucuronate interconversion and alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism in T2DM patients. Since the last-mentioned pathways are affected by Liraglutide, it could explain partially the overall beneficial effects of Liraglutide in T2DM, especially that glucuronate interconversion pathway is known by its important roles in eliminating toxic and undesirable substances from the human body to maintain good health status. In addition, the metabolism of amino acids induced by Liraglutide could improve the function of immune cells, strengthening the immunity of T2DM patients. Also, Liraglutide induced the level of other metabolites that help in the defense mechanism against oxidative events. Overall, the findings of this study provide a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in the beneficial effects of Liraglutide in T2DM from the metabolic aspect.

Urinary Proteome Differences in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Pre and Post Liraglutide Treatment.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic multisystem disease with a high global prevalence. The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist liraglutide is known to lower glucose levels and reduce weight. However, the mechanisms underlying the benefits of liraglutide treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remain unclear. Twelve male patients with T2DM (pre and post liraglutide treatment) and HbA1c between 8% and 11% were recruited. In the present study, a two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI TOF) mass spectrometric approach combined with bioinformatics and network pathway analysis was used to explore the urine proteomic profile. The mean age of the patients was 52.4 ± 7.5 years. After treatment with liraglutide, a statistically significant change (p < 0.006) was observed in HbA1c with no significant changes in body weight or markers of dyslipidemia. Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis identified significant changes (≥1.5-fold change, ANOVA, p ≤ 0.05) in 32 proteins (4 down- and 28 upregulated) in liraglutide post treatment compared to the pre-treatment state. Albumin, serotransferrin, metallothionein-2 (MT-2), and keratins K1 and K10 were found to be upregulated after liraglutide treatment. The patients showed significant improvement in glycemic control after the 12-week treatment with liraglutide. The renoprotective effect of liraglutide may be linked to the increased urinary abundance of MT-2 and the decreased abundance of zinc alpha 2-glycoprotein (ZAG) and Alpha-1 antitrypsin (α1-AT). More studies are needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms behind the renoprotective effects of liraglutide.

Comparison of the Protective Effects of Nebivolol and Metoprolol against LPS-Induced Injury in H9c2 Cardiomyoblasts.

Here, we, for the first time, compared the cardioprotective effects of third-generation vasodilating beta-blocker nebivolol (Neb) and conventional beta-blocker metoprolol (Met) on LPS-induced injury in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. Our findings denoted that Neb and Met pretreatment diminish LPS-mediated cytotoxicity and oxidative stress. Concomitantly, LPS-triggered inflammatory cytokines activation was significantly suppressed by Neb but not by Met. Pretreatment with either Neb or Met alleviated LPS-mediated mitochondrial impairment by enhancing the expression of genes related to its biogenesis such as PGC-1α, NRF1, and TFAM. On the contrary, Neb but not Met-upregulated mitochondrial fusion-related genes such as OPA, and MFN2. In summary, our findings suggest that Neb and Met treatment significantly ameliorated the LPS-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress. Additionally, these findings suggest that Neb but not Met significantly down-regulates LPS-induced proinflammatory factors, probably by enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis and fusion.

Prevalence of QT prolongation and its risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: QT prolongation increases cardiovascular mortality in diabetes. The risk factors for QT prolongation vary across different studies. There is no data on the QT prolongation in patients with diabetes from the Arab region, where diabetes is highly prevalent. Here we aimed to assess the prevalence of QT prolongation and its associated risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes from Saudi Arabia. METHOD: This was a retrospective, cross-sectional, hospital-based file review study. Data were collected from the medical records of patients with type 2 diabetes aged above 14 years and underwent ECG examination, and laboratory investigations were done within one month of ECG. RESULTS: The study included 782 patients with a prevalence of QTc prolongation of 13%. Patients with prolonged QTc interval were characterized by older age, higher BMI, longer diabetes duration, lower total cholesterol and LDL-C, and more diabetic nephropathy, hypertension, and CVD cases. They were also more in insulin treatment, antihypertensive medications, loop diuretics, and potassium-sparring diuretics. Logistic regression analysis revealed the odds of prolonged QTc interval increased significantly with CVD (OR = 1.761, 95% CI:1.021-3.036, p = 0.042), and usage of loop diuretics (OR = 2.245, 95% CI:1.023-4.923, p = 0.044) after adjusting for age, gender, and duration of diabetes. CONCLUSION: The risk factors associated with QTc prolongation in patients with type 2 diabetes are CVD, and loop diuretics. Age, BMI, and diabetes duration were more in people with QTc prolongation, whereas total cholesterol and LDL-C levels were lower. More patients had diabetic nephropathy, hypertension, and CVD with prolonged QTc.

Proteomics Investigation of the Impact of the Enterococcus faecalis Secretome on MCF-7 Tumor Cells.

Breast cancer is the most prevalent form of cancer among women. The microenvironment of a cancer tumor is surrounded by various cells, including the microbiota. An imbalance between microbes and their host may contribute to the development and spread of breast cancer. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the influence of Enterococcus faecalis on a breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) to mimic the luminal A subtype of breast cancer, using an untargeted proteomics approach to analyze the proteomic profiles of breast cancer cells after their treatment with E. faecalis in order to understand the microbiome and its role in the development of cancer. The breast cancer cell line MCF-7 was cultured and then treated with a 10% bacterial supernatant at two time points (24 h and 48 h) at 37 °C in a humidified incubator with 5% CO2. Proteins were then extracted and separated using two-dimensional difference (2D-DIGE) gel electrophoresis, and the statistically significant proteins (p-value < 0.05, fold change > 1.5) were identified via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). The protein fingerprints showed a differential protein expression pattern in the cells treated with E. faecalis for 24 and 48 h compared with the control. We found 58 statistically significant proteins changes in the MCF-7 breast cancer cells affected by E. faecalis. Kilin and transgelin were upregulated after 24 h of treatment and could be used as diagnostic and prognostic markers for breast cancer. In addition, another protein involved in the inhibition of cell proliferation was coiled-coil domain-containing protein 154. The protein markers identified in this study may serve as possible biomarkers for breast cancer progression. This promotes their future uses as important therapeutic goals in the treatment and diagnosis of cancer and increases our understanding of the breast microbiome and its role in the development of cancer.

Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis Reveals the Potential Role of RBMS1 in Adipogenesis and Adipocyte Metabolism.

Adipocytes play a critical role in maintaining a healthy systemic metabolism by storing and releasing energy in the form of fat and helping to regulate glucose and lipid levels in the body. Adipogenesis is the process through which pre-adipocytes are differentiated into mature adipocytes. It is a complex process involving various transcription factors and signaling pathways. The dysregulation of adipogenesis has been implicated in the development of obesity and metabolic disorders. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that regulate adipogenesis and the factors that contribute to its dysregulation may provide insights into the prevention and treatment of these conditions. RNA-binding motif single-stranded interacting protein 1 (RBMS1) is a protein that binds to RNA and plays a critical role in various cellular processes such as alternative splicing, mRNA stability, and translation. RBMS1 polymorphism has been shown to be associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes, but the role of RBMS1 in adipose metabolism and adipogenesis is not known. We show that RBMS1 is highly expressed during the early phase of the differentiation of the murine adipocyte cell line 3T3-L1 and is significantly upregulated in the adipose tissue depots and adipocytes of high-fat-fed mice, implying a possible role in adipogenesis and adipose metabolism. Knockdown of RBMS1 in pre-adipocytes impacted the differentiation process and reduced the expression of some of the key adipogenic markers. Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis indicated that RBMS1 depletion affected the expression of several genes involved in major metabolic processes, including carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Our findings imply that RBMS1 plays an important role in adipocyte metabolism and may offer novel therapeutic opportunity for metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Inhibition of eNOS Partially Blunts the Beneficial Effects of Nebivolol on Angiotensin II-Induced Signaling in H9c2 Cardiomyoblasts.

We have recently illustrated that nebivolol can inhibit angiotensin II (Ang II)-mediated signaling in cardiomyoblasts; however, to date, the detailed mechanism for the beneficial effects of nebivolol has not been studied. Here, we investigated whether the inhibition of NO bioavailability by blocking eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase) using L-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME) would attenuate nebivolol-mediated favorable effects on Ang II-evoked signaling in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. Our data reveal that the nebivolol-mediated antagonistic effects on Ang II-induced oxidative stress were retreated by concurrent pretreatment with L-NAME and nebivolol. Similarly, the expressions of pro-inflammatory markers TNF-α and iNOS stimulated by Ang II were not decreased with the combination of nebivolol plus L-NAME. In contrast, the nebivolol-induced reduction in the Ang II-triggered mTORC1 pathway and the mRNA levels of hypertrophic markers ANP, BNP, and ß-MHC were not reversed with the addition of L-NAME to nebivolol. In compliance with these data, the inhibition of eNOS by L-N5-(1-Iminoethyl) ornithine (LNIO) and its upstream regulator AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) with compound C in the presence of nebivolol showed effects similar to those of the L-NAME plus nebivolol combination on Ang II-mediated signaling. Pretreatment with either compound C plus nebivolol or LNIO plus nebivolol showed similar effects to those of the L-NAME plus nebivolol combination on Ang II-mediated signaling. In conclusion, our data indicate that the rise in NO bioavailability caused by nebivolol via the stimulation of AMPK/eNOS signaling is key for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties but not for its antihypertrophic response upon Ang II stimulation.

GABA-stimulated adipose-derived stem cells suppress subcutaneous adipose inflammation in obesity.

Accumulating evidence suggests that subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues are differentially associated with metabolic disorders. In obesity, subcutaneous adipose tissue is beneficial for metabolic homeostasis because of repressed inflammation. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) sensitivity is crucial in determining fat depot-selective adipose tissue macrophage (ATM) infiltration in obesity. In diet-induced obesity, GABA reduced monocyte migration in subcutaneous inguinal adipose tissue (IAT), but not in visceral epididymal adipose tissue (EAT). Pharmacological modulation of the GABAB receptor affected the levels of ATM infiltration and adipose tissue inflammation in IAT, but not in EAT, and GABA administration ameliorated systemic insulin resistance and enhanced insulin-dependent glucose uptake in IAT, accompanied by lower inflammatory responses. Intriguingly, compared with adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) from EAT, IAT-ADSCs played key roles in mediating GABA responses that repressed ATM infiltration in high-fat diet-fed mice. These data suggest that selective GABA responses in IAT contribute to fat depot-selective suppression of inflammatory responses and protection from insulin resistance in obesity.

Lipids Alterations Associated with Metformin in Healthy Subjects: An Investigation Using Mass Spectrometry Shotgun Approach.

Metformin is an orally effective insulin-sensitizing drug widely prescribed for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Metformin has been reported to alter lipid metabolism. However, the molecular mechanisms behind its impact on lipid metabolism remain partially explored and understood. In the current study, mass spectrometry-based lipid profiling was used to investigate the lipidomic changes in the serum of 26 healthy individuals after a single-dose intake of metformin. Samples were analyzed at five-time points: preadministration, before the maximum concentration of metformin (Cmax), Cmax, after Cmax, and 36 h post-administration. A total of 762 molecules were significantly altered between the five-time points. Based on a comparison between baseline level and Cmax, metformin significantly increased and decreased the level of 33 and 192 lipids, respectively (FDR ≤ 0.05 and fold change cutoff of 1.5). The altered lipids are mainly involved in arachidonic acid metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis, and glycerophospholipid metabolism. Furthermore, several lipids acted in an opposed or similar manner to metformin levels and included fatty acyls, sterol lipids, glycerolipids, and glycerophospholipids. The significantly altered lipid species pointed to fundamental lipid signaling pathways that could be linked to the pleiotropic effects of metformin in T2DM, insulin resistance, polycystic ovary syndrome, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases.

Assessment of the Effectiveness of a Protocol to Manage Dexamethasone-Induced Hyperglycemia Among Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: Well-controlled glucose levels (ie, 70-180 mg/dL) have been associated with lower mortality from COVID-19. The addition of dexamethasone to COVID-19 treatment protocols has raised concerns about the potential negative consequences of dexamethasone-induced hyperglycemia. METHODS: We developed a protocol to guide the management of dexamethasone-induced hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Two of the 4 medical teams managing patients with COVID-19 at a tertiary center in Saudi Arabia used the protocol and the other 2 teams continued to manage hyperglycemia at the discretion of the treating physicians (protocol and control groups, respectively). The glycemic control and clinical outcomes in 163 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 and dexamethasone-induced hyperglycemia between July 5th and September 30th, 2020, were retrospectively compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, the protocol group had higher proportions of patients with well-controlled glucose across all premeals and bedtime glucose readings throughout the hospital stay. The differences in glycemic control between the 2 groups were statistically significant for fasting glucose on days 4, 5, and the discharge day; prelunch glucose on the discharge day; predinner glucose on days 3, 5, and the discharge day; and bedtime glucose on day 1 (all P < .05). After adjusting for age, sex, nationality, body mass index, Charlson score, and diabetes status, patients in the protocol group were more likely to have well-controlled glucose levels compared with those in the control group. Moreover, the in-hospital mortality was significantly lower in the protocol group (12.93%) compared to the control group (29.93%) (P < .01). CONCLUSION: The implementation of a protocol to manage dexamethasone-induced hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 resulted in more patients achieving well-controlled glucose levels and was associated with lower mortality from COVID-19.

Proteomics Profiling of the Urine of Patients with Hyperthyroidism after Anti-Thyroid Treatment.

Hyperthyroidism, which is characterized by increased circulating thyroid hormone levels, alters the body's metabolic and systemic hemodynamic balance and directly influences renal function. In this study, the urinary proteome of patients with hyperthyroidism was characterized using an untargeted proteomic approach with network analysis. Urine samples were collected from nine age-matched patients before and after carbimazole treatment. Differences in the abundance of urinary proteins between hyperthyroid and euthyroid states were determined using a 2D-DIGE coupled to MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Alterations in the abundance of urinary proteins, analyzed via Progenesis software, revealed a statistically significant difference in abundance in a total of 40 spots corresponding to 32 proteins, 25 up and 7 down (≥1.5-fold change, ANOVA, p ≤ 0.05). The proteins identified in the study are known to regulate processes associated with cellular metabolism, transport, and acute phase response. The notable upregulated urinary proteins were serotransferrin, transthyretin, serum albumin, ceruloplasmin, alpha-1B-glycoprotein, syntenin-1, and glutaminyl peptide cyclotransferase, whereas the three notable downregulated proteins were plasma kallikrein, protein glutamine gamma-glutamyl transferase, and serpin B3 (SERPINB3). Bioinformatic analysis using ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) identified the dysregulation of pathways associated with cellular compromise, inflammatory response, cellular assembly, and organization and identified the involvement of the APP and AKT signaling pathways via their interactions with interleukins as the central nodes.

Serum Proteomic Analysis of Cannabis Use Disorder in Male Patients.

Cannabis use has been growing recently and it is legally consumed in many countries. Cannabis has a variety of phytochemicals including cannabinoids, which might impair the peripheral systems responses affecting inflammatory and immunological pathways. However, the exact signaling pathways that induce these effects need further understanding. The objective of this study is to investigate the serum proteomic profiling in patients diagnosed with cannabis use disorder (CUD) as compared with healthy control subjects. The novelty of our study is to highlight the differentially changes proteins in the serum of CUD patients. Certain proteins can be targeted in the future to attenuate the toxicological effects of cannabis. Blood samples were collected from 20 male individuals: 10 healthy controls and 10 CUD patients. An untargeted proteomic technique employing two-dimensional difference in gel electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry was employed in this study to assess the differentially expressed proteins. The proteomic analysis identified a total of 121 proteins that showed significant changes in protein expression between CUD patients (experimental group) and healthy individuals (control group). For instance, the serum expression of inactive tyrosine protein kinase PEAK1 and tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3 were increased in CUD group. In contrast, the serum expression of transthyretin and serotransferrin were reduced in CUD group. Among these proteins, 55 proteins were significantly upregulated and 66 proteins significantly downregulated in CUD patients as compared with healthy control group. Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) found that these differentially expressed proteins are linked to p38MAPK, interleukin 12 complex, nuclear factor-κB, and other signaling pathways. Our work indicates that the differentially expressed serum proteins between CUD and control groups are correlated to liver X receptor/retinoid X receptor (RXR), farnesoid X receptor/RXR activation, and acute phase response signaling.

Effects of gastric sleeve surgery on the serum levels of GH, IGF-1 and IGF-binding protein 2 in healthy obese patients.

BACKGROUND: Bariatric surgery is an effective treatment for severe obesity. It also ameliorates diabetes independently of weight loss through mechanisms that are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the levels of GH, IGF-1 and IGF-binding protein 2 (IGFBP-2) after gastric sleeve surgery in healthy obese individuals. METHOD: This study was conducted in 33 obese (BMI > 38.3) healthy male subjects aged 25 to 50 years undergoing sleeve gastrectomy. GH, IGF-1 and IGFBP-2 levels were evaluated by ELISA at baseline and 6-12 months after surgery. Other parameters, such as glucose, BMI, insulin, HOMA-IR and lipid profile, were also investigated. RESULTS: Systemic GH (12.32 vs. 50.97 pg/mL, p < 0.001) and IGFBP-2 levels (51.86 vs. 68.81 pg/mL, p < 0.001) were elevated after bariatric surgery. There was no change in IGF-1 level from before to after surgery. BMI (52.18 vs. 40.11, p = 0.001), insulin (19.35 vs. 8.80 mIU/L, p < 0.001) and HOMA-IR index (6.48 to 2.52, p < 0.001) were reduced after surgery. Lipid profile analysis revealed that total cholesterol (4.26 vs. 5.12 mmol/L, p < 0.001) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (0.90 to 1.55 mmol/L, p < 0.001) were increased, while triglycerides were decreased, after surgery (1.62 vs. 1.05 mmol/L p < 0.001). GH, IGF-1, and IGFBP-2 were not correlated with insulin or lipid parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that improved circulating GH and IGFBP-2 levels may mediate the beneficial effects of gastric sleeve surgery in improving insulin sensitivity and reducing insulin demand.

A proteomic approach towards understanding crypoprotective action of Me2SO on the CHO cell proteome.

Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines are the most widely used in vitro cells for research and production of recombinant proteins such as rhGH, tPA, and erythropoietin. We aimed to investigate changes in protein profiles after cryopreservation using 2D-DIGE MALDI-TOF MS and network pathway analysis. The proteome changes that occur in CHO cells between freshly prepared cells and cryopreserved cells with and without Me2SO were compared to determine the key proteins and pathways altered during recovery from cryopreservation. A total of 54 proteins were identified and successfully matched to 37 peptide mass fingerprints (PMF). 14 protein spots showed an increase while 23 showed decrease abundance in the Me2SO free group compared to the control. The proteins with increased abundance included vimentin, heat shock protein 60 kDa, mitochondrial, heat shock 70 kDa protein 9, protein disulfide-isomerase A3, voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2. Those with a decrease in abundance were myotubularin, glutathione peroxidase, enolase, phospho glyceromutase, chloride intracellular channel protein 1. The main canonical functional pathway affected involved the unfolded protein response, aldosterone Signaling in Epithelial Cells, 14-3-3-mediated signaling. 2D-DIGE MALDI TOF mass spectrometry and network pathway analysis revealed the differential proteome expression of FreeStyle CHO cells after cryopreservation with and without 5% Me2SOto involve pathways related to post-translational modification, protein folding and cell death and survival (score = 56, 22 focus molecules). This study revealed, for the first time to our knowledge the proteins and their regulated pathways involved in the cryoprotective action of 5% Me2SO. The use of 5% Me2SO as a cryoprotectant maintained the CHO cell proteome in the cryopreserved cells, similar to that of fresh CHO cells.

Serum-Based Proteomics Profiling in Adult Patients with Cystic Fibrosis.

Cystic fibrosis (CF), the most common lethal autosomal recessive disorder among Caucasians, is caused by mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) chloride channel gene. Despite significant advances in the management of CF patients, novel disease-related biomarkers and therapies must be identified. We performed serum proteomics profiling in CF patients (n = 28) and healthy subjects (n = 10) using the 2D-DIGE MALDI-TOF proteomic approach. Out of a total of 198 proteins identified, 134 showed a statistically significant difference in abundance and a 1.5-fold change (ANOVA, p < 0.05), including 80 proteins with increased abundance and 54 proteins with decreased abundance in CF patients. A multiple reaction monitoring-mass spectrometry analysis of six differentially expressed proteins identified by a proteomic approach (DIGE-MALD-MS) showed a significant increase in C3 and CP proteins and a decrease in APOA1, Complement C1, Hp, and RBP4proteins compared with healthy controls. Fifteen proteins were identified as potential biomarkers for CF diagnosis. An ingenuity pathway analysis of the differentially regulated proteins indicates that the central nodes dysregulated in CF subjects involve pro-inflammatory cytokines, ERK1/2, and P38 MAPK, which are primarily involved in catalytic activities and metabolic processes. The involved canonical pathways include those related to FXR/RXR, LXR/RXR, acute phase response, IL12, nitric oxide, and reactive oxygen species in macrophages. Our data support the current efforts toward augmenting protease inhibitors in patients with CF. Perturbations in lipid and vitamin metabolism frequently observed in CF patients may be partly due to abnormalities in their transport mechanism.

Plasma-Based Proteomics Profiling of Patients with Hyperthyroidism after Antithyroid Treatment.

Thyroid hormones critically modulate body homeostasis and haemostasis by regulating energy and metabolism. Previous studies have focused on individual pathways or proteins that are affected by increases in thyroid hormone levels, while an overall plasma proteomic signature of this increased level is lacking. Herein, an integrated untargeted proteomic approach with network analysis was used to identify changes in circulating proteins in the plasma proteome between hyperthyroid and euthyroid states. Plasma from 10 age-matched subjects at baseline (hyperthyroid) and post treatment with carbimazole (euthyroid) was compared by difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI TOF) mass spectrometry (MS). A total of 20 proteins were identified with significant difference in abundance (analysis of variance (ANOVA) test, p ≤ 0.05; fold-change ≥ 1.5) between the two states (12 increased and 8 decreased in abundance in the hyperthyroid state). Twelve protein spots corresponding to ten unique proteins were significantly more abundant in the hyperthyroid state compared with the euthyroid state. These increased proteins were haptoglobin (HP), hemopexin (HPX), clusterin (CLU), apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1), alpha-1-B glycoprotein (A1BG), fibrinogen gamma chain (FGG), Ig alpha-1 chain C region (IGHA1), complement C6 (C6), leucine rich alpha 2 glycoprotein (LRG1), and carboxypeptidase N catalytic chain (CPN1). Eight protein spots corresponding to six unique proteins were significantly decreased in abundance in the hyperthyroid samples compared with euthyroid samples. These decreased proteins were apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), plasminogen (PLG), alpha-1 antitrypsin (SERPINA1), fibrinogen beta chain (FGB), and complement C1r subcomponent (C1R). The differentially abundant proteins were investigated by ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA). The network pathway identified related to infectious disease, inflammatory disease, organismal injury and abnormalities, and the connectivity map focused around two central nodes, namely the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. The plasma proteome of patients with hyperthyroidism revealed differences in the abundance of proteins involved in acute phase response signaling, and development of a hypercoagulable and hypofibrinolytic state. Our findings enhance our existing knowledge of the altered proteins and associated biochemical pathways in hyperthyroidism.

Comparative Analysis of Milk Fat Globular Membrane (MFGM) Proteome between Saudi Arabia Camelus dromedary Safra and Wadha Breeds.

Camel milk is traditionally known to have medicinal properties and many potential health benefits. Natural milk contains many soluble proteins and nanoparticles, such as a milk fat globule membrane (MFGM), a three-layered membrane covering of milk fat globule mainly composed of proteins and lipids, which plays an important role in human health. MFGM proteins account for 1%-4% of total milk proteins, and their nutritive value and distribution depends on the different breeds. The differential composition of these membrane proteins among different camel breeds has not been explored. The current study, therefore, aimed to quantitatively analyze and compare the MFGM proteome between the milk produced by the two most common Saudi camel breeds, Camelus dromedarius: Safra and Wadha. Two-dimensional difference in gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and mass spectrometry analysis revealed a total of 44 MFGM proteins that were identified with a significant difference in abundance (p ≤ 0.05; fold change ≥ 1.5) between the two breeds. Thirty-one proteins were up-regulated and 13 proteins were down-regulated in the Safra breed compared to the Wadha breed. The proteins identified with an increased abundance included α-lactalbumin, lactadherin, and annexin a8, whereas the down-regulated proteins included butyrophilin subfamily 1 member a1, lactotransferrin, and vinculin. The differentially abundant proteins were analyzed by the UNIPROT system and gene ontology (GO) to reveal their associations with known biological functions and pathways. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) confirmed the 2D-DIGE findings of butyrophilin (BTN) and α-lactalbumin (α-LA) levels obtained from Safra and Wadha breeds.