Challenges in diagnosis and management of invasive ductal carcinoma in axillary ectopic breast tissue: a case study.

Ectopic breast tissue (EBT) is breast tissue located outside the normal anatomic boundaries of the breasts, developing due to incomplete embryological regression of the mammary ridges. EBT can develop anywhere along the milk line, with the axilla being the most common site. While generally benign, EBT can undergo malignant transformation. This case report discusses a 24-year-old female with locally advanced invasive ductal carcinoma in the axillary EBT, highlighting its clinical presentation, diagnostic process, and management in a resource-limited setting. The patient underwent wide local excision and axillary lymph node dissection followed by adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy, achieving a favorable short-term outcome. This case underscores the importance of considering EBT in differential diagnosis of axillary masses and the need for tailored treatment strategies in such settings.

Prevalence of and factors associated with placental malaria in the White Nile State: a cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: Malaria during pregnancy can lead to maternal and perinatal adverse effects. Despite the preventive measures, recent research has shown that malaria during pregnancy is still a threatening health problem, especially in Sub-Saharan African countries. The current study was conducted to determine the prevalence of and factors associated with placental malaria in Rabak Hospital in central Sudan. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was conducted from September to October 2021. Pregnant women who delivered at the Rabak Maternity Hospital in Central Sudan were included. A questionnaire was used to gather both obstetric and socio-demographic information. Blood films for malaria were prepared using the maternal, placental, and cord blood, and a placental histology was performed. A logistic regression analysis was performed. RESULTS: For the 208 women, the medians (interquartile range) of their age and parity were 25 (21.0 ‒30.0) years and 2 (1‒4), respectively. Twenty-five (12.0%) of the women had used insecticide-treated nets. Active infection, active-chronic infection, and past-chronic infection were detected in four (1.9%), five (2.4%), and 35 (16.8%) placentas, respectively. One hundred and sixty-four (78.8%) placentas showed no signs of infection. Logistic regression analysis showed that none of the examined factors (age, parity, education, antenatal care level, use of insecticide-treated nets, and blood group) was associated with placental malaria. CONCLUSIONS: Malaria affects 20% of pregnant women, regardless of their age and parity. Preventative measures should therefore be encouraged in this area.

Histomorphometric study of placental blood vessels of chorion and chorionic villi vascular area among women with preeclampsia.

INTRODUCTION: The direction of blood movement in normal and abnormal placenta is curious from a morphometric point of view. Once pregnancy is compromised by an illness like hypertension, maternal and foetal distress can lead to negative outcomes. The quantitative variations in the blood vessels within the chorion and the chorionic villi in placentas from pregnancies are complicated by preeclampsia (PE) and are poorly defined. The purpose of this study was to calculate and explore the morphometric measurement of blood vessels involved in the progress of hypertension through pregnancy within the chorion and the chorionic villi among normotensive women (n = 39) versus a preeclamptic group (n = 35). METHODS: Measurements used a computerized morphometry system and a Vascular Medicine Institute (VMI) calculator. RESULTS: Our data showed a significant decrease in vessel area (VA), wall area (WA), lumen area (LA), mean wall thickness-boundary (MWTB), mean wall thickness-rosette (MWTR), mean diameter-rosette (MDR), mean wall thickness-skeleton (MWTS), and external diameter-skeleton (EDS) in preeclampsia women compared to normotensive women. There were no significant differences between preeclampsia and control group in lumen area. DISCUSSION: We concluded that preeclamptic chorion and chorionic villi vessels are linked with significant structural discrepancies; future studies should address morphological events that occur throughout pregnancy including associations between arterial elastic properties-mainly collagen and structural proteins in hypertensive patients. A more integrated approach involving parallel analysis of the effects of potential vasoactive factors on the morphology of foetal vessel alteration is also needed.

Placental growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in the placentas of women with pre-eclampsia.

BACKGROUND: Although the exact mechanism of pre-eclampsia - high blood pressure and proteinuria after 20 gestational weeks - is not yet fully understood, placental growth factor (PLGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) are known to play important roles in vascularization and in the pathology of pre-eclampsia. METHODS: PLGF, VEGF, and HIF-1α were evaluated by immunohistochemistry in the placentas of Sudanese women with mild or severe pre-eclampsia, and in normal controls. RESULTS: Sixty-two women had severe pre-eclampsia, 102 had mild pre-eclampsia and 101 women served as healthy controls. Immunohistochemical staining of PLGF was significantly lower in placentas of women with severe pre-eclampsia (16%) compared with those with mild pre-eclampsia (8.8%) and placentas of normotensive women (40.6%; p < .001). Significantly more of the pre-eclamptic placentas expressed VEGF: in 32%, 17.6%, and 14.9% (p = .020) of the placentas of women with severe or mild pre-eclampsia and in controls, respectively. Significantly more of the pre-eclamptic placentas expressed HIF-1α: in 15%, 10.8%, and 5.0% of the placentas of women with severe or mild pre-eclampsia, and in controls, respectively (p = .044). CONCLUSION: The current study showed that PLGF, VEGF, and HIF-1α are involved in the pathophysiology of pre-eclampsia.