[Galleria mellonella larva model in evaluating the effects of biofilm in Candida albicans]. / Candida albicans biyofilm etkilerinin degerlendirilmesinde Galleria mellonella larvasi modeli.

Biofilm-related infections are chronic infections that cause serious increase in morbidity and mortality as well as significant economic loss. Galleria mellonella larva is shown as a reliable animal model for in vivo toxicology and pathogenicity tests due to its large size, ease of practice, ability to survive at 15-37°C and its similarity to mammals' natural immune system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects biofilm activity of Candida albicans in a G.mellonella larva model. Two C.albicans strains isolated as a disease agent were used for the model, where one was positive (BP), and the other one was negative (BN) for biofilm production. Eighty healthy G.mellonella larvae, all in the last larval stage and 2-2.5 cm long, were divided into 4 groups of equal size. Group 1 was set as the control group. Group 2 was injected with sterile phosphate buffer (PBS) group. Group 3 was injected with BP C.albicans strain and group 4 with BN C.albicans strain. A 5 µL volume of C.albicans prepared at 5 × 105 cfu/ml concentration with PBS was injected into the last left rear-legs of the larvae. The larvae were kept in sterile petri dishes at 37°C. They were observed for a total of 96 hours, for 4 hours in the first 24 hours, then in 12 hours intervals. Melanization, survival, total hemocyte count and fungal burden were evaluated as infection indicators. Melanization and death were not observed throughout the study period in group 1. One larva died in group 2. Small melanization spots (dark spots) and subsequent progressive melanization were observed from 3rd hour in the larvae infected with C.albicans. When compared with the BN C.albicans infected group, survival rate was 20% for BP C.albicans infected larvae at the end of 24 hours. Total hemocyte count was very low in the infected groups compared to groups 1 and 2, also significantly lower in group 3 than in group 4. In quantitative cultures, growth of C.albicans was detected in groups 3 and 4 while not in groups 1 and 2. Fungal load was significantly higher in BP C.albicans infected group than BN C.albicans infected group. In this study, G.mellonella larvae were used as live hosts to demonstrate the effects of biofilm activity of C.albicans. Our results suggest that larval models can be used to investigate the effects of fungal infections and biofilm like virulence factors on host cells, and invertebrate animal models can be widely used and can bridge between in vitro studies and mammalian models.

Blocking the Cleavage of Filamin A by Calpain Inhibitor Decreases Tumor Cell Growth.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Filamin A (FLNA) is the most abundant and widely expressed isoform of filamin in human tissues. It is cleaved by calpain at the hinge 1 and 2 domains, producing a 90-kDa carboxyl-terminal fragment (FLNACT). Recently, it has been shown that FLNACT mediates cell signaling and transports transcription factors into the cell nucleus. However, the significance of cleavage of FLNA by calpain has not been studied in cancer cell growth. Calpeptin is a chemical inhibitor of both calpain 1 and 2 that cleaves FLNA. In this study, we questioned if inhibiting calpain using calpeptin would decrease tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and colony formation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human melanoma (A7), prostate cancer (PC3), mouse fibrosarcoma (T241) and endothelial (MS1) cells were assayed for proliferation, migration, invasion and colony formation after treatment with calpeptin. Cell lysates were immunoblotted for FLNA and FLNACT Results: Calpeptin treatment of these cells resulted in a decreased production of FLNACT Calpeptin-treated human and mouse tumor cells displayed impaired proliferation, migration, and colony formation. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that the cleavage of FLNA by calpain is an important cellular event in the regulation of tumor cell growth.