Foliar Application of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae Strain 33504-Borg201 Promotes Faba Bean Growth and Enhances Systemic Resistance Against Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus Infection.

The bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) is one of the most serious economic diseases affecting faba bean crop production. Rhizobium spp., well known for its high nitrogen fixation capacity in legumes, has received little study as a possible biocontrol agent and antiviral. Under greenhouse conditions, foliar application of molecularly characterized Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae strain 33504-Borg201 to the faba bean leaves 24 h before they were infected with BYMV made them much more resistant to the disease while also lowering its severity and accumulation. Furthermore, the treatment promoted plant growth and health, as evidenced by the increased total chlorophyll (32.75 mg/g f.wt.) and protein content (14.39 mg/g f.wt.), as well as the improved fresh and dry weights of the plants. The protective effects of 33504-Borg201 greatly lowered the levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (4.92 µmol/g f.wt.) and malondialdehyde (MDA) (173.72 µmol/g f.wt.). The antioxidant enzymes peroxidase (1.58 µM/g f.wt.) and polyphenol oxidase (0.57 µM/g f.wt.) inhibited the development of BYMV in plants treated with 33504-Borg201. Gene expression analysis showed that faba bean plants treated with 33504-Borg201 had higher amounts of pathogenesis-related protein-1 (PR-1) (3.28-fold) and hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA quinate hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (4.13-fold) than control plants. These findings demonstrate the potential of 33,504-Borg201 as a cost-effective and eco-friendly method to protect faba bean plants against BYMV. Implementing this approach could help develop a simple and sustainable strategy for protecting faba bean crops from the devastating effects of BYMV.

Pathological characterization and management of Lasiodiplodia theobromae, a hemi-biotroph with an interkingdom host range.

Heart rot disease, caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae, is destructive for date palms and other woody plants. The disease was reported in several oasis in Egypt, and the pathogen was found in association with infected trees suffering die-back and rachis blight. Seven phylogenetically distinct fungal isolates were selected, and their pathogenicity was confirmed on date palms. The isolates exhibited variable degrees of virulence on inoculated leaves, which confirms the variation. We examined the antifungal effect of microbial bioagents and plant extracts on heart rot disease. The isolates of Trichoderma spp. gave moderate reduction of the pathogen's linear growth (40-60%), while their exudates were ultimately ineffective. Bacillus spp. isolates, except for B. megaterium, were more effective against spore germination as they gave 80-90% reduction on average. Among the examined plant extracts garlic sap gave 98.67% reduction of linear growth followed by artemisia (15.5%) and camphor (24.8%). The extraction methods greatly influenced the antifungal efficiency of each extract as exposure to organic solvents significantly decreased the efficiency of all extracts, while hot water extraction negatively affected garlic sap only. Successful bioagents and plant extracts were further assayed for the suppression of heart rot disease on date palms. Both T. album and T. harzianum gave comparable degrees of suppression as by commercial fungicides. In addition, treatment before or during pathogen inoculation was the most effective as it significantly enhanced the expression of defense-related enzymes. Our findings suggest bio-pesticides possessing a dual role in disease suppression and defense boosters for date palms suffering heart rot disease.

Antiviral, antifungal, and insecticidal activities of Eucalyptus bark extract: HPLC analysis of polyphenolic compounds.

In this study, the antiviral, antifungal, and insecticidal and HPLC analysis of polyphenolic compounds of Eucaluptus camaldulensis Dehnh. bark extract (ECBE) were evaluated. Three fungi, namely Fusarium culmorum MN398395, Rhizoctonia solani MN398397, and Botrytis cinerea MN398399 were used to colonize wood blocks of chinaberry that was previously treated with different concentrations of ECBE at 1%, 2%, and 3%. Antiviral evaluations (protective, curative, and inactivating activities) of the extract at 100 µg/mL were assayed against Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) MG264131 using the half-leaf method to determine the inhibitory percentage towards the number of local lesions. The protective treatment of Nicotiana glutinosa leaves exhibited excellent activity (72.22%) with a 91.1-fold reduction in TMV-CP accumulation in infected tissues. Furthermore, Real-time quantitative PCR revealed that the expression level of PAL and PR-1 (salicylic acid marker) genes were significantly up regulated at four days-post inoculation (dpi) for all treatments compared to untreated leaves. The insecticidal effect was screened by the contact and fumigant methods against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Sitophilus oryzae L. in vitro. In contact assay, all concentrations 1, 5, 10, 20 and 30 ppm caused 100% toxicity to the two tested pests within 24 h, whereas the fumigant assay, gave the highest mortality against T. castaneum and S. oryzae by 20 ppm (61.66%) and 30 ppm (57.77%), respectively after 24 h. The HPLC analysis of ECBE revealed that benzoic acid, quinol, salicylic acid, myricetin, and rutin were the most abundant polyphenolic compounds found in the extract. In conclusion, when the extract concentration increases, the growth of fungal mycelia was decreased compared with the control, especially against F. culmorum. According to the hypotheses of the results, the ECBE recommended to prevent the wood from discoloration, fungal molds by acting as bio-preservative, also trigger the resistance of plants against viral infection and high toxicity against stored-product insects.

Antibacterial activity of three essential oils and some monoterpenes against Ralstonia solanacearum phylotype II isolated from potato.

The present study describes the possibility of using some essential oils and monoterpens as bioagents against the growth of Ralstonia solanacearum, a causal bacterium of potato brown rot disease. Eight isolates of the bacterium were recovered from infected potato tubers, showing typical symptoms of the disease, Isolates were identified as R.solanacearum phylotype II, based on biochemical and physiological characteristics, as well as, at the molecular level through PCR analysis. Three essential oils extracted from Corymbia citriodora (leaves), Cupressus sempervirens (aerial parts), and Lantana camara (aerial parts) were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against eight isolates of R. solanacearum phylotype II. Results demonstrated that L. camara essential oil (concentration 5000 µg/mL) had the highest effects against the RsMo2, RsSc1 and Rs48, with inhibition zone (IZ) values of 17.33, 16.33, and 17.50 mm, respectively, also against Rs2 (IZ 14.33 mm), and RsIs2 (IZ 16 mm). C. citriodora oil showed the highest activity against RsBe2 (IZ 14 mm), RsFr4 (IZ 13.66 mm) and RsNe1 (IZ 13.66 mm). Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS-FID) analyzed the chemical composition of these essential oils. It was proved that L. camara leaves contains mainly trans-caryophyllene (16.24%) and α-humulene (9.55%), in C. citriodora oil were α-citronellal (56.55%), α-citronellol (14.89%), and citronellol acetate (13.04%), and in Cup. sempervirens aerial parts were cedrol (22.17%), and Δ3-carene (18.59%). Five monoterpenes were evaluated against the most resistance Ralstonia isolate RsFr5 to the three studied essential oils and found that limonene had the highest effect against it compared with the lowest thymol. The results proved the strong bio effects of the essential oil from L. camara leaves as a natural product contained monoterpenes that can inhibit the growth of tested R. solanacearum phylotype II isolates.

Antifungal, Antibacterial, and Antioxidant Activities of Acacia Saligna (Labill.) H. L. Wendl. Flower Extract: HPLC Analysis of Phenolic and Flavonoid Compounds.

In this study, for the environmental development, the antifungal, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities of a water extract of flowers from Acacia saligna (Labill.) H. L. Wendl. were evaluated. The extract concentrations were prepared by dissolving them in 10% DMSO. Wood samples of Melia azedarach were treated with water extract, and the antifungal activity was examined at concentrations of 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3% against three mold fungi; Fusarium culmorum MH352452, Rhizoctonia solani MH352450, and Penicillium chrysogenum MH352451 that cause root rot, cankers, and green fruit rot, respectively, isolated from infected Citrus sinensis L. Antibacterial evaluation of the extract was assayed against four phytopathogenic bacteria, including Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Enterobacter cloacae, Erwinia amylovora, and Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, using the micro-dilution method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Further, the antioxidant capacity of the water extract was measured via 2,2'-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Phenolic and flavonoid compounds in the water extract were analyzed using HPLC: benzoic acid, caffeine, and o-coumaric acid were the most abundant phenolic compounds; while the flavonoid compounds naringenin, quercetin, and kaempferol were identified compared with the standard flavonoid compounds. The antioxidant activity of the water extract in terms of IC50 was considered weak (463.71 µg/mL) compared to the standard used, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (6.26 µg/mL). The MIC values were 200, 300, 300, and 100 µg/mL against the growth of A. tumefaciens, E. cloacae, E. amylovora, and P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, respectively, which were lower than the positive control used (Tobramycin 10 µg/disc). By increasing the extract concentration, the percentage inhibition of fungal mycelial was significantly increased compared to the control treatment, especially against P. chrysogenum, suggesting that the use of A. saligna flower extract as an environmentally friendly wood bio-preservative inhibited the growth of molds that cause discoloration of wood and wood products.

Effectiveness of root-bark extract from Salvadora persica against the growth of certain molecularly identified pathogenic bacteria.

The acetone extract from root-bark of Salvadora persica L. (Salvadoraceae), is assayed for its antibacterial activity against some bacterial pathogens. By GC/MS analysis, the main chemical components of the acetone extract were found to be benzylisothiocyanate (39.4%), and benzyl nitrile (benzeneacetonitrile) (37.9%). According the extract concentrations used, the measured inhibition zones observed were between from 13.6 to 18.6 mm, 15.3-23 mm, 13.3-18.3 mm, 13.3-18.3 mm, and 12.3-19 mm, against the isolated plant bacterial pathogens namely Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Pectobacterium atrosepticum, Enterobacter cloacae, Dickeya solani and Ralstonia solanacearum, respectively, whilst it was between 8 and 12 mm, 8-9.6 mm, 8-11.6 mm, and 8-10.3 mm against Bacillus subtilis, Sarcina lutea, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration values of the extract were between 16 and 32 µg/mL against the growth of plant bacterial, and from 1000 to 2000 µg/mL against the growth of the human bacteria. In conclusion, the acetone extract of root-bark of S. persica showed strong antibacterial activity against the plant pathogens and some activity against the human pathogens were reported. The results suggested that using the acetone extract from root-bark of S. persica as bioactive agent against the growth of the studied plant bacterial pathogens.

Antigenic and pathogenicity activities of Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 molecularly identified and detected by indirect ELISA using polyclonal antibodies generated in rabbits.

Eight molecular-characterized isolates of Ralstonia solanacearum from potato belonging to race 3 biovar 2, their virulence were evaluated on potato cv. Lady Rosette, tomato cv. Strain B, eggplant cv. Balady and pepper cv. Balady and showed high virulence on potato and tomato, and lower virulence on eggplant and pepper. A laboratory study conducted to produce polyclonal antibodies against the potato brown rot bacterium; R. solanacearum cells were generated in female New Zealand white rabbits. A modification were made on the technique of indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to improve the sensitivity of detection, including antigenic and sensitivity to R. solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 isolates. Determination of the optimum period to collect the antiserum (including, polyclonal antibodies) showed that the best collection dates were at 14, 3 and 7 days, in that order. The efficiency of the antiserum was compared among 42 isolates that cause potato brown rot disease; our polyclonal antiserum (14 days) reacted positively with all tested isolates at a dilution of 1:6.4 × 103. Data indicated the different reactions of eight R. solanacearum isolates at various dilutions (1:1.6 × 103 to 1:5.12 × 106) at 14 days against polyclonal antiserumat a concentration of approximately 1 × 108 CFU/mL and we found the lowest detection level by the indirect ELISA technique was 106 CFU/mL. Finally we recommended the reasonable sensitivity results of the ELISA technique to detect the bacterial pathogen given than the cost of this technique if much lower than that of other expensive molecular techniques.

Trichoderma afroharzianum TRI07 metabolites inhibit Alternaria alternata growth and induce tomato defense-related enzymes.

Identifying a viable substitute for the limited array of current antifungal agents stands as a crucial objective in modern agriculture. Consequently, extensive worldwide research has been undertaken to unveil eco-friendly and effective agents capable of controlling pathogens resistant to the presently employed fungicides. This study explores the efficacy of Trichoderma isolates in combating tomato leaf spot disease, primarily caused by Alternaria alternata. The identified pathogen, A. alternata Alt3, was isolated and confirmed through the ITS region (OQ888806). Six Trichoderma isolates were assessed for their ability to inhibit Alt3 hyphal growth using dual culture, ethyl acetate extract, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) techniques. The most promising biocontrol isolate was identified as T. afroharzianum isolate TRI07 based on three markers: ITS region (OQ820171), translation elongation factor alpha 1 gene (OR125580), and RNA polymerase II subunit gene (OR125581). The ethyl acetate extract of TRI07 isolate was subjected to GC-MS analysis, revealing spathulenol, triacetin, and aspartame as the main compounds, with percentages of 28.90, 14.03, and 12.97%, respectively. Analysis of TRI07-VOCs by solid-phase microextraction technique indicated that the most abundant compounds included ethanol, hydroperoxide, 1-methylhexyl, and 1-octen-3-one. When TRI07 interacted with Alt3, 34 compounds were identified, with major components including 1-octen-3-one, ethanol, and hexanedioic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester. In greenhouse experiment, the treatment of TRI07 48 h before inoculation with A. alternata (A3 treatment) resulted in a reduction in disease severity (16.66%) and incidence (44.44%). Furthermore, A3 treatment led to improved tomato growth performance parameters and increased chlorophyll content. After 21 days post-inoculation, A3 treatment was associated with increased production of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, POD, SOD, and PPO), while infected tomato plants exhibited elevated levels of oxidative stress markers MDA and H2O2. HPLC analysis of tomato leaf extracts from A3 treatment revealed higher levels of phenolic acids such as gallic, chlorogenic, caffeic, syringic, and coumaric acids, as well as flavonoid compounds including catechin, rutin, and vanillin. The novelty lies in bridging the gap between strain-specific attributes and practical application, enhancing the understanding of TRI07's potential for integrated pest management. This study concludes that TRI07 isolate presents potential natural compounds with biological activity, effectively controlling tomato leaf spot disease and promoting tomato plant growth. The findings have practical implications for agriculture, suggesting a sustainable biocontrol strategy that can enhance crop resilience and contribute to integrated pest management practices.

Molecular Diversity and Combining Ability in Newly Developed Maize Inbred Lines under Low-Nitrogen Conditions.

Nitrogen is an essential element for maize growth, but excessive application can lead to various environmental and ecological issues, including water pollution, air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and biodiversity loss. Hence, developing maize hybrids resilient to low-N conditions is vital for sustainable agriculture, particularly in nitrogen-deficient soils. Combining ability and genetic relationships among parental lines is crucial for breeding superior hybrids under diverse nitrogen levels. This study aimed to assess the genetic diversity of maize inbred lines using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and evaluate their combining ability to identify superior hybrids under low-N and recommended conditions. Local and exotic inbred lines were genotyped using SSR markers, revealing substantial genetic variation with high gene diversity (He = 0.60), moderate polymorphism information content (PIC = 0.54), and an average of 3.64 alleles per locus. Twenty-one F1 hybrids were generated through a diallel mating design using these diverse lines. These hybrids and a high yielding commercial check (SC-131) were field-tested under low-N and recommended N conditions. Significant variations (p < 0.01) were observed among nitrogen levels, hybrids, and their interaction for all recorded traits. Additive genetic variances predominated over non-additive genetic variances for grain yield and most traits. Inbred IL3 emerged as an effective combiner for developing early maturing genotypes with lower ear placement. Additionally, inbreds IL1, IL2, and IL3 showed promise as superior combiners for enhancing grain yield and related traits under both low-N and recommended conditions. Notably, hybrids IL1×IL4, IL2×IL5, IL2×IL6, and IL5×IL7 exhibited specific combining abilities for increasing grain yield and associated traits under low-N stress conditions. Furthermore, strong positive associations were identified between grain yield and specific traits like plant height, ear length, number of rows per ear, and number of kernels per row. Due to their straightforward measurability, these relationships underscore the potential of using these traits as proxies for indirect selection in early breeding generations, particularly under low-N stress. This research contributes to breeding nitrogen-efficient maize hybrids and advances our understanding of the genetic foundations for tolerance to nitrogen limitations.

Non-proteinogenic amino acids mitigate oxidative stress and enhance the resistance of common bean plants against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.

White mold, caused by the necrotrophic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is a challenging disease to common bean cultivation worldwide. In the current study, two non-proteinogenic amino acids (NPAAs), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and ß-alanine, were suggested as innovative environmentally acceptable alternatives for more sustainable management of white mold disease. In vitro, GABA and ß-alanine individually demonstrated potent dose-dependent fungistatic activity and effectively impeded the radial growth and development of S. sclerotiorum mycelium. Moreover, the application of GABA or ß-alanine as a seed treatment followed by three root drench applications efficiently decreased the disease severity, stimulated plant growth, and boosted the content of photosynthetic pigments of treated S. sclerotiorum-infected plants. Furthermore, although higher levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anion (O2 •-), and malondialdehyde (MDA) indicated that S. sclerotiorum infection had markedly triggered oxidative stress in infected bean plants, the exogenous application of both NPAAs significantly reduced the levels of the three studied oxidative stress indicators. Additionally, the application of GABA and ß-alanine increased the levels of both non-enzymatic (total soluble phenolics and flavonoids), as well as enzymatic (catalase [CAT], peroxidases [POX], and polyphenol oxidase [PPO]) antioxidants in the leaves of S. sclerotiorum-infected plants and improved their scavenging activity and antioxidant efficiency. Applications of GABA and ß-alanine also raised the proline and total amino acid content of infected bean plants. Lastly, the application of both NPAAs upregulated the three antioxidant-related genes PvCAT1, PvCuZnSOD1, and PvGR. Collectively, the fungistatic activity of NPAAs, coupled with their ability to alleviate oxidative stress, enhance antioxidant defenses, and stimulate plant growth, establishes them as promising eco-friendly alternatives for white mold disease management for sustainable bean production.

Exogenous application of nano-silicon, potassium sulfate, or proline enhances physiological parameters, antioxidant enzyme activities, and agronomic traits of diverse rice genotypes under water deficit conditions.

Water deficit is a critical obstacle that devastatingly impacts rice production, particularly in arid regions under current climatic fluctuations. Accordingly, it is decisive to reinforce the drought tolerance of rice by employing sustainable approaches to enhance global food security. The present study aimed at exploring the effect of exogenous application using different biostimulants on physiological, morphological, and yield attributes of diverse rice genotypes under water deficit and well-watered conditions in 2-year field trial. Three diverse rice genotypes (IRAT-112, Giza-178, and IR-64) were evaluated under well-watered (14400 m3/ha in total for the entire season) and water deficit (9170 m3/ha) conditions and were exogenously sprayed by nano-silicon, potassium sulfate, or proline. The results showed that drought stress substantially decreased all studied photosynthetic pigments, growth traits, and yield attributes compared to well-watered conditions. In contrast, antioxidant enzyme activities and osmoprotectants were considerably increased compared with those under well-watered conditions. However, the foliar application of nano-silicon, potassium sulfate, and proline substantially mitigated the deleterious effects of drought stress and markedly enhanced photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant enzyme activities, growth parameters, and yield contributing traits compared to untreated stressed control. Among the assessed treatments, foliar spray with nano-silicon or proline was more effective in promoting drought tolerance. The exogenous application of proline improved chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids by 21.4, 19.6 and 21.0% followed by nano-silicon treatment, which enhanced chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids by 21.1, 17.6 and 9.5% compared to untreated control. Besides, the application of proline demonstrated a superior improvement in the content of proline by 52.5% compared with the untreated control. Moreover, nano-silicon exhibited the maximum enhancement of catalase and peroxidase activity compared to the other treatments. The positive impacts of applied exogenously nano-silicon or proline significantly increased panicle length, number of panicles/plant, number of grains/panicle, fertility percentage, 1000-grain weight, panicle weight, and grain yield, compared to untreated plants under water deficit conditions. In addition, the physiological and agronomic performance of evaluated rice genotypes significantly contrasted under drought conditions. The genotype Giza-178 displayed the best performance under water deficit conditions compared with the other genotypes. Consequently, the integration of applied exogenously nano-silicon or proline with tolerant rice genotype as Giza-178 is an efficient approach to ameliorating drought tolerance and achieving agricultural sustainability under water-scarce conditions in arid environments.

Trichoderma pubescens Elicit Induced Systemic Resistance in Tomato Challenged by Rhizoctonia solani.

Rhizoctonia solani causes severe diseases in many plant species, particularly root rot in tomato plants. For the first time, Trichoderma pubescens effectively controls R. solani in vitro and in vivo. R. solani strain R11 was identified using the ITS region (OP456527); meanwhile, T. pubescens strain Tp21 was characterized by the ITS region (OP456528) and two genes (tef-1 and rpb2). The antagonistic dual culture method revealed that T. pubescens had a high activity of 76.93% in vitro. A substantial increase in root length, plant height, shoot fresh and dry, and root fresh and dry weight was indicated after applying T. pubescens to tomato plants in vivo. Additionally, it significantly increased the chlorophyll content and total phenolic compounds. The treatment with T. pubescens exhibited a low disease index (DI, 16.00%) without significant differences with Uniform® fungicide at a concentration of 1 ppm (14.67%), while the R. solani-infected plants showed a DI of 78.67%. At 15 days after inoculation, promising increases in the relative expression levels of three defense-related genes (PAL, CHS, and HQT) were observed in all T. pubescens treated plants compared with the non-treated plants. Plants treated with T. pubescens alone showed the highest expression value, with relative transcriptional levels of PAL, CHS, and HQT that were 2.72-, 4.44-, and 3.72-fold higher in comparison with control plants, respectively. The two treatments of T. pubescens exhibited increasing antioxidant enzyme production (POX, SOD, PPO, and CAT), while high MDA and H2O2 levels were observed in the infected plants. The HPLC results of the leaf extract showed a fluctuation in polyphenolic compound content. T. pubescens application alone or for treating plant pathogen infection showed elevated phenolic acids such as chlorogenic and coumaric acids. Therefore, the ability of T. pubescens to inhibit the growth of R. solani, enhance the development of tomato plants, and induce systemic resistance supports the application of T. pubescens as a potential bioagent for managing root rot disease and productivity increase of crops.

Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Biosynthesized by Eriobotrya japonica Leaf Extract: Characterization, Insecticidal and Antibacterial Properties.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) have gained significant attention in nanotechnology due to their unique properties and potential applications in various fields, including insecticidal and antibacterial activities. The ZnO-NPs were biosynthesized by Eriobotrya japonica leaf extract and characterized by various techniques such as UV-visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and zeta potential analysis. The results of SEM revealed that NPs were irregular and spherical-shaped, with a diameter between 5 and 27 nm. Meanwhile, DLS supported that the measured size distributions were 202.8 and 94.7 nm at 11.1° and 90.0°, respectively, which supported the polydisperse nature of NPs, and the corresponding zeta potential was -20.4 mV. The insecticidal activity of the produced ZnO-NPs was determined against the adult stage of coleopteran pests, Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus) (Curculionidae) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Tenebrionidae). The LC50 values of ZnO-NPs against adults of S. oryzae and T. castaneum at 24 h of exposure were 7125.35 and 5642.65 µg/mL, respectively, whereas the LC90 values were 121,824.56 and 66,825.76 µg/mL, respectively. Moreover, the biosynthesized nanoparticles exhibited antibacterial activity against three potato bacterial pathogens, and the size of the inhibition zone was concentration-dependent. The data showed that the inhibition zone size increased with an increase in the concentration of nanoparticles for all bacterial isolates tested. The highest inhibition zone was observed for Ralstonia solanacearum at a concentration of 5 µg/mL, followed by Pectobacterium atrosepticum and P. carotovorum. Eventually, ZnO-NPs could be successfully used as an influential agent in pest management programs against stored-product pests and potato bacterial diseases.

Rhizobacterial Colonization and Management of Bacterial Speck Pathogen in Tomato by Pseudomonas spp.

Plants and soil microorganisms interact at every stage of growth. Pseudomonas spp. are highly regarded for their ability to increase crop production and protection from diseases. The aim of this study is to understand the mechanisms of the rhizobacterial colonization of tomato roots via chemotaxis assay and the activation of tomato resistance against the pathogenic bacterium, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst). The capillary assay was used to evaluate the chemotaxis response of PGPRs (plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria). The activities of defense enzymes and the expressions of PR (pathogenesis-related) genes were measured using real-time qPCR. Chemotactic responses to malic and citric acids (the most important root exudates found in different plant species) at low concentrations varied substantially among the rhizobacterial isolates (63 species). Beneficial isolates including Pseudomonas resinovorans A5, P. vranovensis A30, P. resinovorans A28, P. umsongensis O26, P. stutzeri N42, and P. putida T15 reacted well to different concentrations of root exudates. P. putida T15 demonstrated the most potent anti-Pst activity. At three and six days after inoculation, the greatest levels of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activity were reported in the A5 and T15 groups. In tomato, transcript levels of four PR (pathogenesis-related) genes were elevated by rhizobacterial treatments. PGPR isolates alone or in combination with BABA (ß-amino butyric acid) up-regulated the transcriptions of PR1, PR2, LOX, and PAL genes. Treatments with N42 and T15 resulted in the greatest improvements in tomato growth and yield traits. In conclusion, the results explain the mechanisms of rhizobacterial colonization for the improved management of Pst. Rhizobacterial isolates play a role in tomato's resistance to Pst via salicylic acid and jasmonic acid pathways.

Nematocidal and Bactericidal Activities of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Mediated by Ficus sycomorus Leaf Extract.

Nanoparticles effectively control most plant pathogens, although research has focused more on their antimicrobial than their nematocidal properties. This study synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) through a green biosynthesis method using an aqueous extract of Ficus sycomorus leaves (FS-Ag-NPs). The nanoparticles were characterized using SEM, TEM, EDX, zeta sizer, and FTIR. The TEM results showed that the synthesized NPs were nanoscale and had an average particle size of 33 ± 1 nm. The elemental silver signal at 3 keV confirmed the formation of Ag-NPs from an aqueous leaf extract of F. sycomorus. The FTIR analysis revealed the existence of several functional groups in the prepared Ag-NPs. The strong-broad band detected at 3430 cm-1 indicated the stretching vibration of -OH (hydroxyl) and -NH2 (amine) groups. The nematocidal activity of biosynthesized FS-Ag-NPs has been evaluated in vitro against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita at 24, 48, and 72 h. The FS-Ag-NPs at a 200 µg/mL concentration applied for 48 h showed the highest effectiveness, with 57.62% nematode mortality. Moreover, the biosynthesized FS-Ag-NPs were also tested for their antibacterial activity against Pectobacterium carotovorum, P. atrosepticum, and Ralstonia solanacearum. With the application of nanoparticles, the reduction in bacterial growth gradually increased. The most potent activity at all concentrations was found in R. solanacearum, with values of 14.00 ± 2.16, 17.33 ± 2.05, 19.00 ± 1.41, 24.00 ± 1.41, and 26.00 ± 2.83 at concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 µg/mL, respectively, when compared with the positive control (Amoxicillin 25 µg) with a value of 16.33 ± 0.94. At the same time, the nanoparticles showed the lowest reduction values against P. atrosepticum when compared to the control. This study is the first report on the nematocidal activity of Ag-NPs using F. sycomorus aqueous extract, which could be a recommended treatment for managing plant-parasitic nematodes due to its simplicity, stability, cost-effectiveness, and environmentally safe nature.

Phytochemical analysis and insight into insecticidal and antifungal activities of Indian hawthorn leaf extract.

Fungicides or insecticides are popular means of controlling a variety of pathogens and insect pests; however, they can cause harmful effects on both human health and the environment. Different researchers have suggested using plant extracts, which have shown promise in managing fungi and insects. The purpose of this investigation was to explore the antifungal activities of an acetone extract made from the leaves of Indian Hawthorn (HAL) against phytopathogens that are known to harm maize crops, Fusarium verticillioides (OQ820154) and Rhizoctonia solani (OQ820155), and to evaluate the insecticidal property against Aphis gossypii Glover aphid. The HAL extract demonstrated significant antifungal activity against the two fungal pathogens tested, especially at the high dose of 2000 µg/mL. Laboratory tests on the LC20 of HAL extract (61.08 mg/L) versus buprofezin 25% WP (0.0051 mg/L) were achieved on A. gossypii Glover. HAL extract diminished the nymph's production over 72 h and their total reproductive rate. This extract was like buprofezin 25% WP in decreasing the daily reproductive rate, reproductive period, and mean survival percentage. Nevertheless, the newly-born nymphs of treated females with HAL extract attained the highest reduction in survival percentage at 46.00%. Equalized prolongations on the longevity of nymphs to 9.33, 8.33, and 7 days and the total life cycle to 15.00, 14.00, and 12.67 days were realized by HAL extract, buprofezin 25% WP, and the control, respectively. The olfactory choice test on the aphids showed the minimum attraction rate to HAL extract. The HPLC of HAL extract comprised an abundance of phenolic compounds (ferulic acid, gallic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, salicylic acid, ellagic acid, and pyrogallol), and the concentrations of these compounds vary widely, with salicylic acid being the most concentrated at 25.14 mg/mL. Among the flavonoids, epicatechin has the highest concentration at 11.69 mg/mL. The HAL extract GC-MS consists of various organic compounds, including sesquiterpenes, cyclopropenes, fatty acids, steroids, alcohols, ketones, esters, bufadienolides, opioids, and other organic compounds. The most abundant compounds in the sample are n-hexadecanoic acid (12.17%), followed by 5α, 7αH, 10α-eudesm-11-en-1α-ol (9.43%), and cis-13-octadecenoic acid (5.87%). Based on the findings, it can be inferred that the HAL extract may be a viable option for plants to combat both fungal and insect infestations. This presents an encouraging prospect for utilizing a natural and sustainable approach toward long-term pest management in plants.

Antiviral Activity of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles from Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Peel Extract against Tobacco Mosaic Virus.

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a major pathogen affecting tomato plants worldwide. The efficacy of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) mediated by Punica granatum biowaste peel extract in mitigating the negative impact of TMV infection on tomato growth and oxidative stress was investigated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-Visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier-transform infrared spectra (FTIR). Results of SEM analysis of green Ag-NPs revealed the presence of condensed spherical or round NPs with diameters ranging between 61 and 97 nm. TEM confirmed the SEM results and showed round-shaped Ag-NPs with an average size of 33.37 ± 12.7 nm. The elemental analysis (EDX) of prepared Ag-NPs revealed the presence of elemental Ag as a major peak (64.43%) at 3-3.5 KeV. The FTIR revealed several functional groups on the prepared Ag-NPs, for which three treatment strategies for Ag-NP applications were evaluated in the greenhouse study and compared to inoculated TMV and control plants: pre-infection treatment (TB), post-infection treatment (TA), and dual treatment (TD). The results showed that the TD strategy is the most effective in improving tomato growth and reducing viral replication, whereas all Ag-NP treatments (TB, TA, and TD) were found to significantly increase expression of the pathogenesis-related (PR) genes PR-1 and PR-2, as well as polyphenolic compounds, HQT, and C4H genes compared to control plants. In contrast, the flavonoid content of tomato plants was not affected by the viral infection, while the phenolic content was significantly reduced in the TMV group. Furthermore, TMV infection led to a significant increase in oxidative stress markers MDA and H2O2, as well as a reduction in the enzymatic activity of the antioxidants PPO, SOD, and POX. Our results clearly showed that the application of Ag-NPs on TMV-infected plants reduces virus accumulation, delays viral replication in all treatments, and greatly enhances the expression of the CHS gene involved in flavonoid biosynthesis. Overall, these findings suggest that treatment with Ag-NPs may be an effective strategy to mitigate the negative impact of TMV infection on tomato plants.

Molecular Genetic Diversity of Local and Exotic Durum Wheat Genotypes and Their Combining Ability for Agronomic Traits under Water Deficit and Well-Watered Conditions.

Water deficit poses significant environmental stress that adversely affects the growth and productivity of durum wheat. Moreover, projections of climate change suggest an increase in the frequency and severity of droughts, particularly in arid regions. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop drought-tolerant and high-yielding genotypes to ensure sustained production and global food security in response to population growth. This study aimed to explore the genetic diversity among local and exotic durum wheat genotypes using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and, additionally, to explore the combining ability and agronomic performance of assessed durum wheat genotypes and their 28 F1 crosses under normal and drought stress conditions. The investigated SSRs highlighted and confirmed the high genetic variation among the evaluated parental durum wheat genotypes. These diverse eight parental genotypes were consequently used to develop 28 F1s through a diallel mating design. The parental durum genotypes and their developed 28 F1s were assessed under normal and drought stress conditions. The evaluated genotypes were analyzed for their general and specific combining abilities as well as heterosis for agronomic traits under both conditions. The local cultivar Bani-Suef-7 (P8) is maintained as an effective combiner for developing shortened genotypes and improving earliness. Moreover, the local cultivars Bani-Suef-5 (P7) and Bani-Suef-7 (P8) along with the exotic line W1520 (P6) demonstrated excellent general combining ability for improving grain yield and its components under drought stress conditions. Furthermore, valuable specific hybrid combinations, W988 × W994 (P1 × P2), W996 × W1518 (P3 × P5), W1011 × W1520 (P4 × P6), and Bani-Suef-5 × Bani-Suef-7 (P7 × P8), were identified for grain yield and its components under drought stress conditions. The assessed 36 genotypes were grouped according to tolerance indices into five clusters varying from highly drought-sensitive genotypes (group E) to highly drought-tolerant (group A). The genotypes in cluster A (two crosses) followed by thirteen crosses in cluster B displayed higher drought tolerance compared to the other crosses and their parental genotypes. Subsequently, these hybrids could be considered valuable candidates in future durum wheat breeding programs to develop desired segregants under water-deficit conditions. Strong positive relationships were observed between grain yield and number of grains per spike, plant height, and 1000-grain weight under water-deficit conditions. These results highlight the significance of these traits for indirect selection under drought stress conditions, particularly in the early stages of breeding, owing to their convenient measurability.

Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae-Mediated Silver Nanoparticles for Controlling Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus (BYMV) Infection in Faba Bean Plants.

The faba bean plant (Vicia faba L.) is one of the world's most important legume crops and can be infected with various viral diseases that affect its production. One of the more significant viruses in terms of economic impact is bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV). The current study used the molecularly identified Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae strain 33504-Borg1, a nitrogen-fixing bacteria, to biosynthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to control BYMV disease in faba bean plants. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), a particle size analyzer (PSA) with dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterize the prepared AgNPs. The DLS, SEM, and TEM analyses revealed that the AgNPs were spherical and rough, with sizes ranging from 13.7 to 40 nm. The FTIR analysis recognized various functional groups related to AgNP capping and stability. Under greenhouse conditions, spraying faba bean leaves with the AgNPs (100 µg/mL) 24 h before BYMV inoculation induced plant resistance and reduced plant disease severity and virus concentration levels. Contrarily, the AgNP treatment enhanced plant health by raising photosynthetic rates, increasing the fresh and dry weight of the faba bean plants, and increasing other measured metrics to levels comparable to healthy controls. Antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase) inhibited the development of BYMV in the faba bean plants treated with the AgNPs. The AgNPs decreased oxidative stress markers (H2O2 and MDA) in the faba bean plants. The plants treated with the AgNPs showed higher expression levels of PR-1 and HQT than the control plants. The study findings could be used to develop a simple, low-cost, and environmentally friendly method of protecting the faba bean plant from BYMV.

Suppression of Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) by Modified Whey Proteins.

Modified whey proteins with quercetin (WPI-QU) and onion extract (WPI-OE), as a control approach, could be applicable because it is available, safe and cheap. The modified whey protein isolate (WPI) with quercetin dihydrate and onion extract powder rich with quercetin were evaluated for induction of systemic resistance against Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) in pepper plants. Data of mass spectrometry illustrated that one or more of Qu isomers covalently attached to WPI. Unmodified whey protein (UWPI), WPI-QU and WPI-OE significantly decreased PMMoV concentration and severity at two weeks after inoculation. Plant height, number of leaves, and shoot fresh and dry weights were substantially increased in WPI-QU- and WPI-OE-treated pepper plants compared to the control. Total antioxidant status (TAS) and vitamin C contents were highly increased in WPI-OE-treated plants compared with other treatments. The expression levels of defense related genes (PR4, PR9, TIN1 and PIN2) were enormously elevated in WPI-OE and WPI-QU treatments using qRT-PCR. In conclusion, the results give novel insights to possible applications of the WPI-quercetin bioconjugates in designing a wide range of functional products. Moreover, this study is the first to establish the effective control of PMMoV by modified whey proteins.