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PURPOSE: Resting heart rate variability (HRV) is an important biomarker linking mental health to cardiovascular outcomes. However, resting HRV is also impaired in autonomic neuropathy, a common and underdiagnosed complication of common medical conditions which is detected by testing autonomic reflexes. We sought to describe the relationship between autonomic reflex abnormalities and resting HRV, taking into consideration medical comorbidities and demographic variables. METHODS: Participants (n = 209) underwent a standardized autonomic reflex screen which was summarized as the Composite Autonomic Severity Score (CASS) and included measures of reflexive HRV, e.g., heart rate with deep breathing (HRDB). Resting HRV measures were: pNN50 (percentage of NN intervals that differ by > 50 ms) and cvRMSSD (adjusted root mean square of successive differences). RESULTS: In univariate analyses, lower resting HRV was associated with: older age, higher CASS, neuropathy on examination, hypertension, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, and psychiatric disease. Adaptive regression spline analysis revealed that HRDB explained 27% of the variability in resting HRV for participants with values of HRDB in the normal range. Outside this range, there was no linear relationship because: (1) when HRDB was low (indicating autonomic neuropathy), resting HRV was also low with low variance; and (2) when HRDB was high, the variance in resting HRV was high. In multivariate models, only HRDB was significantly independently associated with cvRMSSD and pNN50. CONCLUSION: Subclinical autonomic neuropathy, as evidenced by low HRDB and other autonomic reflexes, should be considered as a potential confounder of resting HRV in research involving medically and demographically diverse populations.
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Sistema Nervoso Autônomo , Reflexo , Coração , Frequência Cardíaca/fisiologia , Humanos , Valores de ReferênciaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Although racial and ethnic minorities disproportionately use some hospitals, hospital-based racial and ethnic composition relative to geographic region and its association with quality indicators has not been systematically analyzed. METHODS: We used four race and ethnicity categories: non-Hispanic white (NHW), non-Hispanic black (NHB), Hispanic, and Asian/Pacific Islander/Alaskan Native/American Indian (API/AIAN), as well as a combined non-NHW category, from the 2010 (latest year publicly available) Medicare Institutional Provider & Beneficiary Summary public use file for 84 hospitals in the New York City region. We assessed the relative distribution of race and ethnicity across hospitals grouped at different geographic levels (region, county, hospital referral region [HRR], or hospital service areas [HSA]) using the dissimilarity index. Hospital characteristics included quality star ratings, essential professional services and diagnostic/treatment equipment, bed size, total expenses, and patients with dual Medicare and Medicaid enrollment. We assessed Spearman's rank correlation between hospital-based racial and ethnic composition and quality/structural measures. RESULTS: Dissimilarity Index decreases from region (range 30.3-40.1%) to county (range 13.7-23.5%), HRR (range 10.5-27.5%), and HSA (range 12.0-16.9%) levels. Hospitals with larger non-NHW patients tended to have lower hospital ratings and higher proportions of dually-enrolled patients. They were also more likely to be safety net hospitals and non-federal governmental hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: In the NYC metropolitan region, there is considerable hospital-based racial and ethnic segregation of Medicare patients among non-NHW populations, extending previous research limited to NHB. Availability of data on racial and ethnic composition of hospitals should be made publicly available for researchers and consumers.
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Etnicidade , Medicare , Idoso , Hispânico ou Latino , Hospitais , Humanos , Cidade de Nova Iorque , Estados UnidosRESUMO
PURPOSE: To evaluate mortality risk of CKD patients infected with COVID-19, and assess shared characteristics associated with health disparities in CKD outcome. METHODS: We extracted the data from a case series of 7624 patients presented at Mount Sinai Health System, in New York for testing between 3/28/2020 and 4/16/2020. De-identified patient data set is being produced by the Scientific Computing department and made available to the Mount Sinai research community at the following website: https://msdw.mountsinai.org/ . RESULTS: Of 7624 COVID-19 patients, 7.8% (n = 597) had CKD on hospital admission, and 11.2% (n = 856) died of COVID-19 infection. CKD patients were older, more likely to have diabetes, hypertension, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), were current or former smokers, had a longer time to discharge, and had worse survival compared to non-CKD patients (p < 0.05). COVID-19 mortality rate was significantly higher in CKD patients (23.1% vs 10.2%) with a 1.51 greater odds of dying (95% CI: 1.19-1.90). Controlling for demographic, behavioral, and clinical covariates, the logistic regression analysis showed significant and consistent effects of CKD, older age, male gender, and hypertension with mortality (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: CKD was a significant independent predictor of COVID-19 mortality, along with older age, male gender, and hypertension. Future research will investigate the effects of COVID-19 on long-term renal function.
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COVID-19/mortalidade , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/epidemiologia , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Comorbidade , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , New York , Prognóstico , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/epidemiologia , SARS-CoV-2 , Fatores Sexuais , Fumar/epidemiologiaRESUMO
This study aims to describe the acceptability and feasibility of an educational and training experiential intervention (ETEI) we developed to enhance muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) patients with treatment decision-making and post-operative self-care. Twenty-five patients were randomized to a control group (N = 8) or ETEI group (N = 17). ETEI group participated in a nurse-led session on MIBC education. The control group received diet and nutrition education. Study questionnaires were completed at baseline and at 1-month post-intervention. Our results showed acceptable recruitment (58%) and retention rates (68%). The ETEI group reported increased knowledge (82% vs. 50%), improved decisional support (64% vs. 50%), improved communication (73% vs. 50%), and increased confidence in treatment decisions (73% vs. 50%) compared to the control group. Patients in the control group reported improved diet (50% v. 27%) as well as maintaining a healthy lifestyle (67% vs. 45%) compared to the ETEI group. Patients in the ETEI group reported a significant decrease in cancer worries and increases in self-efficacy beliefs over time compared to the control group. The ETEI was feasible, acceptable, and showed a potential for inducing desired changes in cancer worries and efficacy beliefs.
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Tomada de Decisões , Neoplasias Musculares/terapia , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto/métodos , Participação do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Autocuidado/métodos , Autocuidado/psicologia , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/terapia , Idoso , Intervenção Educacional Precoce , Estudos de Viabilidade , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Neoplasias Musculares/psicologia , Prognóstico , Autoeficácia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/psicologiaRESUMO
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is common among patients with HIV-associated autonomic neuropathies (HIV-AN) and may be associated with increased bacterial translocation and elevated plasma inflammatory biomarkers. Pyridostigmine is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor which has been used to augment autonomic signaling. We sought preliminary evidence as to whether pyridostigmine could improve proximal gastrointestinal motility, reduce SIBO, reduce plasma sCD14 (a marker of macrophage activation and indirect measure of translocation), and reduce the inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNFα in patients with HIV-AN. Fifteen participants with well-controlled HIV, HIV-AN, and SIBO were treated with 8 weeks of pyridostigmine (30 mg PO TID). Glucose breath testing for SIBO, gastric emptying studies (GES) to assess motility, plasma sCD14, IL-6, and TNFα, and gastrointestinal autonomic symptoms were compared before and after treatment. Thirteen participants (87%) experienced an improvement in SIBO following pyridostigmine treatment; with an average improvement of 50% (p = 0.016). There was no change in gastrointestinal motility; however, only two participants met GES criteria for gastroparesis at baseline. TNFα and sCD14 levels declined by 12% (p = 0.004) and 19% (p = 0.015), respectively; there was no significant change in IL-6 or gastrointestinal symptoms. Pyridostigmine may ameliorate SIBO and reduce levels of sCD14 and TNFα in patients with HIV-AN. Larger placebo-controlled studies are needed to definitively delineate how HIV-AN affects gastrointestinal motility, SIBO, and systemic inflammation in HIV, and whether treatment improves clinical outcomes.
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Vias Autônomas/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores da Colinesterase/uso terapêutico , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Intestino Delgado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/uso terapêutico , Brometo de Piridostigmina/uso terapêutico , Vias Autônomas/imunologia , Vias Autônomas/microbiologia , Vias Autônomas/patologia , Translocação Bacteriana/efeitos dos fármacos , Translocação Bacteriana/imunologia , Esquema de Medicação , Feminino , Motilidade Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Expressão Gênica , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/microbiologia , Infecções por HIV/patologia , Humanos , Interleucina-6/genética , Interleucina-6/imunologia , Intestino Delgado/imunologia , Intestino Delgado/microbiologia , Intestino Delgado/patologia , Receptores de Lipopolissacarídeos/genética , Receptores de Lipopolissacarídeos/imunologia , Ativação de Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/imunologia , Macrófagos/microbiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Resultado do Tratamento , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/genética , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/imunologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: There is an urgent need to address the safety problems caused by the use of skin lightening cosmetics. Evidence suggests that some of them may contain heavy metals. OBJECTIVES: We conducted a systematic review of global legal regulations regarding the permissible level of mercury, lead, arsenic, and cadmium in cosmetic products, with particular emphasis on skin lightening preparations. METHODS: The systematic search of documents was a two-stage process. First, official websites of 17 regional organizations and subsequently regulations for countries with a population over 100 million were searched. RESULTS: Fifteen legislative acts, encompassing more than 67·2% of the global population were reviewed. Regulations were identified for 44/59 high income countries, 16/55 upper middle income countries, 9/45 lower income countries, 0/34 low income countries. The median adult literacy rate was 91·4% and 64·2% in countries with and without regulations, respectively. The use of mercury, lead, arsenic, and cadmium has been banned in 67, 67, 65, and 65 out of 69 countries, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: While regulations exist in most of the high income countries, in low income countries there is a lack of similar standards. In most countries for which these legal regulations have been identified, restrictions on the permissible level of heavy metals are strict. There is a need for enforcement of existing rules, and rigorous assessment of the effectiveness of these regulations.
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Cosméticos/legislação & jurisprudência , Metais Pesados , Adulto , Cosméticos/normas , Humanos , Pele , Preparações Clareadoras de Pele/legislação & jurisprudência , Preparações Clareadoras de Pele/normas , Controle Social FormalRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Skin lightening products containing dangerous levels of chemicals pose a serious health concern for consumers. However, to date, the extent of these products in Europe has not been extensively studied. The aim of this study was to determine whether harmful skin lightening products are available for sale in Europe and what violations exist regarding their composition. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We queried the Rapex database, which is the Rapid Alert System for dangerous non-food products among 31 European countries, to identify skin lightening cosmetics reported between 2005 and 2018, and presented a detailed summary of these notifications. RESULTS: In the years 2005-2018, of all violations regarding cosmetics, 26.3% concerned skin lightening products. In the database, 266 reports on skin lightening products were identified. Most of the notifications came from Germany (17.29%), France (17.29%), Portugal (15.41%), and the United Kingdom (11.65%). The majority of the registered products originated from non-European countries, mainly the Côte d'Ivoire (29.70%). The major reason for the violation was the content of hydroquinone, mercury, or clobetasol propionate. CONCLUSIONS: Hazardous skin lightening products that are not in line with European cosmetics legislation are available on the European market. Most of the products are imported. The main risk associated with these products is the content of hydroquinone, mercury, and clobetasol propionate. It is important to bear in mind that this study focuses on the Rapex system and other sources of information may exist. Based on our findings, a more comprehensive evaluation by international authorities is justified.
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Clobetasol/análise , Cosméticos/análise , Hidroquinonas/análise , Mercúrio/análise , Preparações Clareadoras de Pele/análise , Pigmentação da Pele , Europa (Continente) , Humanos , Medição de RiscoRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Although poststroke depression is common, racial-ethnic disparities in depression among stroke survivors remain underexplored. Thus, we investigated the relationship between race/ethnicity and depression in a multiracial-ethnic stroke cohort. METHODS: Baseline survey data of validated scales of depression and functional status, demographics, comorbidities, and socioeconomic status were used from a recurrent stroke prevention study among community-dwelling urban stroke/transient ischemic attack survivors. RESULTS: The cohort included 556 participants with a mean age of 64 years. The majorities were black (44%) or latino (42%) and female (60%), had their last stroke/transient ischemic attack nearly 2 years before study enrollment, and lived below the poverty level (58%). Nearly 1 in 2 latinos, 1 in 4 blacks, and 1 in 8 whites were depressed. Multivariate logistic regression showed that survivors who were younger, were female, had ≥3 comorbid conditions, were functionally disabled from stroke, lacked emotional-social support, and who took antidepressants before study entry had higher risk of depression. Time since last stroke/transient ischemic attack did not affect the chance of depression. After adjusting for all above risk factors, latinos had 3× the odds of depression (95% confidence interval: 1.18-6.35) than whites; blacks and whites had similar odds of depression. CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals that latino stroke survivors have a significantly higher prevalence of depression compared with their non-latino counterparts.
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Depressão/etnologia , Transtorno Depressivo/etnologia , Etnicidade/estatística & dados numéricos , Disparidades nos Níveis de Saúde , Ataque Isquêmico Transitório/etnologia , Pobreza/estatística & dados numéricos , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/etnologia , Negro ou Afro-Americano/psicologia , Negro ou Afro-Americano/estatística & dados numéricos , Idoso , Estudos de Coortes , Comorbidade , Depressão/psicologia , Transtorno Depressivo/psicologia , Pessoas com Deficiência/psicologia , Pessoas com Deficiência/estatística & dados numéricos , Etnicidade/psicologia , Feminino , Hispânico ou Latino/psicologia , Hispânico ou Latino/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Vida Independente , Ataque Isquêmico Transitório/psicologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Classe Social , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/psicologia , Sobreviventes/psicologia , Sobreviventes/estatística & dados numéricos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , População Branca/psicologia , População Branca/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Historically, women of color showed poorer oral health and lower dental service utilization in the USA. These barriers to dental care during pregnancy included dental coverage, primary language, dental provider availability, safety concerns, affordability of dental care, and perceived oral health benefits during pregnancy. METHODS: The purpose of this study is to examine whether race/ethnicity modified the associations between barriers to accessing dental care and dental service utilization during pregnancy. This cross-sectional study sample included 62,189 women aged 20 and older with a recent birth history in 21 states from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) data from 2016 to 2019. We introduced a race/ethnicity by barrier interaction term to our multiple logistic regression models. RESULTS: After adjusting for other confounders, dental insurance during pregnancy and perceived oral health benefits were associated with 4.0- and 5.6-fold higher odds, respectively, of dental service utilization during pregnancy. Statistically significant effect modification by race/ethnicity was observed in crude and adjusted analyses of the relationship between dental service utilization for all barriers included in the interaction analyses with all adjusted p-values < 0.001. CONCLUSION: The interaction analysis found that racial/ethnic disparity in visiting dentists during pregnancy was significant among women who reported these dental barriers. In contrast, such racial/ethnic disparity was substantially attenuated among women who did not report such barriers. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The observed racial/ethnic disparities could be mitigated by such supporting mechanisms: dental coverage, provider availability and willingness to treat pregnant women, oral health education on the safety of dental care during pregnancy, and affordable dental care costs.
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BACKGROUND: The relationship between vitamin D and prostate cancer has primarily been characterized among White men. However, Black men have higher prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates, chronically low circulating vitamin D levels, and ancestry-specific genetic variants in vitamin D-related genes. Here, we examine six critical genes in the vitamin D pathway and prostate cancer risk in Black men. METHODS: We assessed a total of 69 candidate variants in six genes ( GC, CYP27A1, CYP27B1, CYP24A1, VDR , and RXRA ) including functional variants previously associated with prostate cancer and circulating 25(OHD) in White men. Associations with prostate cancer risk were examined using genome-wide association study data for approximately 10,000 prostate cancer cases and 10,000 controls among Black men and over 85,000 cases and 91,000 controls among White men. A statistical significance threshold of 0.000724 was used to account for the 69 variants tested. RESULTS: None of the variants examined were significantly associated with prostate cancer risk among Black men after multiple comparison adjustment. Four variants tested P<0.05 in Black men, including two in RXRA (rs41400444 OR=1.09, 95% CI: 1.01-1.17, P = 0.024 and rs10881574 OR = 0.93, 0.87-1.00, P = 0.046) and two in VDR (rs2853563 OR = 1.07, 1.01-1.13, P = 0.017 and rs1156882 OR = 1.06, 1.00-1.12, P = 0.045). Two variants in VDR were also positively associated with risk in White men (rs11568820 OR = 1.04, 1.02-1.06, P = 0.00024 and rs4516035 OR = 1.03, 1.01-1.04, P = 0.00055). CONCLUSION: We observed suggestive non-significant associations between genetic variants in RXRA and VDR and prostate cancer risk in Black men. Future research exploring the relationship of vitamin D with cancer risk in Black men will need larger sample sizes to identify ancestry-specific variants relevant to risk in this population.
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Mental and financial hardship during the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City was severe, but how vulnerable groups have been disproportionately impacted is incompletely understood. In partnership with community stakeholders, we administered a web-based survey to a convenience sample of New York City residents (18 + years) from May 2020 to April 2021 to evaluate their financial and emotional stressors. We analyzed outcomes by race, ethnicity, and education level. A total of 1854 adults completed the survey across three consecutive non-overlapping samples. Fifty-five percent identified other than non-Latinx White. Sixty-four percent reported emotional stress; 38%, 32%, and 32% reported symptoms of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder respectively; and 21% reported a large adverse financial impact. The leading unmet needs were mental health and food services (both 19%), and health services (18%). Need for both resources grew over time. Adverse financial impact directly correlated with presence of all four adverse mental health outcomes above. In multivariate analysis, non-White race and lack of college degree were associated with adverse financial impact, whereas LGBT identity and lack of college degree were associated with mental health impact. Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, participants in this research demonstrated a large and growing mental and financial strain, disproportionately associated with lower education level, non-White race, and LGBT status. Our findings suggest an urgent need to differentially target COVID-19 mental health and resource support in New York City to persons in these vulnerable communities.
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BACKGROUND: Research suggests that healthcare workers are at greater risk for suicide than other occupations, but most published studies focus on physicians. This study examines the prevalence of suicidal ideation (SI) and associated occupational factors among a broad group of non-physician healthcare staff. METHODS: An anonymous online survey was sent to a random sample of 30 % of non-physician healthcare staff at a large urban healthcare system between September and November 2022. Weighted multivariable binary logistic regressions were conducted to determine the workplace and mental health factors associated with SI. RESULTS: The 1084 respondents included nurses, administrative staff, research staff, medical assistants, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and other roles. Of the sample, 8.8 % endorsed having SI over the prior two weeks. Results of the regression indicated that, after adjusting for demographic factors, greater odds of SI were associated with physical violence experienced from a patient or visitor (odds ratio [OR] = 2.15, 95 % confidence interval [CI] = 1.06-4.37), lower perceived leadership support (OR = 0.95, 95 % CI = 0.92-0.98), and positive screening for depression (OR = 4.66, 95 % CI = 2.45-8.86). Exploratory analysis suggests that depression may be a mediating factor between workplace stressors and SI. LIMITATIONS: Limitations include the response rate, the use of a single item to assess SI, and the cross-sectional design. CONCLUSION: Findings suggest that workplace violence and leadership support are important occupational factors associated with SI among healthcare workers. Reducing and mitigating workplace violence, enhancing leadership support, and improving access to mental health care should be considered targets for interventions to decrease suicide risk in this population.
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Ideação Suicida , Local de Trabalho , Humanos , Feminino , Masculino , Adulto , Prevalência , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Local de Trabalho/psicologia , Local de Trabalho/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores de Risco , Inquéritos e Questionários , Recursos Humanos em Hospital/estatística & dados numéricos , Recursos Humanos em Hospital/psicologia , Depressão/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Adulto Jovem , Liderança , Pessoal de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Pessoal de Saúde/psicologia , Violência no Trabalho/estatística & dados numéricos , Violência no Trabalho/psicologiaRESUMO
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a complex role in the regulation of the immune system, with generally inhibitory effects via activation of ß-adrenergic receptors on immune cells. We hypothesized that HIV-associated autonomic neuropathy (HIV-AN) would result in immune hyperresponsiveness which could be depicted using network analyses. Forty-two adults with well-controlled HIV underwent autonomic testing to yield the Composite Autonomic Severity Score (CASS). The observed range of CASS was 2-5, consistent with normal to moderate HIV-AN. To construct the networks, participants were divided into 4 groups based on the CASS (i.e., 2, 3, 4 or 5). Forty-four blood-based immune markers were included as nodes in all networks and the connections (i.e., edges) between pairs of nodes were determined by their bivariate Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient. Four centrality measures (strength, closeness, betweenness and expected influence) were calculated for each node in each network. The median value of each centrality measure across all nodes in each network was calculated as a quantitative representation of network complexity. Graphical representation of the four networks revealed greater complexity with increasing HIV-AN severity. This was confirmed by significant differences in the median value of all four centrality measures across the networks (p ≤ 0.025 for each). Among people with HIV, HIV-AN is associated with stronger and more numerous positive correlations between blood-based immune markers. Findings from this secondary analysis can be used to generate hypotheses for future studies investigating HIV-AN as a mechanism contributing to the chronic immune activation observed in HIV.
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Infecções por HIV , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso , Adulto , Humanos , HIV , Sistema Nervoso Autônomo , BiomarcadoresRESUMO
Introduction: The autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a complex role in the regulation of the immune system, with generally inhibitory effects via activation of ß-adrenergic receptors on immune cells. We hypothesized that HIV-associated autonomic neuropathy (HIV-AN) would result in immune hyperresponsiveness which could be depicted using network analyses. Methods: Forty-two adults with well-controlled HIV underwent autonomic testing to yield the Composite Autonomic Severity Score (CASS). The observed range of CASS was 2-5, consistent with normal to moderate HIV-AN. To construct the networks, participants were divided into 4 groups based on the CASS (i.e., 2, 3, 4 or 5). Forty-four blood-based immune markers were included as nodes in all networks and the connections (i.e., edges) between pairs of nodes were determined by their bivariate Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient. Four centrality measures (strength, closeness, betweenness and expected influence) were calculated for each node in each network. The median value of each centrality measure across all nodes in each network was calculated as a quantitative representation of network complexity. Results: Graphical representation of the four networks revealed greater complexity with increasing HIV-AN severity. This was confirmed by significant differences in the median value of all four centrality measures across the networks (p≤0.025 for each). Conclusion: Among people with HIV, HIV-AN is associated with stronger and more numerous positive correlations between blood-based immune markers. Findings from this secondary analysis can be used to generate hypotheses for future studies investigating HIV-AN as a mechanism contributing to the chronic immune activation observed in HIV.
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A crucial reckoning was initiated when the COVID-19 pandemic began to expose and intensify long-standing racial/ethnic health inequities, all while various sectors of society pursued racial justice reform. As a result, there has been a contextual shift towards broader recognition of systemic racism, and not race, as the shared foundational driver of both societal maladies. This confluence of issues is of particular relevance to Black populations disproportionately affected by the pandemic and racial injustice. In response, institutions have initiated diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) efforts as a way forward. This article considers how the dual pandemic climate of COVID-19-related health inequities and the racial justice movement could exacerbate the "time and effort tax" on Black faculty to engage in DEI efforts in academia and biomedicine. We discuss the impact of this "tax" on career advancement and well-being, and introduce an operational framework for considering the interconnected influence of systemic racism, the dual pandemics, and DEI work on the experience of Black faculty. If not meaningfully addressed, the "time and effort tax" could contribute to Black and other underrepresented minority faculty leaving academia and biomedicine - consequently, the very diversity, equity, and inclusion work meant to increase representation could decrease it.
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OBJECTIVE: In prior studies of febrile seizures (FSs), prolonged FSs were defined, absent empirical evidence, as lasting 10 or 15 minutes or more. We assessed the distribution of FS duration in a cohort with first FSs, and the association between FS duration and baseline characteristics of the children. METHODS: We calculated the observed cumulative probability, S(t), that a FS would last at least t minutes, S(t) = exp(-t/τ). Data were also fit using a model obtained as the sum of 2 exponential distributions (S[t] = αexp[-t/τ(1) ] + [1 - α]exp[-t/τ(2) ]). After assessing the best fit, the cutoff defining long FS was determined. Logistic regression was used to examine associations between long FSs and baseline characteristics, behavior, and development. RESULTS: In 158 children with a first FS, median duration was 4.0 minutes. Duration of FS was best fit by a 2-component mixture exponential model. Using this model, we identified 1 population that accounts for 82.3% of FSs and has a mean duration of 3.8 minutes (short FS) and a second population that accounts for 17.7% of FSs and has a mean duration of 39.8 minutes (long FS). Long FSs were significantly associated with developmental delay (p = 0.010) and delays and younger age at first FS (p = 0.048). INTERPRETATION: Like the distribution of afebrile seizure duration in children, the distribution of first FS duration is best modeled by assuming 2 populations. Developmental delay and younger age are associated with prolonged FSs. Our data lend further support to defining 10 minutes as the upper limit for a simple FS.
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Desenvolvimento Infantil , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/epidemiologia , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/etiologia , Convulsões Febris/complicações , Convulsões Febris/epidemiologia , Desenvolvimento Infantil/fisiologia , Pré-Escolar , Estudos de Coortes , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Convulsões Febris/fisiopatologia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
PURPOSE: In a prospective study, Consequences of Prolonged Febrile Seizures in Childhood (FEBSTAT), we determined the frequency of human herpesvirus (HHV)-6 and HHV-7 infection as a cause of febrile status epilepticus (FSE). METHODS: Children ages 1 month to 5 years presenting with FSE were enrolled within 72 h and received a comprehensive assessment including specimens for HHV-6 and HHV-7. The presence of HHV-6A, HHV-6B, or HHV-7 DNA and RNA (amplified across a spliced junction) determined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) at baseline indicated viremia. Antibody titers to HHV-6 and HHV-7 were used in conjunction with the PCR results to distinguish primary infection from reactivated or prior infection. KEY FINDINGS: Of 199 children evaluated, HHV-6 or HHV-7 status could be determined in 169 (84.9%). HHV-6B viremia at baseline was found in 54 children (32.0%), including 38 with primary infection and 16 with reactivated infection. No HHV-6A infections were identified. HHV-7 viremia at baseline was observed in 12 children (7.1%), including eight with primary infection and four with reactivated infection. Two subjects had HHV-6/HHV-7 primary coinfection at baseline. There were no differences in age, characteristics of illness or fever, seizure phenomenology or the proportion of acute EEG or imaging abnormalities in children presenting with FSE with or without HHV infection. SIGNIFICANCE: HHV-6B infection is commonly associated with FSE. HHV-7 infection is less frequently associated with FSE. Together, they account for one third of FSE, a condition associated with an increased risk of both hippocampal injury and subsequent temporal lobe epilepsy.
Assuntos
Herpesvirus Humano 6 , Herpesvirus Humano 7 , Infecções por Roseolovirus/epidemiologia , Convulsões Febris/epidemiologia , Estado Epiléptico/epidemiologia , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Herpesvirus Humano 6/isolamento & purificação , Herpesvirus Humano 7/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Infecções por Roseolovirus/diagnóstico , Convulsões Febris/diagnóstico , Convulsões Febris/virologia , Estado Epiléptico/diagnóstico , Estado Epiléptico/virologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The 2016 U.S. Centers for Disease Control Opioid Prescribing Guideline (CDC Guideline) is currently being revised amid concern that it may be harmful to people with chronic pain on long-term opioid therapy (CP-LTOT). However, a methodology to faithfully implement the CDC guideline, measure prescriber adherence, and systematically test its effect on patient and public health outcomes is lacking. We developed and tested a CDC Guideline implementation strategy (termed TOWER), focusing on an outpatient HIV-focused primary care setting. METHODS: TOWER was developed in a stakeholder-engaged, multi-step iterative process within an Information, Motivation and Behavioral Skills (IMB) framework of behavior change. TOWER consists of: 1) a patient-facing opioid management app (OM-App); 2) a progress note template (OM-Note) to guide the office visit; and 3) a primary care provider (PCP) training. TOWER was evaluated in a 9-month, randomized-controlled trial of HIV-PCPs (N = 11) and their patients with HIV and CP-LTOT (N = 40). The primary outcome was CDC Guideline adherence based on electronic health record (EHR) documentation and measured by the validated Safer Opioid Prescribing Evaluation Tool (SOPET). Qualitative data including one-on-one PCP interviews were collected. We also piloted patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) reflective of domains identified as important by stakeholders (pain intensity and function; mood; substance use; medication use and adherence; relationship with provider; stigma and discrimination). RESULTS: PCPs randomized to TOWER were 48% more CDC Guideline adherent (p < 0.0001) with significant improvements in use of: non-pharmacologic treatments, functional treatment goals, opioid agreements, prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs), opioid benefit/harm assessment, and naloxone prescribing. Qualitative data demonstrated high levels of confidence in conducting these care processes among intervention providers, and that OM-Note supported these efforts while experience with OM-App was mixed. There were no intervention-associated safety concerns (defined as worsening of any of the PROMs). CONCLUSIONS: CDC-guideline adherence can be promoted and measured, and is not associated with worsening of outcomes for people with HIV receiving LTOT for CP. Future work would be needed to document scalability of these results and to determine whether CDC-guideline adherence results in a positive effect on public health. Trial registration https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03669939 . Registration date: 9/13/2018.
Assuntos
Dor Crônica , Infecções por HIV , Analgésicos Opioides/efeitos adversos , Dor Crônica/tratamento farmacológico , Fidelidade a Diretrizes , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Manejo da Dor , Padrões de Prática MédicaRESUMO
Evidence from multiple sources has highlighted the increased burden of cognitive, behavioral, and psychiatric disorders in childhood-onset epilepsy. Some of this increased morbidity, however, is attributable to underlying structural and metabolic insults. We assessed whether cognitive/behavioral/psychiatric disorders are associated with epilepsy of unknown or presumed genetic cause in young people with epilepsy (cases) compared with sibling controls. Our analyses included 217 cases who were enrolled in the Connecticut Study of Epilepsy between 1993 and 1997 and 217 sibling controls. Information was collected from a parent interview conducted 8-9years after the case was diagnosed with epilepsy. Relative to controls, parents were more likely to report that their case children were slow learners (OR=4.6, P<0.001), had a language disorder (OR=5.8, P<0.001), and had engaged in self-injurious behaviors other than suicide attempts (OR=5.5, P=0.013). Future research should examine whether these conditions first present during childhood influence prognosis into adulthood.