[Use of sugar beet in porcine nutrition. 1. Effect of various methods of treatment on the gastrointestinal tract]. / Zum Einsatz von Futterzuckerrüben in der Schweineernährung. 1. Mitteilung. Die Wirkung unterschiedlicher Zubereitungsarten auf den Magen-Darm-Trakt.

The influence of the size of particles, of steaming and preserving (formic acid) of the sugar beet 'Rosamona' was studied with respect to apparent digestibility and tract parameters. Digestibility measuring only resulted in an improvement for crude protein due to the cutting up into small pieces. Tract measures and fillings, microbial activity and an estimate of the absorption rates of nutrients indicate that the bigger part of fresh and silaged coarse particles is digested in the colon but that the nutrients of steamed (and partly mashed) beets are predominantly pre-caecally digested.

[Methodical influences on the determination of prececal digestibility]. / Methodische Einflüsse bei der präzäkalen Verdaulichkeitsbestimmung

With ileum-cannulated sows (flexible, large-luminal T-shape cannulas after method of Kesting et al., 1986) the influence of level of intake, individuality of animal and relation of additional feed in the diet on the determination of precaecal digestibility were tested. The results showed that precaecal values of digestibility were affected by method. The authors recommend the isogravimetrical determination (exchange trial) of additional feeds.

[Effect of a bran diet on the total passage rate and tract measurements in weanling swine]. / Die Wirkung einer Kleiediät auf die Gesamtpassagerate und die Traktmasse beim Absetzferkel.

88 piglets of a live weight of 9.5 kg were fed rations with 0, 2.1, 3.1 or 5.5% crude fibre over a period of 4 weeks in four groups, during which time the total passage rate per week and the volume of the tract segments on the 42nd and 63rd day of life were determined. After the weaning-conditioned constipation of all animals, the passage rates could be significantly raised from the first keeping week onwards by crude fibre admixtures in the shape of bran and thus reached the customary values of older animals in their fourth week of keeping. Crude fibre admixtures significantly increased the volume of the colon. The recommended content of crude fibre in the piglet starter feed is 5-6% in the shape of bran.

[Microbial metabolites in the large intestinal sections of swine fed rations rich in crude fiber]. / Mikrobielle Metaboliten in den Dickdarmabschnitten des Schweines bei rohfaserreichen Rationen.

3 x 4 fattening pigs receiving 4.7% (control), 13.5% (sugar beet pulp) or 17.0% CF (green meal) in the diet, were slaughtered and investigations of pH-values, % DM, VFA- and NH3-concentrations were made in 4 sections of the hindgut. Between caecum and 2nd/3rd colon-section all dates were significantly different. Among all values % DM (r = 0.91) and NH3 (r = 0.68) were positively, but VFA negatively correlated (r = -0.76) with pH-value. Values of pH reached 6 only in the second half of the colon. Most marked fermentations, lowest variations and significant differences occurred not in the caecum but in the first third of colon. Therefore the proximal colon is proposed as a suitable site for investigations.

[Extent and effect of fermentation in the large intestine of swine. 2. Extent of fermentation, pattern of volatile fatty acids and in vitro formation rate]. / Umfang und Wirkungen von Fermentierungen im Dickdarm beim Schwein. 2. Mitteilung. Fermentierungsumfang, Muster der flüchtigen Fettsäuren und in vitro-Bildungsraten.

After adaptation to 8 extremely different rations 40 pigs with 108 to 125 kg LW and 6 lactating sows with 183 kg were slaughtered to obtain digesta of the hindgut. From digesta of caecum and three sections of the colon microbial metabolites and in vitro-VFA-production rates were determined. pH-values increased from 5.5 to 6.3 from caecum to the end of colon. VFA-concentrations and -production-rates decreased along the bowel to one third. Highest fermentations came from rations with 50% dried beet pulp. Daily VFA-production per animal were placed between 799 and 3,134 mmol. Concerning VFA-Mol-%, ileal influx of cellulose increased acetate, high intakes raised butyrate and valeriate. By several reasons the IMOTO-method of in vitro-measuring was censured.

[Postpartum N-balance in lactating sows]. / Postpartale N-Bilanzen laktierender Sauen.

Continuous N-balances with sows (13 first litters and 118 piglets) were performed over 14 days. Milk yield was calculated using the daily gain of the suckling piglets. The amount of feed before farrowing was varied, during the trials feeding was ad libitum. In both trials reductions of milk yield were observed after 1 weak of lactation. The animals with the highest energy intake a. p. showed best performances in suckling time. There were 65 treatments with antibiotics caused by rectal temperatures of sows above 39.5 degrees C. High feeding of sows a. p. in accordance to the need is recommended with restricted and increasing amounts during the first week of lactation. Peripartal additives such as antibiotics or acids can be useful for health and performances.

[Extent and effect of fermentation in the large intestine of swine. 1. Ileal flow rate, fermentation ability and colon capacity]. / Umfang und Wirkungen von Fermentierungen im Dickdarm des Schweins. 1. Mitteilung: Ileale Flussraten, Fermentierbarkeit und Kolonkapazität.

Colonic events (volumina, fermentability, rate of passage) were determined in a complex program with young sows using 8 rations. Ileal cannulated sows were used and 4 slaughtered animals per ration to study volumina contents and to take samples for in vitro fermentation. The results are compared with 81 former experiments using ileal cannulated sows. Ileal nutrient flow was very different in quality and quantity. It varied between 1674 and 520 g OM/d, affecting seriously postileal reactions. Volumina of large intestine varied between 10 and 25 litres or between 83 and 226 ml/kg LW being determined by ileal flow rate (B = 0.90). The flow rate influenced also transit time (B = 0.89). Fermentability of OM in average come to 60% (from 33 to 77%) according to ileal flow composition.

[Rye and wheat in piglet rations supplemented by bisergon]. / Roggen und Weizen in Ferkelrationen bei Zugabe von Bisergon.

In a feeding experiment (54 piglets) and a slaughtering test for the registration of tract and digesta properties (15 piglets) the influence of rations with 69% rye (R) or wheat (W) with and without a supplement of 200 mg of the chinoxalin derivate Bisergon/kg DM (rations RB and WB) was studied. In the sequence R, RB, W and WB the feed intake in the test period of 3 weeks after weaning amounted to 581, 651, 583 and 764 g, weight gain to 314, 365, 319 and 424 g per animal and day. In the same sequence the concentration of organic acids in the stomach amounted to 41, 5, 25 and 18 mmol per 100 g dry matter and in the colon to 106, 83, 64 and 62. Bisergon caused a redistribution of the digesta from the stomach to the large intestine and a more rapid emptying of the stomach as well. Rye caused extreme fermentation processes in the front part of the tract and Bisergon clearly has ergotropic qualities for the stabilization of the intestinal flora.

[The effect of oligosaccharides on piglets]. / Zur Wirkung von Oligosacchariden beim Ferkel.

Into the starter of weaned piglets 1% lactitol and 0.2% fructo-, isomalto- or galacto-oligosaccharides were added. After an adaptation period of two weeks the piglets were slaughtered 3 hours postprandial. Compared with control animals in the trial groups urea concentrations in the serum and fermentations in the stomach were lowered, stomach emptying rates increased. Higher volumes and contents were measured in the colon, especially in the upper half, and more lactic acid.

[Methodologic studies of ileal flow measurement using large lumen intestinal cannulae in swine]. / Methodische Untersuchungen zur ilealen Flussmessung mittels grosslumiger Darmkanülen beim Schwein.

A special operation method and intestinal cannulae were developed for the ascertainment of the ileal nutrient digestibility of roughage and root crops. The presented method has proved reliable over a period of 2 years. The possibility of ascertaining the chyme flow directly (by total collection) or indirectly (with an inert marker) is described. The reduction of the expenditure of labour by cutting down the collecting period is suggested for routine studies.

[Effect of mixed protein silage in feed on the digestive tract and metabolism parameters in swine]. / Die Wirkung von Eiweissmischsilage in der Fütterung sowie auf Trakt- und Stoffwechselparameter beim Schwein.

With a view to studying the effect of acid addition, weaned piglets and fattening pigs were fed graduated amounts of protein mixed silage (pH-value 3.15 by adding 20 g H2SO4/kg) in rations of equal energy and protein levels. On average, the fattening pigs were taking in 0.26 g H2SO4/kg, whilst the amounts for piglets were 0.60 and 0.72 g H2SO4/kg. Higher acid intakes had a negative effect of energy expenditure, weight gains and feed intake. The experimental animals had significantly longer small intestines, whilst the intestine's wall was found thinner and the amount of digesta reduced and with a higher water content. The microbial activity in the stomach proved significantly inhibited. However, it was higher in the caecum as compared to the control animals. Metabolic parameters suggest that water and mineral balances are under stress. The significance of acid addition for tract flora and its metabolites is discussed. Protein mixed silage is regarded a dietetically favourable feed when given at a maximum daily amount of 25 g/kg LW or 1 kg/animal. The recommendation for dosing the daily administration of inorganic acids is as follows: max. 0.5 g acid/kg LW or 20 g/animal.

[The use of the sugar beet in swine nutrition. 2. The effect of different preparation processes on the apparent prececal and fecal digestibility]. / Zum Einsatz von Futterzuckerrüben in der Schweine-ernährung. 2. Mitteilung. Die Wirkung unterschiedlicher Zubereitungsarbeiten auf die scheinbare präzäkale und faecale Verdaulichkeit.

With ileum cannulated sows were tested the apparent precaecal and faecal digestibility of crude nutrients from raw and thermically treated fodder sugar beets of size "Rosamona". Two samples from two different harvest years, differing extremely in the content of disaccharides were tested. The crude nutrient digestibility affected stronger by content of sucrose then by treatment. Fodder sugar beets with contents of disaccharide lower then 400 g/kg DM showed low precaecal and faecal digestibilities. A longer cooling phase decreased the feed value of steamed beets through the microbial attack in the formation of precaecal indigestible sugar alcohols (mannitol).

[Biogenic amines in the digesta of swine]. / Biogene Amine in der Digesta von Schweinen.

Concentrations of amines were analysed in the digesta of piglets and fattening pigs after refining using an aminoacid-analyser. Feed contained only small amounts of putrescine. In the stomach histamine, tyramine, putrescine and cadaverine were nearly equally distributed, whereas in the colon cadaverine presented the main part. Piglets with 24% CP had in stomach/small intestine/hindgut 4.2/10.2/9.6 mmol, with 18% CP-/5.5/4.9 mmol amines/kg DM digesta. Fattering pigs showed in jejunal digesta from 2.1 to 8.7 mmol, in the caecum 1 to 4.8 mmol and in the colon 0.2 to 2.2 mmol amines/kg DM. Increasing CF-contents and bactericide supplements in the diet lowered amine concentration in all gut sections not significantly.