[New data on heparin (a review)]. / Novye dannye o geparine (obzor).

Detailed studied on heparin, carried out within recent 3-5 years, are reviewed. Characterization of the chemical structure and physical parameters of heparin, data on conformation of the macromolecule of heparin and its biosynthesis are discussed. The proteoglycan localization in tissues and cells is also considered. Various functions of heparin are discussed on the basis of the current information. Perspectives of future research on heparin are summarized.

[Fibronectins (review)]. / Fibronektiny (obzor).

The most important studies on fibronectins (FN) carried out within the recent 5-7 years are reviewed. The FN localization in cells and tissues is considered and various functions of FN are discussed. Characterization of chemical structure, physical parameters and properties of the glycoprotein are briefly considered. Complex-formation ability of FN is discussed.

[New data on glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans]. / Novye dannye o glikozaminoglikanakh i protoeglikanakh.

The most important investigations on glycose aminoglycans and proteoglycans, carried out within the recent 5-7 years, are reviewed. Data on primary structures repeating in glycose aminoglycans and on relationship between these biopolymers and protein components in proteoglycans are considered. Newer information on conformational characteristics of glycose aminoglycans, various complexes aggregation of proteoglycans and distribution of the biopolymers in animal tissues and cells is discussed. Properties of proteoglycans in various solutions are briefly considered.

[Biological role of hyaluronic acid (review)]. / Biologicheskaia rol' gialuronovoi kisloty (obzor).

The most important studies on hyaluronic acid carried out within the recent 5-7 years are reviewed. Chemical structure, physical parameters and properties of hyaluronic acid are considered. Various functions of hyaluronic acid are discussed on the basis of current information.

[Interaction of connective tissue structural glycoprotein with proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans]. / Vzaimodeistvie strukturnogo glikoprotein soedinitel'noi tkani s proteoglikanami i glikozaminoglikanami

It was shown that structural glycoprotein (SGP) of connective tissue isolated from be cattle heart valves and nasal septum cartilage formed water-soluble complexes with protein-chondroitin-4-sulphate and different heparin fractions. SGP formed no mentioned complexes with hyaluronic acid. Probably this plays an important role in the formation of collagen and elastin fibers.

[Different heparin fractions]. / Izuchenie razlichnykh fraktsii geparina

It was shown that treatment by 2-3 M KCl solutions of complex unfractionated preparations of heparin with hexamminecobalt (III) resulted in incorporation into the solution of a heparin fraction containing 3 residues of sulphuric acid per 1 residue in glucosamine. In the precipitate released of hexamminecobalt (III) there remains a heparin fraction containing 4 residues of sulphuric acid per 1 residue of glucosamine. Both fractions were isolated in a chemically individual form.

[Erythrocyte aggregation in the blood in different states of the animal organism]. / Agregatsiia éritrotsitov v krovi pri razlichnykh sostoianiiakh organizma zhivotnogo.

Aggregation of erythrocytes in the blood of rabbits was shown to depend on concentration of proteoglycans in the blood plasma. In experimental sepsis (Str. haemolyticus) there occurred simultaneous increase of concentration of proteoglycans in plasma and increased aggregation of erythrocytes in the blood. In pregnancy, the concentration of proteoglycans in the blood was constant at a low level throughout the period of pregnancy.

[Study of eye proteoglycans by means of infrared spectroscopy]. / Izuchenie proteoglikanov glaza posredstvom IK-spektroskopii.

The infrared spectra of standard hyaluronic acid, proteochondroitin sulfate, aggregates of proteoglycans and spectra of the vitreous body, cornea and sclera were obtained in the region of 4000-400 cm-1. The comparative analysis of the spectra of these tissues and spectra made it possible to identify greater absorption bands of these biopolymers.

[The comparative study of the IR spectra of proteoglycans]. / Sravnitel'noe izuchenie IK-spektrov proteoglikanov.

The IR spectra of sodium salt hyaluronic acid, chondroitin-4-sulfate, chondroitin-6-sulfate, dermatan-sulfate, protein-chondroitin-keratan-sulfate and aggregates of proteoglycans of the hyaline cartilage, heparin fractions containing 3 and 4 residues of sulfuric acid per dimer of polymer were obtained. It was shown that comparative analysis of IR spectra of the proteoglycans makes it possible to identify the 1150 cm-1, 1125 cm-1.

[Infrared spectra of certain proteoglycans]. / Infrakrasnye spektry nekotorykh proteoglikanov.

IR spectra of high-purified potassium salts of hyaluronic acid (HA), non-aggregation fraction of protein-chondroitin-keratan sulfate (PChKS) and heparin fractions containing 3 (H-3) and 4 (H-4) residues of sulfuric acid per dimer of polymer have been measured. An absorption band of 1150 cm-1 has been observed in the spectra of both HA and PChKS but has not been found in the spectra of H-3 and H-4. Observation of this band in the spectra of some heparin preparations indicates that they contain the admixtures of HA, PChKS and other proteoglycans. A previously suggested method for isolation of heparin fractions H-3 and H-4 makes it possible to obtain preparations that do not contain the admixtures of other proteoglycans.

[Interaction of proteoglycans with proteins]. / Vzaimodeistvie proteoglikanov s belkami.

The method has been developed for preparing complexes of lysozyme with chondroitin sulfate-4 and -6, non-aggregated (soluble) proteoglycans, cartilage proteoglycan aggregates, heparin fractions containing residues 3(H-3) and 4(H-4) of sulfuric acid per dimer of polymer. The studies of the chemical composition and IK-spectra of proteoglycan-lysozyme complexes have demonstrated the electrostatic nature of proteoglycan-lysozyme interaction.

[The mechanism of the steric exclusion of cells brought about by proteoglycans]. / Izuchenie mekhanizma stericheskogo iskliucheniia kletok, osushchestvliaemogo proteoglikanami.

The effect of amount of rabbit erythrocytes and concentration of sodium hyaluronate and sodium salt of protein--chondroitin-keratan-sulfate were studied on aggregation of erythrocytes suspended in 0.15 M NaCL, pH 7.4. It was shown that the rate of steric exclusion of erythrocytes depends on relationship between amount of erythrocytes and concentrations of these proteoglycans.

[Role of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans in erythrocyte aggregation and adhesion]. / Rol' glikozaminoglikanov i proteoglikanov v agregatsii i adgezii éritrotsitov

The action of hyaluronate potassium (HUK) and of protein chondroitin-4-sulphate potassium (PCHSK) on the aggregation and adhesion of rabbit erythrocytes suspended in physiological saline was studied. It was found that the capacity of HUK and PCHSK to produce an unspecific and reversible aggregation of erythrocytes was connected with the formation by these biopolymeres (in solutions) of complex structures of osmotic cell type and molecular sieves, displacing cells from the space occupied by them and concentrating them in a maximally limited volume. Different heparin fractions producing no such structures in solutions did not induce formation of such individual clear-cut erythrocyte-aggregations, but inhibited the aggregating action of HUK and PCHSK when the concentration of these biopolymeres were inadequate for the complete erythrocyte aggregation. Probably, the aggregating action of HUK and PCHSK necessary for adhesion served as one of the universal biological functions expressed not only towards the erythrocytes, but also towards the other cells and different tissue structural elements.

[Role of heparin in erythrocyte aggregation]. / Rol' geparina v agregatsii éritrotsitov.

The effect of two heparin fractions containing 3 (HP-3) and 4 (HP-4) residues of sulfuric acid per dimer of polymers on the capacity of hyaluronate potassium (HUP) and protein-chondroitin-keratan-sulfate potassium (PCHKSP) to aggregate rabbit erythrocytes suspended in 0.15 M NaCl was studied. HP-3 (0.3-5.0 mg X ml-1) and HP-4 (0.3-5.0 mg X ml-1) was inhibited the aggregating action on the erythrocytes of HUP. Fraction HP-3 (0.3-5.0 mg X ml-1) was activated the aggregating action on the erythrocytes of PCHKSP. Fraction HP-4 when the concentration of their biopolymer were 0.3 mg X ml-1 so activated the aggregating action of PCHKSP, but when the concentration HP-4 0.6-5.0 mg X ml-1 was inhibited the aggregating action PCHKSP. The mixture of HP-3 (1.2 mg X ml-1) and HP-4 (1.2 mg X ml-1) was not influenced on aggregating action of PCHKSP.

[The role of different proteoglycan salts as factors in steric exclusion]. / Rol' razlichnykh solei proteoglikanov kak faktorov stericheskogo iskliucheniia.

It has been shown that the capacity of Ca2+ salts of hyaluronic acid (HA) and nonaggregating protein-chondroitin-keratan-sulfate (PCKS) to divide in erythrocyte-saline suspension into liquid and cell phases was stronger than the analogous capacity of K+ salts. It was suggested that this is connected with a tendency to form different three-dimensional structures in solutions, which was more expressed in HA and PCKS Ca2+ salts than in K+ salts of these proteoglycans.

[Joint action of protein-chondroitin-4-keratan-sulfate and hyaluronic acid on erythrocyte aggregation and adhesion]. / Sovmestnoe deistvie protein-khondroitin-4-keratan-sul'fata i gialuronovoi kisloty na agregatsiiu i adgeziiu éritrotsitov.

It was shown that the rate and the degree of erythrocytes aggregation brought about by a mixture of protein-chondroitin-4-keratan sulfate (PCKS) and hyaluronic acid (HA) was greater than the sum of the values of the corresponding indices observed during separate independent action of these proteoglycans on the aggregation of the mentioned cells concentrations as in the mixtures. It may be supposed that such phenomenon is connected with formation in the mixture of a hybrid PCKS-HA complex which is more active in respect to the erythrocyte aggregation than its components separately.

[Structural-mechanical properties and swelling of the protein complexes of hyaluronate and protein-chondroitin-4-sulfate]. / Strukturno-mekhanicheskie svoistva i nabukhanie belkovykh kompleksov gialuronata i protein-khondroitin-sul'fata.

It was shown that the mechano-structural strength and swelling of gels consisting of gelatine and potassium hyaluronate (PH) or potassium protein-chondroitin-4-sulphate (PPCS) depended on the correlation of the components. Low PH and PPCS concentrations showed a minimal mechano-structural strength and a maximal swelling of gels. In the zones of neutralization of the positive electrical charges of gelatine by macropolyanions a high mechano-structural strength coincided with a minimal swelling. With high PH concentrations the mechano-structural strength and swelling of gels became equal to those of pure gelatine; and with high PPCS concentrations there was noted an additional parallel increase in the strength and swelling of gels.