First-line avelumab for patients with PD-L1-positive metastatic or locally advanced urothelial cancer who are unfit for cisplatin.

BACKGROUND: Cisplatin-based chemotherapy is the most recommended treatment for metastatic urothelial cancer (mUC). However, about 50% of patients are considered to be cisplatin ineligible. Anti-programmed cell death protein 1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) therapies have, nevertheless, increased the options available to clinicians and are especially valuable for treating these patients. This study therefore tested the activity and safety of avelumab as first-line therapy for mUC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with mUC who were ineligible for cisplatin-based chemotherapy were screened centrally for PD-L1 expression and only those with a tumour proportion score ≥ 5% were enrolled in the trial. The primary endpoint was 1-year overall survival (OS), and the secondary endpoints were median OS, median progression-free survival, overall response rate, duration of the response, safety and tolerability. All the survival rates were estimated with the Kaplan-Meier product-limit methodology and compared across groups using the log-rank test. RESULTS: A total of 198 patients were screened, with 71 (35.9%) whose PD-L1 expression was ≥5% enrolled in the study. The median age was 75 years, bladder cancer was the primary tumour in 73.2% of cases and 25.3% had liver metastases. The main reasons for the cisplatin ineligibility were a low rate of creatinine clearance (<60 ml/min), present in 70.4% of patients, and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 2, which affected 31%. The median OS was 10.0 months (95% confidence interval 5.5-14.5 months) and 43% of patients were alive at 1 year. A complete response was achieved in 8.5% of cases, and 15.5% had a partial response. Adverse any-grade and high-grade events occurred in 49.3% and 8.5% of patients, respectively. A grade 3 infusion reaction was the only high-grade treatment-related adverse event. No treatment-related deaths were reported. CONCLUSIONS: This ARIES trial confirmed the activity and safety of avelumab for treating mUC, adding a new therapy option to the armamentarium of checkpoint inhibitors already approved for platinum-ineligible, locally advanced/mUC.

Peritonectomy and hyperthermic chemotherapy in patients with advanced or recurrent ephitelial ovarian cancer: a single center cohort study.

AIM: The present study reports our experience concerning with the advanced cancer treatment (cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy) in patients with advanced ovarian cancer ephitelial (AEOS) or recurrent ovarian cancer ephitelial (REOC). METHODS: In a period from October 2006 to December 2009, we observed 25 patients affected by advanced ephitelial ovarian cancer or recurrent ephitelial ovarian cancer. All patients underwent CRS + HIPEC procedures. Peritoneal involvement was valued according to the Peritoneal Cancer Index (PCI) and the remaining postoperative disease according to the Completeness of Cytoreduction score (CC). HIPEC was always performed with closed technique for 60 min, with an average inflow temperature of 42.5 °C. The drugs were administered in combination according two schemes: 1) cisplatin 60 mg/m2/L and caelyx 20 mg/m2/L; 2) 60 mg/m2/L taxotere and caelyx 20 mg/m2/L. Morbidity and mortality were evaluated in accordance with the NCI CTCAE v. 3.0 (USA). Finally, the Disease Free Survival and Overall Survival by the Kaplan-Meier method was rated. RESULTS: The average age observed was 64 years (range 46-76). Fourteen patients (56%) were affected by AEOC. From this group, 12 (48%) were subjected to neoadjuvant therapy and 2 (8%) to surgery as a first; 11 (44%) patients had REOC and all of them had previously undergone to surgery and adjuvant CHT. The average PCI was 12.63 (range 2-27). In 22 patients (88%), cytoreduction was considered total or almost total (CC-0 in 14 patients, CC-1 in 8); in 3 patients (12%), it had not been optimal (CC-2 or CC-3). In all 18 patients with PCI less than 15, it was possible to achieve an optimal cytoreduction, and this was possible only in 3 of the 7 patients who had a PCI greater than 15. The average operative time, including HIPEC, was of 612 min (range 425 min-840 min). In 9 patients (36%), the postoperative course was uncomplicated, in 10 patients (40%) complications were minor (G1-G2) and in 4 patients (16%) morbidity was important (G4). Mortality rate was 8%. The average OS was 30.8 months and the median OS was 30.8 months (respectively 36.5 months for AEOC and 27 months for REOC). The median DFS total (calculated from the day of surgery or from the day of the beginning of the CHT) was 12months (respectively 12.9 months for AEOC, 11.9 months for REOC). CONCLUSION: Although the CRS and HIPEC procedure in the treatment of advanced or recurrent ovarian cancer represents now a reliable method with good results both in terms of morbidity and of distance results, there are still many controversial aspects that may in the future be better clarified only with a randomized phase III study, which is in progress, involving international working groups and experts on the procedure.

Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a comparison between the accreditation process performed by competent authorities and JACIE in Italy.

There have been great advances over the last decades in haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation, using either bone marrow, peripheral blood or cord blood-derived stem cells. The coming into force of the European legislation on tissues and cells and the consequent transposition of Directives into national laws have required the health authorities in the Member States (MS) and the scientific societies to review the transplantation activities to ensure the circulation of safe HSC products. Here, the regulatory inspection process performed by the Competent Authorities and the professional voluntary accreditation process of the Transplant Programmes active in Italy is compared.

Real-world experience of abiraterone acetate plus prednisone in chemotherapy-naive patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: long-term results of the prospective ABItude study.

BACKGROUND: Limited real-world data exist on the effectiveness and safety of abiraterone acetate plus prednisone (abiraterone hereafter) in the treatment of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) naive to chemotherapy. Most of the few available studies had a retrospective design and included a small number of patients. In the interim analysis of the ABItude study, abiraterone showed good clinical effectiveness and safety profile in the chemotherapy-naive setting over a median follow-up of 18 months. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We evaluated clinical and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) of chemotherapy-naive mCRPC patients treated with abiraterone as for clinical practice in the Italian, observational, prospective, multicentric ABItude study. mCRPC patients were enrolled at abiraterone start (February 2016-June 2017) and followed up for 3 years; clinical endpoints and PROs, including quality of life (QoL) and pain, were prospectively collected. Kaplan-Meier curves were estimated. RESULTS: Of the 481 patients enrolled, 454 were assessable for final study analyses. At abiraterone start, the median age was 77 years, with 58.6% elderly patients and 69% having at least one comorbidity (57.5% cardiovascular diseases). Visceral metastases were present in 8.4% of patients. Over a median follow-up of 24.8 months, median progression-free survival (any progression reported by the investigators), time to abiraterone discontinuation, and overall survival were, respectively, 17.3 months [95% confidence interval (CI) 14.1-19.4 months], 16.0 months (95% CI 13.1-18.2 months), and 37.3 months (95% CI 36.5 months-not estimable); 64.2% of patients achieved ≥50% reduction in prostate-specific antigen. QoL assessed by Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Prostate, the European Quality of Life 5 Dimensions 3 Level, and European Quality of Life Visual Analog Scale remained stable during treatment. Median time to pain progression according to Brief Pain Inventory data was 31.1 months (95% CI 24.8 months-not estimable). Sixty-two patients (13.1%) had at least one adverse drug reaction (ADR) and 8 (1.7%) one serious ADR. CONCLUSION: With longer follow-up, abiraterone therapy remains safe, well tolerated, and active in a large unselected population.

Local treatment with deep percutaneous electrochemotherapy of different tumor lesions: pain relief and objective response results from an observational study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this investigation focuses on the evaluation of the efficacy of deep-seated Electrochemotherapy (ECT) in terms of pain relief and local objective response, in pre-treated patients with neither further available pharmacological treatments nor eligible for surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Deep percutaneous ECT has been performed in 20 patients subjected to systemic anaesthesia. Bleomycin was administrated intravenously before the application of the electrical pulses on the target area, employing multiple single needles depending on the size and location of the target tumor. RESULTS: Pain assessment based on Visual Analogue Scale showed significant pain relief one month after treatment in all patients, reducing from 7.5 to 3 as a median value (p-value at Wilcoxon test <0.001). Local symptom-free survival median value was 5.5 months. At the first follow-up (1-2 months), a local disease control rate (LDCR) was observed in 19/20 (95%) patients: complete responses in 2 (10%), partial responses in 8 (40%) and stable disease in 9 (45%). Local progression-free survival median value was 5.7 months. Overall, no major adverse effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates that deep percutaneous ECT can produce a significant pain reduction and a high LDCR in different tumor lesions, for anatomical site or histotype. In particular, ECT has demonstrated to be effective in various histotypes and deep-seated tumor lesions never treated before by this approach giving a new chance to physicians for reducing oncological pain in patients not eligible to other therapeutic routes. The innovative peculiarity of our study was the successful application of deep percutaneous ECT on adrenal metastasis, malignant pleural mesothelioma, uterine leiomyosarcoma and the uncommon case of a male müllerian tumor.

MN1 overexpression is an important step in the development of inv(16) AML.

The gene encoding the transcriptional co-activator MN1 is the target of the reciprocal chromosome translocation (12;22)(p13;q12) in some patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In addition, expression array analysis showed that MN1 was overexpressed in AML specified by inv(16), in some AML overexpressing ecotropic viral integration 1 site (EVI1) and in some AML without karyotypic abnormalities. Here we describe that mice receiving transplants of bone marrow (BM) overexpressing MN1 rapidly developed myeloproliferative disease (MPD). This BM also generated myeloid cell lines in culture. By mimicking the situation in human inv(16) AML, forced coexpression of MN1 and Cbfbeta-SMMHC rapidly caused AML in mice. These findings identify MN1 as a highly effective hematopoietic oncogene and suggest that MN1 overexpression is an important cooperative event in human inv(16) AML.

Council of Europe Black Sea Area Project: International Cooperation for the Development of Activities Related to Donation and Transplantation of Organs in the Region.

BACKGROUND: In 2011, the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & Healthcare of the Council of Europe launched a 3-year collaborative project to address the organ shortage and improve access to transplant health services in Council of Europe member states in the Black Sea area (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Moldova, Romania, Turkey, Ukraine, and the Russian Federation) through the development of safe and ethical donation and transplantation programs. OBJECTIVE: Support the development of donation and transplantation programs through close interstate cooperation between national health organizations and relevant stakeholders. METHODOLOGY: Several work packages (WP) were established: WP1, project coordination (European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & Healthcare); WP2, development and implementation of an effective legislative and financial framework (Czech Republic and France); WP3, establishment of National Transplant Authorities (Italy and Portugal); and WP4, clinical practices (DTI Foundation). Data collection, surveys, and expert visits allowed for the collection of first-hand information from each participant country at national, regional, and hospital levels. RESULTS: Data analysis showed the positive impact of the project represented by a tendency to increase the total donation rates (per million people) in the participant countries (2011 vs 2013): Azerbaijan, +7.3; Armenia, -0.7; Georgia, +3.3; Bulgaria, +0.9; Moldova, +2.5; Ukraine:, +0.8; Romania, +2.3; and Turkey, +2.7. CONCLUSIONS: Increases in total donation rates are the result of a number of initiatives in the Black Sea area, including the stepwise implementation of legislative, organizational and institutional country-specific recommendations tailored by the CoE, efforts of the respective Ministries of Health in each country and synergism with other European projects in the region. These countries should invest further in implementing the recommendations that emerged from this project to improve their organ donation and transplantation programs and progress toward self-sufficiency.

MN1-TEL, the product of the t(12;22) in human myeloid leukemia, immortalizes murine myeloid cells and causes myeloid malignancy in mice.

MN1-TEL is the product of the recurrent t(12;22)(p12;q11) associated with human myeloid malignancies. MN1-TEL functions as an activated transcription factor, exhibiting weak transforming activity in NIH3T3 fibroblasts that depends on the presence of a functional TEL DNA-binding domain, the N-terminal transactivating sequences of MN1 and C-terminal sequences of MN1. We determined the transforming activity of MN1-TEL in mouse bone marrow (BM) by using retroviral transfer. MN1-TEL-transduced BM showed increased self-renewal capacity of primitive progenitors in vitro, and prolonged in vitro culture of MN1-TEL-expressing BM produced immortalized myeloid, interleukin (IL)-3/stem cell factor-dependent cell lines with a primitive morphology. Transplantation of such cell lines into lethally irradiated mice rescued them from irradiation-induced death and resulted in the contribution of MN1-TEL-expressing cells to all hematopoietic lineages, underscoring the primitive nature of these cells and their capacity to differentiate in vivo. Three months after transplantation, all mice succumbed to promonocytic leukemia. Transplantation of freshly MN1-TEL-transduced BM into lethally irradiated mice also caused acute myeloid leukemia within 3 months of transplantation. We infer that MN1-TEL is a hematopoietic oncogene that stimulates the growth of hematopoietic cells, but depends on secondary mutations to cause leukemia in mice.

Analysis of the Organ Offers Received From European Union Countries Before and After the Introduction of a Dedicated Information Technology Portal: The COORENOR/FOEDUS Portal.

INTRODUCTION: To optimize the use of nontransplantable organs in their own territory, the European Commission, as part of a project led by Italy, has promoted the use of an information technology (IT) portal, the COORENOR portal, developed by the Czech Republic in 2012, which evolved to become FOEDUS in 2015. METHODS: To evaluate the impact of the portal on our reality, we analyzed the number and type of offers received and organs imported in the previous 48 months (period A) as well as the 48 months after the introduction of the portal (period B). We also examined the origin and the offer mode. RESULTS: The offers received were 404 and 753, respectively, in the two periods, with 315 (41.8%) organs received through the portal. The organs transplanted were 53 and 64, respectively, in the two periods; 20 (31.2%) were sent through the portal. The most commonly offered organs are lungs (36.7% and 29.3% of offers in periods A and B, respectively). The most transplanted organ is the liver (59.4% and 45% of transplants in periods A and B, respectively). The use of the portal has gradually increased, growing from 16.4% of the offer mode in 2012 to 84.7% in 2016. CONCLUSIONS: The increase of offers related to the increase of donations and the attitude to the sharing of resources has determined an increase of 19.2% of total transplants, especially for certain types such as pediatric transplants. The portal, ensuring speed and simultaneity of offer, real time sharing of information and transparency of allocation, is also used for trade in the International Partnership Agreements. Therefore, transplants have been conditioned by the existing agreements with Greece, Malta, and the countries of the South Transplant Alliance.

Serum thyrotropin receptor antibodies concentrations in patients with Graves' disease before, at the end of methimazole treatment, and after drug withdrawal: evidence that the activity of thyrotropin receptor antibody and/or thyroid response modify during the observation period.

AIM AND METHODS: We performed a quantitative retrospective analysis of serum thyrotropin receptor antibody (TRAb) concentrations measured by a second-generation radioreceptor assay in 58 patients with Graves' disease (GD) at the onset of the disease, at the end of 18 month methimazole (MMI) treatment, and after MMI withdrawal in order to evaluate the correlation between the presence of these antibodies and the relapse of hyperthyroidism. Sixty healthy subjects were enrolled as a control group. RESULTS: Before MMI treatment the best cutoff TRAb value for identifying patients with GD was 1.45 UI/L (specificity, 100%; sensitivity, 98.3%). At the end of MMI treatment, serum TRAb concentrations were significantly lower (p < 0.001) than those measured at baseline, but they were still significantly higher (p < 0.001) than those found in the control subjects. At the end of MMI treatment, 44 patients (75.9%) had positive TRAb values (>1.45 UI/L). After MMI withdrawal (median, 15 months), 34 patients (58.6%) became hyperthyroid, 4 patients (6.9%) became hypothyroid, and 20 patients (34.5%) remained euthyroid. There was a significant correlation between serum TRAb concentrations at the end of MMI treatment and the percentage of patients who became hyperthyroid (r: 0.56; p < 0.001) and the time of appearance of hyperthyroidism (r: -0.38; p = 0.03). All 4 patients with TRAb values below 0.9 UI/L at the end of MMI treatment remained euthyroid throughout the follow-up period. Among the 27 patients who had serum TRAb values higher than 4.4 UI/L, 23 developed hyperthyroidism and 4 hypothyroidism. The TRAb values between 0.9 and 4.4 UI/L did not discriminate between the 27 patients (46.6%) who remained euthyroid from those who had relapse of hyperthyroidism. Thus a different TRAb end of treatment cutoff was calculated to identify patients who became again hyperthyroid. This TRAb cutoff value was 3.85 UI/L (sensitivity, 85.3%; specificity, 96.5%). All but 1 patient who had serum TRAb values above 3.85 UI/L became hyperthyroid after MMI was withdrawn (positive predictive value, 96.7%). In these patients, relapse of hyperthyroidism was independent of the changes in serum TRAb concentrations (r: 0.27; p = 0.15) and occurred after a median period of 8 weeks (range, 4-48). Hyperthyroidism also developed in 5 of 24 patients who had serum TRAb concentrations lower than 3.85 UI/L at the end of MMI treatment. In these 5 patients the relapse of hyperthyroidism occurred after a median period of 56 weeks (range, 24-120) and was always accompanied by an increase in serum TRAb concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: TRAb persist in the blood of most patients with GD after 18 months of MMI treatment. Both the frequency and the time of appearance of hyperthyroidism are closely correlated with serum TRAb concentrations at the end of MMI treatment. Our data would suggest that TRAb maintain stimulating activity after a full course of MMI treatment in the large majority of patients with GD. However, it is likely that the potency of these antibodies and/or the thyroid response to them change during treatment, as suggested by the different values measured in euthyroid control subjects and in euthyroid patients after MMI treatment.

Cystolithiasis in a Syrian hamster: a different outcome.

A 14-month-old intact male Syrian hamster was admitted for lethargy and hematuria. A total body radiographic image and abdominal ultrasonography showed the presence of a vesical calculus. During cystotomy, a sterile urine sample was obtained and sent to the diagnostic laboratory along with the urolith for analysis. Urine culture was found negative for bacterial growth, and the urolith was identified as a calcium-oxalate stone. Diet supplementation with palmitoylethanolamide, glucosamine and hesperidin was adopted the day after discharge. One year follow up revealed no presence of vesical calculi. Although this is the report of a single clinical case, this outcome differs from the results reported in the literature characterized by recurrences after few months. Considering the positive outcome and the beneficial properties of palmitoylethanolamide, glucosamine, and hesperidin, these nutritional elements in Syrian hamsters, are recommended to reduce recurrence after surgical treatment of urolithiasis.

Innate and acquired immune system in patients developing interferon-alpha-related autoimmune thyroiditis: a prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: In this prospective study, we investigated whether the development of interferon (IFN)-alpha-related autoimmune thyroiditis (IFN-AT) was correlated with the sequential changes of cytokine pattern induced by IFNalpha in the peripheral lymphocytes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We enrolled 18 hepatitis C virus (HCV)-positive patients who developed IFN-AT, eight patients with euthyroidism [IFN-AT(Eu)] and 10 with thyroid dysfunction [IFN-AT(Dy)]. Twenty HCV-positive patients without IFN-AT acted as control group (Co-HCV+). Intracellular expression of IFNgamma and IL-4 was evaluated by multicolor flow-cytometry analysis in peripheral lymphocytes in vitro stimulated by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) (25 ng/ml) and ionomycin (1 mug/ml) in presence of monensin (5 microm). RESULTS: At the appearance of thyroid disease, both IFN-AT(Eu) and IFN-AT(Dy) patients showed a significant increase of IFNgamma expression in CD3+CD56+ and CD3-CD56+ cells but not in CD4+ and CD8+ cells. At this time point, IFN-AT(Eu) but not IFN-AT(Dy) patients also showed an increase of IL-4 expression in CD3+CD56+ cells and CD4+ cells. Six months later, IFN-AT(Eu) patients maintained high expression of IL-4 in CD4+ and CD3+CD56+ cells without any further increase in IFNgamma expression. By contrast, IFN-AT(Dy) patients showed an increase of IFNgamma expression in CD4+ and CD8+ cells, with a concomitant decrease of IL-4 expression in CD4+ cells. CONCLUSIONS: Type 2 immune response is activated early and specifically in patients with IFN-AT who remain euthyroid throughout the follow-up. Predominant in patients developing thyroid dysfunction, by contrast, is the type 1 immune response that seems to occur earlier in innate than acquired immune system.

Hashimoto's thyroiditis is associated with peripheral lymphocyte activation in patients with systemic sclerosis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether autoimmune thyroiditis [HT] (i.e., a TH1 disease) influences the pattern of peripheral lymphocyte activation in systemic sclerosis [SSc] (commonly regarded as a TH2 disease). Twenty SSc patients, 6 with (SSc+HT+) and 14 without HT (SSc+HT-) and 20 controls were investigated for the intracellular content of IFN-gamma and IL-4 in unstimulated and stimulated (25 ng/ml PMA and 1 microg/ml ionomycin) CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Results Under basal conditions the percentages of CD4+IFN-gamma, CD4+IL-4+ and CD8+IFN-gammawere significantly higher in the patients than the control subjects, no significant differences being detectable between the two patient subgroups. Upon PMA stimulation, the 20 SSc patients showed a higher percentage of CD4+IFN-gamma+ and CD8+IFN-gamma+ than the control subjects. In particular, the 14 SSc+HT- patients showed a higher number of CD4+IFN-y+ and CD4+IL-4+ cells, while the SSc+HT+ patients showed higher percentage of CD8+IFN-gamma+ cells. The latter patients showed a reduced percentage of CD4+IL-4+ cells and an increased percentage of CD8+IFN-y+ in comparison with the SSc+HT- patients. Type-1 activation in the peripheral blood of SSc patients has been already pointed out by other authors and ourselves. This study shows that such activation mainly affects SSc patients with coexistent HT.

Diastolic dysfunction in patients on thyroid-stimulating hormone suppressive therapy with levothyroxine: beneficial effect of beta-blockade.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) suppressive therapy with levothyroxine (L-T4) may cause adverse cardiac effects such as rhythm disturbances and ventricular hypertrophy. The latter is a predisposing condition to diastolic dysfunction. Thus, this study was designed to assess the effect of long-term TSH suppressive therapy on cardiac diastolic function. Because beta-blockade is known to reduce ventricular hypertrophy in patients on L-T4 therapy, we also tried to determine whether the addition of a beta-blocker to L-T4 improved diastolic function. Twenty-five patients (21 female and 4 male; mean age 41 +/- 10 yr) on TSH suppressive therapy for 3-9 yr (9 for differentiated carcinoma and 16 for nontoxic goiter) and 20 control subjects were studied. A subgroup of 10 patients, selected for the presence of symptoms and signs of adrenergic overactivity, was treated for 4 months with the beta-blocker bisoprolol (4.25 +/- 1.2 mg/day), and their maintaining L-T4 therapy was unchanged. In the patient group, left ventricular mass was significantly increased (P < 0.001), isovolumic relaxation time was prolonged (P < 0.001), and early diastolic filling velocity was markedly reduced (P < 0.001), whereas late diastolic filling was increased (P < 0.005). Consequently, the early-to-late diastolic flow velocity ratio was markedly decreased (P < 0.001). These alterations were more pronounced in the subgroup of patients with evidence of adrenergic overactivity. In these patients, beta-blockade induced a significant regression of cardiac hypertrophy and improved diastolic dysfunction. In particular, isovolumic relaxation time decreased (P < 0.01) and the early-to-late flow velocity ratio increased significantly (P < 0.01). Both indices reached values after beta-blockade that were no longer different from those of asymptomatic patients. It is concluded that long-term L-T4 therapy increases myocardial mass and causes relevant diastolic dysfunction, particularly in those patients with evidence of mild hyperthyroidism and adrenergic overactivity. Both myocardial hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction are significantly improved by adrenergic beta-blockade.

Parity as a thyroid size-determining factor in areas with moderate iodine deficiency.

Among the factors that may influence thyroid size, pregnancy and its goitrogenic effect have been widely investigated, but thyroid volume and pregnancy have never been compared retrospectively, and there are no data on the possible relationship between thyroid size and parity. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effects of pregnancy on thyroid volume in a moderate iodine deficiency area, to assess the possibility of a relationship between thyroid size and parity status in healthy females. A group of 208 nongoitrous healthy women underwent thyroid volume estimation by ultrasound examination. All subjects were euthyroid and negative for thyroid autoantibodies. They were assigned to different groups, according to the number of completed pregnancies. Five groups were formed (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or more term pregnancies). Mean thyroid volume increased progressively among the groups: group 0 (14.8 +/- 0.7 mL); group I (16.0 +/- 0.9 mL); group II (17.1 +/- 0.6 mL); group III (18.2 +/- 0.6 mL); group IV (20.3 +/- 0.9 mL). The increment in thyroid volume was statistically significant between group 0 and groups III (P: < 0.01) and IV (P: < 0.001), and also between group I and group IV (P: < 0. 05). No independent effect of body weight and age on thyroid volume was seen. Our results indicate that, in an area with moderate iodine deficiency, the goitrogenic effect of pregnancy is not fully reversible. Moreover, the statistically significant increase in thyroid volume, observed in relation to parity, is the first clinical demonstration of a cumulative goitrogenic effect of successive pregnancies, providing a strong argument to increase the iodine supply during pregnancy, even in conditions with moderate iodine deficiency.

Body composition, bone metabolism, and heart structure and function in growth hormone (GH)-deficient adults before and after GH replacement therapy at low doses.

The effects of recombinant GH doses (10 micrograms/kg.day, 3 times a week for 6 months) lower than those previously used in the treatment of GH-deficient adults (GHDA) on body composition, bone mineral content, and heart structure and function were investigated in seven (six males and one female, aged 25-27 yr) GHDA. They were studied before treatment, after treatment, and 6 months after stopping therapy, and findings were compared with those for 20 sex-, age-, and body mass index-matched healthy controls. Before treatment, GHDA showed a significant reduction in insulin-like growth factor-I levels, an increase in bioimpedance and fat mass percentage, a reduction of bone density at both distal and proximal sites, a decrease in bone Gla-protein and procollagen III levels, and significant cardiac impairment supported by a reduction of left ventricular mass index and left ventricular systolic function with decreased fractional shortening and rate-adjusted mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening. GH treatment normalized insulin-like growth factor-I levels, body composition and echocardiographic findings, but not bone density. Six months after stopping therapy, all parameters investigated returned to the pretreatment conditions. Our results suggest that prolonged GH deficiency induces alterations in body composition and bone metabolism and density, and impairment of cardiac structure and function in adult life. GH replacement therapy for 6 months, despite the low doses used by us, is able to improve all previously impaired biochemical and clinical features, except for bone density. This improvement disappears 6 months after the withdrawal of therapy.

Cardiac effects of long term thyrotropin-suppressive therapy with levothyroxine.

To investigate the effects of long term thyroid hormone suppressive therapy on the heart, 20 patients were evaluated by noninvasive techniques. Of them, 10 were athyreotic after surgery for differentiated thyroid cancer, and 10 had diffuse or nodular goiter. The mean age of the group was 39 +/- 11 yr. Twenty age- and sex-matched subjects served as controls. The mean dose of levothyroxine was 163 +/- 34 micrograms daily. Plasma TSH was undetectable in all patients. Mean serum T4, free T4, and sex hormone-binding globulin were significantly higher (P < 0.001), whereas mean serum T3, free T3, and osteocalcin did not differ from control levels. Cardiac evaluation consisted of a standard 12-lead electrocardiogram, an ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring (Holter), and an echocardiographic study. Two patients showed abnormal electrocardiograms for left ventricular hypertrophy. Holter demonstrated an increase in average heart rate (84 +/- 7 vs. 70 +/- 6 beats/min; P < 0.01). Prevalence of atrial premature beats was higher in the patient group than in the control group (100% vs. 60%; P < 0.006). The echocardiogram showed an increased left ventricular mass index in the patient group (97 +/- 24 vs. 80 +/- 18 g/m2; P < 0.02). Furthermore, left ventricular systolic function was enhanced, with higher values of fractional shortening (38 +/- 7% vs. 34 +/- 4%; P < 0.05) and rate-adjusted velocity of shortening (1.2 +/- 0.13 vs. 1.05 +/- 0.14 circumferences/sec; P < 0.01). These findings indicate that long term levothyroxine therapy at suppressive doses markedly affects cardiac function.

Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding protein-3 in healthy centenarians: relationship with plasma leptin and lipid concentrations, insulin action, and cognitive function.

It has been demonstrated that healthy centenarians have more favorable anthropometric characteristics and insulin-mediated glucose uptake than aged subjects. The plasma insulin-like-growth factor I (IGF-I) concentration may account for such differences. Three groups of subjects were studied: 1) adults (< 50 yr; n = 30), 2) aged subjects (75-99 yr; n = 30), 3) centenarians (> 100 yr; n = 19). In all subjects, fasting plasma IGF-I, IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), leptin, and lipid concentrations were determined; body composition was assessed by bioimpedance analysis; and insulin-mediated glucose up-take was evaluated by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic glucose clamp. IGF-I declined with advancing age, but no differences between aged subjects and centenarians were found. IGFBP-3 showed a trend similar to IGF-I, but lower values were present in centenarians than in aged subjects. Nevertheless, centenarians had a plasma IGF-I/IGFBP-3 molar ratio greater than that in aged subjects. Centenarians had also a whole body glucose disposal (WBGD) greater than that in aged subjects, but similar to that in adults. Mini Mental State Examination (27 +/- 2.1 vs. 18.3 +/- 3.1; P < 0.02) and Instrumental Activities Daily Living (26 +/- 2.6 vs. 8.4 +/- 4.1; P < 0.001) scores were significantly different in aged subjects and centenarians, respectively. In centenarians, the plasma IGF-I/IGFBP-3 molar ratio correlated with the body mass index (r = -0.55; P < 0.009); the amount of body fat (r = -0.62; P < 0.003); fat-free mass (r = 0.56; P < 0.008); fasting plasma leptin (r = -0.63; P < 0.004), triglycerides (r = -0.58; P < 0.01), free fatty acid (r = -0.64; P < 0.005), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = -0.59; P < 0.009) concentrations; Mini Mental State Examination (r = 0.53; P < 0.0.03); and WBGD (r = 0.64; P < 0.005). All correlations were independent of daily fat and carbohydrate intake and WBGD (P < 0.05 for all). No significant correlations between the plasma IGF-I/IGFBP-3 molar ratio and plasma total (r = 0.31; P = NS) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = 0.34; P = NS) concentrations were present. The correlation between the plasma IGF-I/IGFBP-3 molar ratio and WBGD persisted after adjustment for body fat, fasting plasma insulin concentration, daily carbohydrate and fat intake, and daily physical activity (r = 0.55; P < 0.009), but not after further adjustment for plasma free fatty acid concentration (r = 0.30; P = 0.17). In conclusion, healthy centenarians have plasma IGF-I/IGFBP-3 molar ratio greater than aged subjects. A more elevated plasma IGF-I/IGFBP-3 molar ratio might improve insulin action and plasma lipid concentration in centenarians.

Recombinant growth hormone (GH) therapy in GH-deficient adults: a long-term controlled study on daily versus thrice weekly injections.

Currently, replacement recombinant GH (rGH) therapy in GH-deficient (GHD) adults is performed in daily injections. This modality of treatment is not complied with by the totality of GHD patients, who are supposed to receive life-long replacement. The aim of our study was to compare daily vs. thrice weekly (TIW) rGH injection effects on lipid profile, body composition, bone metabolism, and bone density in 34 GHD patients (13 women and 21 men; median age, 39 yr; range, 30-55 yr) randomly assigned to different therapeutic regimens. Group A included 18 patients receiving daily rGH injections, and group B included 16 patients receiving TIW injections of rGH. The starting dose of rGH was 10 microg/kg x day in both groups. Subsequently, the dose was adjusted to maintain serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) concentrations in the normal age-adjusted range. IGF-I levels were assessed before and after 1, 3, 6, and 12 months of rGH treatment, and lipid profile, body composition, bone metabolism, and bone density were evaluated before and after 6 and 12 months of treatment. Thirty-four healthy subjects served as controls. In the basal condition, lipid profile, body composition, bone metabolism, and bone density were significantly different in patients compared to controls. Conversely, patients included in groups A and B had similar serum IGF-I levels, lipid profile, body composition, bone metabolism, and bone density. After 3 months of rGH treatment, IGF-I levels were normalized in 15 of 18 patients (83.3%) in group A and in 7 of 16 patients (43.7%) in group B (chi2 = 4.21; P = 0.04). At this time point, serum IGF-I levels in patients in group A (202+/-57.5 microg/L) were significantly higher than those in patients in group B (155+/-45.1 microg/L; P = 0.001). After 6 months of therapy, serum IGF-I levels were normalized in all patients and were similar in both groups (223+/-35.2 vs. 212+/-41.4 microg/L, A vs. B, respectively). IGF-I levels remained normal until the 12-month follow-up. After 6 months of rGH replacement, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, bioelectrical impedance, and body fat mass were significantly reduced, whereas high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and lean body mass were significantly increased in both groups of patients, without any difference between them. No further change in lipid profile and body composition was observed after 12 months of treatment. Serum bone GLA protein and procollagen III levels were significantly increased after 6 months, and a downward trend was observed after 12 months of rGH replacement. However, a slight, but significant, increase in bone mineral density was observed in both groups only after 12 months (P = 0.0001). All patients in group B had good compliance to the TIW treatment, whereas 5 patients in group A had poor compliance to the treatment (chi2 = 3.2; P = 0.07). In conclusion, our randomized, prospective, and controlled study confirmed that rGH therapy with TIW injection regimen is effective in normalizing IGF-I levels and improving lipid profile, body composition, bone metabolism, and bone density. It also demonstrated that this efficacy is comparable to that observed in patients treated with daily rhGH therapy, with few side-effects and good compliance.

Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism.

Although subclinical hypothyroidism is frequently diagnosed, the decision to institute a substitutive therapy with L-T4 remains controversial. Because the cardiovascular system is considered a main target for the action of thyroid hormone, we investigated whether subclinical hypothyroidism induces cardiovascular abnormalities. Twenty-six patients (mean age, 36 +/- 12 yr) were evaluated by Doppler-echocardiography, whereas a subgroup of 10 patients, randomly selected, were reevaluated after 6 months of L-T4 substitutive therapy (mean dose, 68 microg daily). Thirty subjects (matched for age, sex, and body surface area) served as controls. Mean plasma TSH was significantly higher in patients (P < 0.001), whereas mean serum free T4 and free T3 concentrations, although in the normal range, were significantly lower (P < 0.001 and P < 0.005, respectively). Blood pressure and heart rate did not differ from control values. Echocardiogram examination showed no abnormalities of the left ventricular morphology and a slight, but not significant, reduction in the systolic function in the patient group. In contrast, Doppler-derived indices of diastolic function showed significant prolongation of the isovolumic relaxation time (94 +/- 13 vs. 84 +/- 8 msec; P < 0.001), increased A wave (55 +/- 13 vs. 48 +/- 9 cm/sec; P < 0.05), and reduced early diastolic mitral flow velocity/late diastolic mitral flow velocity ratio (1.4 +/- 0.3 vs. 1.7 +/- 0.3; P < 0.001). In the subgroup of 10 patients, thyroid hormone profile was normalized by 6 months of L-T4 substitutive therapy, whereas no changes were observed in the left ventricular morphology. Systolic function was significantly enhanced, as compared with pretreatment values (P < 0.01) but did not differ from control values. Also, systemic vascular resistance was significantly decreased by L-T4 replacement therapy. Assessment of diastolic function showed significant shortening of isovolumic relaxation time (77 +/- 15 vs. 91 +/- 8; P < 0.05), reduction of A wave (51 +/- 13 vs. 60 +/- 12; P < 0.01), and increase of early diastolic mitral flow velocity/late diastolic mitral flow velocity ratio (1.7 +/- 0.4 vs. 1.3 +/- 0.3; P < 0.001). These indices, however, were comparable with those of control subjects. These findings indicate that subclinical hypothyroidism affects diastolic function and that this abnormality may be reversed by L-T4 substitutive therapy.