Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Mostrar: 20 | 50 | 100
Resultados 1 - 20 de 206
Filtrar
Mais filtros

Base de dados
País/Região como assunto
Tipo de documento
Intervalo de ano de publicação
1.
Psychol Med ; 51(6): 1001-1010, 2021 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31910929

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Multiple lines of evidence suggest the presence of altered neuroimmune processes in patients with schizophrenia (Sz) and severe mood disorders. Recent studies using a novel free water diffusion tensor imaging (FW DTI) approach, proposed as a putative biomarker of neuroinflammation, atrophy, or edema, have shown significantly increased FW in patients with Sz. However no studies to date have investigated the longitudinal stability of FW alterations during the early course of psychosis, nor have studies focused separately on FE psychosis patients with Sz or bipolar disorder (BD) with psychotic features. METHODS: The current study included 188 participants who underwent diffusion magnetic resonance imaging scanning at baseline. Sixty-four participants underwent follow-up rescanning after 12 months. DTI-based alterations in patients were calculated using voxelwise tract-based spatial statistics and region of interest analyses. RESULTS: Patients with FE psychosis, both Sz and BD, exhibited increased FW at illness onset which remained unchanged over the 12-month follow-up period. Preliminary analyses suggested that antipsychotic medication exposure was associated with higher FW in gray matter that reached significance in the BD group. Higher FW in white matter correlated with negative symptom severity. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the presence of elevated FW at the onset of psychosis in both Sz and BD, which remains stable during the early course of the illness, with no evidence of either progression or remission.


Assuntos
Transtorno Bipolar/diagnóstico por imagem , Transtorno Bipolar/fisiopatologia , Transtornos Psicóticos/diagnóstico por imagem , Transtornos Psicóticos/fisiopatologia , Esquizofrenia/diagnóstico por imagem , Esquizofrenia/fisiopatologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Biomarcadores , California , Imagem de Tensor de Difusão/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Água , Adulto Jovem
2.
Mol Psychiatry ; 24(5): 633-642, 2019 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30242229

RESUMO

Episodic memory deficits are consistently documented as a core aspect of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia patients, present from the onset of the illness and strongly associated with functional disability. Over the past decade, research using approaches from experimental cognitive neuroscience revealed disproportionate episodic memory impairments in schizophrenia (Sz) under high cognitive demand relational encoding conditions and relatively unimpaired performance under item-specific encoding conditions. These specific deficits in component processes of episodic memory reflect impaired activation and connectivity within specific elements of frontal-medial temporal lobe circuits, with a central role for the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), relatively intact function of ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and variable results in the hippocampus. We propose that memory deficits can be understood within the broader context of cognitive deficits in Sz, where impaired DLPFC-related cognitive control has a broad impact across multiple cognitive domains. The therapeutic implications of these findings are discussed.


Assuntos
Cognição/fisiologia , Memória/fisiologia , Esquizofrenia/fisiopatologia , Adulto , Mapeamento Encefálico , Transtornos Cognitivos/fisiopatologia , Disfunção Cognitiva/complicações , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Transtornos da Memória/fisiopatologia , Memória Episódica , Memória de Curto Prazo/fisiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Córtex Pré-Frontal/fisiopatologia , Psicologia do Esquizofrênico , Lobo Temporal/fisiopatologia
3.
Arch Womens Ment Health ; 22(5): 613-620, 2019 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30353272

RESUMO

Optimal maternal caregiving is critical for children's healthy development, yet quality of maternal caregiving may be influenced by a negative birth experience. We examined whether the birth experience was associated with maternal caregiving attitudes and behavior throughout the first year. We conducted secondary analysis of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children birth cohort on perinatal data. The birth experience was assessed using self-report data on level of support in labor. Maternal caregiving variables were self-report maternal attitudes at one and eight postnatal months, and observed maternal behavior at 12 postnatal months. Data were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression models adjusting for critical covariates at one (N = 4389), eight (N = 4580), and 12 (N = 842) postnatal months. Feeling supported in labor was associated with a report of "immediately falling in love" with one's baby after birth, surveyed at 1 month (adjusted OR 1.41 [95% CI 1.20-1.65]), and with more positive parenting scores at 8 months (adjusted OR 1.56 [95% CI 1.36-1.79]), but not with more positive observed maternal behavior at 12 months. Additional risk factors were identified. Our findings suggest that we may be able to modify the risk of poor postnatal maternal caregiving by supporting women in labor and facilitating a positive birth experience.


Assuntos
Comportamento Materno/psicologia , Mães/psicologia , Parto/psicologia , Apoio Social , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Estudos Longitudinais , Apego ao Objeto , Poder Familiar , Período Pós-Parto , Gravidez , Fatores de Risco
4.
Can J Physiol Pharmacol ; 95(2): 206-214, 2017 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28051332

RESUMO

Melanotan II (MTII) is a potent appetite suppressor that rapidly reduces body mass. Given the rapid loss of anorexic response upon chronic MTII treatment, most investigations have focused on the initial physiological adaptations. However, other evidence supports MTII as a long-term modulator of energy balance that remains to be established. Therefore, we examined the chronic effects of MTII on energy homeostasis. MTII (high or low dose) or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) was infused into the lateral ventricle of the brain of 6-month-old F344BN rats (6-7/group) over 40 days. MTII suppressed appetite in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). Although food intake promptly rose back to control level, body mass was persistently reduced in both MTII groups (P < 0.01). At day 40, both MTII groups displayed lower adiposity than the aCSF animals (P < 0.01). These results show that MTII chronically reduces body mass without the requirement of long-term caloric restriction. Our study proposes that food restriction helps initiate mass loss; however, combined with a secondary pharmacological approach preserving a negative energy balance state over time may help combat obesity.


Assuntos
Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Restrição Calórica , Ingestão de Alimentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Peptídeos Cíclicos/farmacologia , alfa-MSH/análogos & derivados , Adiposidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Força da Mão , Infusões Intraventriculares , Masculino , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Peptídeos Cíclicos/administração & dosagem , Ratos , alfa-MSH/administração & dosagem , alfa-MSH/farmacologia
5.
Neuroimage ; 138: 221-232, 2016 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27238726

RESUMO

The advancement of neuroscience depends on continued improvement in methods and models. Here, we present novel techniques for the use of awake functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) - an important step forward in minimally-invasive measurement of neural activity in a non-traditional animal model. Imaging neural responses in prairie voles, a species studied for its propensity to form strong and selective social bonds, is expected to greatly advance our mechanistic understanding of complex social and affective processes. The use of ultra-high-field fMRI allows for recording changes in region-specific activity throughout the entire brain simultaneously and with high temporal and spatial resolutions. By imaging neural responses in awake animals, with minimal invasiveness, we are able to avoid the confound of anesthesia, broaden the scope of possible stimuli, and potentially make use of repeated scans from the same animals. These methods are made possible by the development of an annotated and segmented 3D vole brain atlas and software for image analysis. The use of these methods in the prairie vole provides an opportunity to broaden neuroscientific investigation of behavior via a comparative approach, which highlights the ethological relevance of pro-social behaviors shared between voles and humans, such as communal breeding, selective social bonds, social buffering of stress, and caregiving behaviors. Results using these methods show that fMRI in the prairie vole is capable of yielding robust blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal changes in response to hypercapnic challenge (inhaled 5% CO2), region-specific physical challenge (unilateral whisker stimulation), and presentation of a set of novel odors. Complementary analyses of repeated restraint sessions in the imaging hardware suggest that voles do not require acclimation to this procedure. Taken together, awake vole fMRI represents a new arena of neurobiological study outside the realm of traditional rodent models.


Assuntos
Arvicolinae/fisiologia , Encéfalo/fisiologia , Imobilização/instrumentação , Imobilização/veterinária , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/instrumentação , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/veterinária , Animais , Encéfalo/anatomia & histologia , Mapeamento Encefálico/instrumentação , Mapeamento Encefálico/veterinária , Desenho de Equipamento , Análise de Falha de Equipamento , Masculino , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Pesquisa Translacional Biomédica/instrumentação , Pesquisa Translacional Biomédica/métodos , Vigília/fisiologia
6.
Arch Womens Ment Health ; 19(2): 219-27, 2016 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26202722

RESUMO

We investigated associations between aspects of childbirth and elevated postpartum symptoms of depression and anxiety. We employed secondary analysis of perinatal data (N = 4657-4946) from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) birth cohort. Multivariable logistic regression models (adjusted for covariates) examined predictors of elevated symptoms of postpartum depression and anxiety. Predictors included the following: type of delivery (normal physiological vs. interventive non-physiological), immediate postpartum complications, and maternal perception of the recent birth experience. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale assessed elevated symptoms of depression (score ≥ 13), and the Crown-Crisp Experiential Index assessed elevated symptoms of anxiety (score ≥ 9) at 2 and 8 months after delivery. A more negative perception of the recent birth experience was associated with elevated symptoms of anxiety at 2 months [odds ratio (OR) 1.52, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.25-1.85] and 8 months (OR 1.30, 95 % CI 1.06-1.60) postpartum but was not associated with elevated symptoms of depression at either time point. Type of delivery (physiological vs. non-physiological) and immediate postpartum complications were not associated with elevated symptoms of depression or anxiety. Our findings suggest that improving women's childbirth experience may decrease the likelihood of postpartum anxiety, but not postpartum depression.


Assuntos
Ansiedade/diagnóstico , Parto Obstétrico/psicologia , Depressão Pós-Parto/diagnóstico , Parto/psicologia , Complicações na Gravidez/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Ansiedade/epidemiologia , Criança , Parto Obstétrico/métodos , Depressão Pós-Parto/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Período Pós-Parto , Gravidez , Complicações na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Estudos Prospectivos , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Fatores de Risco , Inquéritos e Questionários , Reino Unido/epidemiologia
7.
Psychol Med ; 43(12): 2535-45, 2013 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23522057

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Cognition is increasingly being recognized as an important aspect of psychotic disorders and a key contributor to functional outcome. In the past, comparative studies have been performed in schizophrenia and schizo-affective disorder with regard to cognitive performance, but the results have been mixed and the cognitive measures used have not always assessed the cognitive deficits found to be specific to psychosis. A set of optimized cognitive paradigms designed by the Cognitive Neuroscience Test Reliability and Clinical Applications for Schizophrenia (CNTRACS) Consortium to assess deficits specific to schizophrenia was used to measure cognition in a large group of individuals with schizophrenia and schizo-affective disorder. METHOD: A total of 519 participants (188 with schizophrenia, 63 with schizo-affective disorder and 268 controls) were administered three cognitive paradigms assessing the domains of goal maintenance in working memory, relational encoding and retrieval in episodic memory and visual integration. RESULTS: Across the three domains, the results showed no major quantitative differences between patient groups, with both groups uniformly performing worse than healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggests that, with regard to deficits in cognition, considered a major aspect of psychotic disorder, schizophrenia and schizo-affective disorder do not demonstrate major significant distinctions. These results have important implications for our understanding of the nosological structure of major psychopathology, providing evidence consistent with the hypothesis that there is no natural distinction between cognitive functioning in schizophrenia and schizo-affective disorder.


Assuntos
Transtornos Cognitivos/fisiopatologia , Transtornos Psicóticos/fisiopatologia , Esquizofrenia/fisiopatologia , Adulto , Transtornos Cognitivos/etiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Memória Episódica , Memória de Curto Prazo/fisiologia , Rememoração Mental/fisiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Transtornos Psicóticos/complicações , Esquizofrenia/complicações , Percepção Visual/fisiologia
8.
Nat Med ; 4(7): 852-6, 1998 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9662381

RESUMO

The CD4+ T-cell pool in HIV-infected patients is in a constant state of flux as CD4+ T cells are infected and destroyed by HIV and new cells take their place. To study T-cell survival, we adoptively transferred peripheral blood lymphocytes transduced with the neomycin phosphotransferase gene between syngeneic twin pairs discordant for HIV infection. A stable fraction of marked CD4+ T cells persisted in the circulation for four to eighteen weeks after transfer in all patients. After this time there was a precipitous decline in marked cells in three of the patients. At approximately six months, marked cells were in lymphoid tissues in proportions comparable to those found in peripheral blood. In two patients, the proportion of total signal for the transgene (found by PCR analysis) in the CD4/CD45RA+ T-cell population relative to the CD4/CD45RO+ population increased in the weeks after cell infusion. These findings indicate that genetically-marked CD4+ T cells persist in vivo for weeks to months and that the CD4+ T-cell pool in adults is maintained mostly by the division of mature T cells rather than by differentiation of prethymic stem cells. Thus, after elements of the T-cell repertoire are lost through HIV infection, they may be difficult to replace.


Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/fisiologia , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Linfócitos T/fisiologia , Adulto , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Antígenos Comuns de Leucócito/imunologia , Leucopoese , Masculino , Fosfotransferases/genética , Fosfotransferases/metabolismo , Regeneração
9.
Neuroimage Clin ; 32: 102877, 2021.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34773799

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Youth with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q) face one of the highest genetic risk factors for the development of schizophrenia. Previous research suggests impairments in attentional control and potential interactions with elevated anxiety and reduced adaptive functioning may increase the risk for developing psychosis in this population. Here, we examined how variations in attentional control relate to the presence or severity of psychosis-proneness symptoms in these individuals. METHODS: To achieve this, we measured attentional control in youth (12-18 years) with 22q (N = 35) compared to a typically developing group (N = 45), using a flanker task (the Distractor Target task) while measuring neural activity with event-related potentials. RESULTS: Similar to previous findings observed in people with schizophrenia, greater attentional capture by, and reduced suppression of, non-target flanker stimuli characterized participants with 22q and was indexed by the N2pc (N2-posterior-contralateral) and PD (distractor positivity) components. Although we observed no relationships between these components and measures of psychosis-proneness in youth with 22q, these individuals endorsed a relatively low incidence of positive symptoms overall. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide neural evidence of an attentional control impairment in youth with 22q that suggests these individuals experience sustained attentional focus on irrelevant information and reduced suppression of distracting stimuli in their environment. Impairments in attentional control might be a valid biomarker of the potential to develop attenuated positive symptoms or frank psychosis in high-risk individuals long before the age at which such symptoms typically arise. The evaluation of such a hypothesis, and the preventive potential for the putative biomarker, should be the focus of future studies.


Assuntos
Síndrome de DiGeorge , Transtornos Psicóticos , Adolescente , Atenção , Cromossomos , Síndrome de DiGeorge/complicações , Síndrome de DiGeorge/genética , Eletroencefalografia , Potenciais Evocados , Humanos , Transtornos Psicóticos/genética
10.
Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci ; 24(5): 2738-2749, 2020 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32196625

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS) 1 by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) has been implicated as a factor contributing to insulin resistance. Administration of IL-15 reduces adipose tissue deposition in young rats and stimulates secretion of adiponectin, an insulin sensitizing hormone that inhibits the production and activity of TNF-α. We aimed at investigating the effects of age life-long moderate calorie restriction (CR) on IL-15 and TNF-α signaling in rat white adipose tissue (WAT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-six 8-month-old, 18-month-old, and 29-month-old male Fischer344´Brown Norway F1 rats (6 per group) were either fed ad libitum (AL) or calorie restricted by 40%. The serum levels of IL-15 and IL-15 receptor α-chain (IL-15Rα) were increased by CR controls regardless of age. An opposite pattern was detected in WAT. In addition, CR reduced gene expression of TNF-α and cytosolic IRS1 serine phosphorylation in WAT, independently from age. RESULTS: IL-15 signaling in WAT is increased over the course of aging in AL rats compared with CR rodents. Protein levels of IL-15Rα are greater in WAT of AL than in CR rats independently from age. This adaptation was paralleled by increased IRS1 phosphorylation through TNF-α-mediated insulin resistance. Adiponectin decreased at old age in AL rats, while no changes were evident in CR rats across age groups. CONCLUSIONS: IL-15 signaling could therefore represent a potential target for interventions to counteract metabolic alterations and the deterioration of body composition during aging.


Assuntos
Tecido Adiposo Branco/metabolismo , Envelhecimento/metabolismo , Restrição Calórica , Interleucina-15/metabolismo , Animais , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos F344 , Transdução de Sinais
11.
Neuroimage Clin ; 25: 102127, 2020.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31864216

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: Gamma-Amiobutyric acid (GABA) is a primary inhibitory neurotransmitter that facilitates neural oscillations that coordinate neural activity between brain networks to facilitate cognition. The present magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) study tests the hypothesis that GABAergic facilitation of working memory is disrupted in people with schizophrenia (PSZ). METHODS: 51 healthy participants and 40 PSZ from the UC Davis Early Psychosis Program performed an item and temporal order working memory (WM) task and underwent resting MRS to measure GABA and glutamate concentrations in dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPFC) and anterior cingulate (ACC) regions of interest. MRS was acquired on a 3 Tesla Siemens scanner and GABA and glutamate concentrations were referenced to creatine. Percent correct on the WM task indexed performance and correlation coefficients examined GABAergic or Glutamatergic facilitation of WM, with Fisher's Z transformation testing for group differences. RESULTS: There were no group differences in GABA or glutamate concentrations, but WM correlations were reversed between groups. In patients, higher DLPFC GABA was associated with worse rather than better WM performance. This pattern was not observed for glutamate or in the ACC. Although under-powered, there was no indication of medication effects. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Results cannot be explained by group differences in DLPFC GABA or glutamate concentrations but, instead, indicate that schizophrenia disrupts the GABAergic facilitation of WM seen in healthy individuals. Results appear to parallel post mortem findings in suggesting that schizophrenia alters the distribution of different classes of GABAergic interneurons rather than producing a general deficit across the total population of neurons.


Assuntos
Encéfalo/metabolismo , Memória de Curto Prazo/fisiologia , Esquizofrenia/metabolismo , Substância Branca/metabolismo , Ácido gama-Aminobutírico/metabolismo , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Adulto Jovem
12.
Science ; 212(4494): 573-5, 1981 May 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7010608

RESUMO

Female prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) exposed to a single drop of male urine on the upper lip showed changes in concentrations of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) and norepinephrine in olfactory bulb tissue; no such changes occurred in dopamine concentration. The changes were measured in the posterior but not the anterior olfactory bulb tissue of females within 1 hour after they were exposed to urine. These females also showed rapid increases in serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone. Females exposed to water on the upper lip showed none of these changes. These results suggest that in this species LHRH and norepinephrine in the olfactory bulb may mediate luteinizing hormone release in response to external (pheromonal) chemical cues.


Assuntos
Arvicolinae/fisiologia , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/metabolismo , Norepinefrina/metabolismo , Bulbo Olfatório/metabolismo , Feromônios/urina , Roedores/fisiologia , Animais , Estro , Feminino , Humanos , Hormônio Luteinizante/sangue , Masculino , Gravidez , Reprodução , Estresse Psicológico/fisiopatologia
13.
Science ; 288(5472): 1835-8, 2000 Jun 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10846167

RESUMO

Theories of the regulation of cognition suggest a system with two necessary components: one to implement control and another to monitor performance and signal when adjustments in control are needed. Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging and a task-switching version of the Stroop task were used to examine whether these components of cognitive control have distinct neural bases in the human brain. A double dissociation was found. During task preparation, the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann's area 9) was more active for color naming than for word reading, consistent with a role in the implementation of control. In contrast, the anterior cingulate cortex (Brodmann's areas 24 and 32) was more active when responding to incongruent stimuli, consistent with a role in performance monitoring.


Assuntos
Córtex Cerebral/fisiologia , Cognição/fisiologia , Córtex Pré-Frontal/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Mapeamento Encefálico , Cor , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Leitura
14.
Science ; 280(5364): 747-9, 1998 May 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9563953

RESUMO

An unresolved question in neuroscience and psychology is how the brain monitors performance to regulate behavior. It has been proposed that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), on the medial surface of the frontal lobe, contributes to performance monitoring by detecting errors. In this study, event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to examine ACC function. Results confirm that this region shows activity during erroneous responses. However, activity was also observed in the same region during correct responses under conditions of increased response competition. This suggests that the ACC detects conditions under which errors are likely to occur rather than errors themselves.


Assuntos
Cognição/fisiologia , Lobo Frontal/fisiologia , Giro do Cíngulo/fisiologia , Mapeamento Encefálico , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética
15.
Science ; 270(5235): 475-80, 1995 Oct 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7570001

RESUMO

In 1990, a clinical trial was started using retroviral-mediated transfer of the adenosine deaminase (ADA) gene into the T cells of two children with severe combined immunodeficiency (ADA- SCID). The number of blood T cells normalized as did many cellular and humoral immune responses. Gene treatment ended after 2 years, but integrated vector and ADA gene expression in T cells persisted. Although many components remain to be perfected, it is concluded here that gene therapy can be a safe and effective addition to treatment for some patients with this severe immunodeficiency disease.


Assuntos
Adenosina Desaminase/deficiência , Adenosina Desaminase/genética , Técnicas de Transferência de Genes , Terapia Genética , Imunodeficiência Combinada Severa/terapia , Linfócitos T , Adenosina Desaminase/administração & dosagem , Adenosina Desaminase/sangue , Adenosina Desaminase/uso terapêutico , Formação de Anticorpos , Sequência de Bases , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Seguimentos , Expressão Gênica , Vetores Genéticos , Humanos , Imunidade Celular , Contagem de Linfócitos , Transfusão de Linfócitos , Linfócitos/enzimologia , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Imunodeficiência Combinada Severa/enzimologia , Imunodeficiência Combinada Severa/imunologia , Linfócitos T/enzimologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia
16.
Sci Adv ; 5(5): eaav2244, 2019 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31049395

RESUMO

Oxytocin is used in approximately half of all births in the United States during labor induction and/or augmentation. However, the effects of maternal oxytocin administration on offspring development have not been fully characterized. Here, we used the socially monogamous prairie vole to examine the hypothesis that oxytocin exposure at birth can have long-term developmental consequences. Maternally administered oxytocin increased methylation of the oxytocin receptor (Oxtr) in the fetal brain. As adults, oxytocin-exposed voles were more gregarious, with increased alloparental caregiving toward pups and increased close social contact with other adults. Cross-fostering indicated that these effects were the result of direct action on the offspring, rather than indirect effects via postnatal changes in maternal behavior. Male oxytocin-exposed offspring had increased oxytocin receptor density and expression in the brain as adults. These results show that long-term effects of perinatal oxytocin may be mediated by an epigenetic mechanism.


Assuntos
Arvicolinae/fisiologia , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Epigênese Genética/efeitos dos fármacos , Ocitócicos/farmacologia , Ocitocina/farmacologia , Parto/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Feminino , Masculino , Metilação/efeitos dos fármacos , Ocitócicos/administração & dosagem , Ocitocina/administração & dosagem , Gravidez , Receptores de Ocitocina/metabolismo , Comportamento Social
17.
Schizophr Res ; 98(1-3): 247-55, 2008 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17961988

RESUMO

Polydipsic hyponatremic schizophrenic patients (PHS) exhibit enhanced plasma arginine vasopressin (pAVP) and hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis responses to stress that appear attributable to anterior hippocampal dysfunction. Neuroanatomic and electrophysiologic studies indicate oxytocin activity in PHS patients should also be affected. Furthermore, oxytocin normally diminishes HPA responses to stress and facilitates cognitive and behavioral functions impaired in schizophrenia, suggesting that diminished oxytocin activity could contribute to this subsets' neuropsychiatric disorder. In the present study, we measured plasma oxytocin levels at intervals before and after stress induction in six polydipsic hyponatremic (PHS), four polydipsic normonatremic (PNS), five nonpolydipsic normonatremic schizophrenic (NNS) patients and seven healthy controls. Most of these subjects also completed studies measuring their medial temporal lobe volumes, their hippocampal-mediated HPA feedback and their ability to discriminate different facial emotions (an oxytocin-sensitive measure which is markedly impaired in schizophrenia). Results demonstrated that 1) plasma oxytocin levels were lower (p=.006) in hyponatremic patients relative to the other three groups, whose levels were similar and did not change. Oxytocin levels across all subjects were 2) inversely correlated with anterior hippocampal (p=.004) (but not posterior hippocampal or amygdala volumes), and 3) directly correlated with the integrity of hippocampal-mediated HPA feedback (p=.039). Finally, 4) oxytocin levels predicted schizophrenic patients' ability to correctly identify facial emotions (p=.004). These preliminary data provide further evidence that neuroendocrine dysfunction in PHS reflects anterior hippocampal pathology and contributes to a characteristic neuropsychiatric syndrome.


Assuntos
Sintomas Afetivos/sangue , Sintomas Afetivos/diagnóstico , Hidrocortisona/sangue , Ocitocina/sangue , Ocitocina/fisiologia , Esquizofrenia/sangue , Esquizofrenia/diagnóstico , Psicologia do Esquizofrênico , Adulto , Sintomas Afetivos/fisiopatologia , Temperatura Baixa , Diurese/fisiologia , Ingestão de Líquidos/fisiologia , Emoções , Expressão Facial , Retroalimentação/fisiologia , Feminino , Hipocampo/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Hiponatremia/sangue , Hiponatremia/diagnóstico , Hiponatremia/fisiopatologia , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisário/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Sistemas Neurossecretores/fisiopatologia , Sistema Hipófise-Suprarrenal/fisiopatologia , Percepção Social , Sódio/sangue , Sódio/fisiologia , Percepção Visual
18.
Neuropsychologia ; 117: 148-155, 2018 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29842859

RESUMO

Attention is critical to the construction of mental representations of language context during comprehension. We investigated the consequences of momentary lapses in attention during listening comprehension on neural activity and behavior. Participants listened to two full-length stories while EEG was recorded, and afterwards completed multiple choice comprehension questions. Listening was periodically interrupted by attention probes, in which participants were asked whether their attention immediately preceding the probe's appearance was focused on the story. The results showed that (1) participants spent a substantial amount of time off-task, endorsing attention lapses on over 30% of probes; (2) for probes on which an attention lapse was endorsed, later accuracy on comprehension questions querying pre-probe information was decreased; (3) the pre-probe period just before the endorsement of an attention lapse was characterized by a greater percentage of above-threshold oscillations in the alpha-band (8-12 Hz) compared to just prior to the endorsement of on-task or split-attention listening; and (4) when participants made "I have no idea" responses to comprehension questions, their EEG record revealed a greater percentage of above-threshold alpha oscillations during the original presentation of the information queried by the comprehension questions, compared to correct responses or incorrect guesses. These results connect changes in neural activity in the alpha band to episodes of mind-wandering during listening comprehension, and in turn to decreased comprehension accuracy. This demonstrates how alpha can be used to track attentional engagement during language comprehension, and illustrates the dependence of successful language comprehension on attention.


Assuntos
Ritmo alfa/fisiologia , Atenção/fisiologia , Compreensão/fisiologia , Idioma , Fala/fisiologia , Estimulação Acústica , Adolescente , Adulto , Análise de Variância , Mapeamento Encefálico , Eletroencefalografia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem
19.
Neuroscience ; 144(1): 38-45, 2007 Jan 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17055176

RESUMO

Developmental exposure to oxytocin (OT) or oxytocin antagonists (OTAs) has been shown to cause long-lasting and often sexually dimorphic effects on social behaviors in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). Because regulation of social behavior in monogamous mammals involves central receptors for OT, arginine vasopressin (AVP), and dopamine, we examined the hypothesis that the long-lasting, developmental effects of exposure to neonatal OT or OTA might reflect changes in the expression of receptors for these peptides. On postnatal day 1, prairie voles were injected intraperitoneally with either OT (1 mg/kg), an OTA (0.1 mg/kg), saline vehicle, or were handled only. At approximately 60 days of age, vasopressin V1a receptors, OT receptors (OTR) and dopamine D2 receptor binding were quantified using receptor autoradiography in brain tissue taken from males and females. Significant treatment effects on V1a binding were found in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), cingulate cortex (CgCtx), mediodorsal thalamus (MdThal), medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus (MPOA), and lateral septum (LS). The CgCtx, MPOA, ventral pallidum, and LS also showed significant sex by treatment interactions on V1a binding. No significant treatment or sex differences were observed for D2 receptor binding. No significant treatment difference was observed for OTR receptor binding, and only a marginal sex difference. Changes in the neuropeptide receptor expression, especially the V1a receptor, may help to explain sexually dimorphic changes in behavior that follow comparable neonatal manipulations.


Assuntos
Arvicolinae/fisiologia , Ocitocina/farmacologia , Receptores de Vasopressinas/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Autorradiografia , Feminino , Globo Pálido/metabolismo , Masculino , Núcleo Mediodorsal do Tálamo/metabolismo , Neostriado/metabolismo , Núcleo Accumbens/metabolismo , Ornipressina/análogos & derivados , Ornipressina/farmacologia , Ocitocina/antagonistas & inibidores , Área Pré-Óptica/metabolismo , Receptores de Dopamina D2/efeitos dos fármacos , Núcleos Septais/metabolismo , Septo do Cérebro/metabolismo , Caracteres Sexuais , Comportamento Social
20.
Neurosci Lett ; 417(1): 6-9, 2007 Apr 24.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17383819

RESUMO

The oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) has been studied in autism because of the role of oxytocin (OT) in social cognition. Linkage has also been demonstrated to the region of OXTR in a large sample. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and a haplotype constructed from them in OXTR have been associated with autism in the Chinese Han population. We tested whether these associations replicated in a Caucasian sample with strictly defined autistic disorder. We genotyped the two previously associated SNPs (rs2254298, rs53576) in 57 Caucasian autism trios. Probands met clinical, ADI-R, and ADOS criteria for autistic disorder. Significant association was detected at rs2254298 (p=0.03) but not rs53576. For rs2254298, overtransmission of the G allele to probands with autistic disorder was found which contrasts with the overtransmission of A previously reported in the Chinese Han sample. In both samples, G was more frequent than A. However, in our Caucasian autism trios and the CEU Caucasian HapMap samples the frequency of A was less than that reported in the Chinese Han and Chinese in Bejing HapMap samples. The haplotype test of association did not reveal excess transmission from parents to affected offspring. These findings provide support for association of OXTR with autism in a Caucasian population. Overtransmission of different alleles in different populations may be due to a different pattern of linkage disequilibrium between the marker rs2254298 and an as yet undetermined susceptibility variant in OXTR.


Assuntos
Transtorno Autístico/genética , Transtorno Autístico/metabolismo , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Receptores de Ocitocina/genética , Adolescente , Transtorno Autístico/etnologia , Química Encefálica/genética , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Análise Mutacional de DNA , Feminino , Frequência do Gene/genética , Marcadores Genéticos/genética , Testes Genéticos , Genótipo , Haplótipos/genética , Humanos , Padrões de Herança/genética , Desequilíbrio de Ligação/genética , Masculino , Ocitocina/metabolismo , População Branca
SELEÇÃO DE REFERÊNCIAS
DETALHE DA PESQUISA