[The means for the morphofunctional transformations of hematophagous insects]. / Sposoby morfofunktsional'nykh preobrazovanii nasekomykh-gematofagov.

Morphofunctional transformations of hematophagous insects, connected with forming the type of parasitism is performed by different forms of adaptation morphosis. Most morphological changes occur within the framework of idioadaptations (allomorphoses); which is especially characteristic of all free-living hematophagous groups. The transition of hematophagues to ectoparasitism, especially permanent, is accompanied, besides idioadaptations, by cenogenetic shifts (pupigenous dipterans, hemipterans), as well as by processes of degradation of organs, with a generally hypomorphous development of a group (lice). The degree of reduction of aromorphous characters reflects the level of morphological and ecological specialization of hematophages.

[Electron microscopic study of the malpighian tubules in fleas (Siphonaptera)]. / Elektronno-mikroskopicheskoe issledovanie mal'pigievykh sosudov blokh (Siphonaptera).

A study was carried out of ultrastructure of malpighian tubules of 4 species of fleas as follows: Xenopsylla cheopis, Ceratophyllus fasciatus, Leptopsylla segnis, Ctenophthalmus orientalis. All cells of malpighian tubules are of polar structure: their apical department is represented with microvilli while basal one--with a system of membrane invaginations forming the basal labyrinth. The most developed system of basal invaginations is observed in distal cells of the malpighian tubules. Microvilli of the apical surface of the cells do not contain mitochondria, the latter are localized mainly in supranuclear and basal parts of the cell. In cells and cavity of the central and proximal parts of the malpighian tubules there are sphere crystals. Malpighian tubules of fleas have no distinct morphological departments though ultrastructure of the cells in different parts of the tubules is not identical.

[Epithelial ultrastructure of the midgut of the horsefly, Hybomitra schineri (Tabanidae)]. / Ul'trastruktura épiteliia srednei kishki slepnia Hybomitra schineri (Tabanidae).

The study of the midgut of Hybomitra schineri by means of electron microscopy has shown that epithelial cells are of cylindrical shape. According to the electron density of cytoplasm the cells can be arranged into three subtypes. The apical surface of all the cells is covered by microvilli with filamentous glycocalyx. The peritrophic membrane of the 1st type is formed in females only during the blood digestion. Two types of secretion of digestive enzymes (merocrine and macroapocrine ones) were found, the latter being prevalent at the carbohydrate feeding.

[Ultrastructure of the antennal sensillae of the bug, Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae)]. / Ul'tratsruktura antennal'nykh sensill klopa Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae).

On the antenna of the bug R. prolixus we found numerous receptors which can be classified into three categories: mechanoreceptors (sensilla chaetica), olfactory (sensillae trichodea, basiconica and caeloconica) and gustatory (sensilla trichodea) receptors. The number, size and distribution on the antenna of each type have been recorded. A description of each of these sense organs is given. Tactile hairs are present on all of the antennal segments while thin-walled chemoreceptors are limited to segments 3 and 4. The tactile hairs are innervated by a single bipolar sensory cells. In fine structure each dendrite reveals the following successive regions; a broad inner segment, a ciliary region, a region with neurotubules. Two types of thin-walled sensilla trichoidae differ in the structure of the walls and internal parts. It was shown that the cuticular part of the olfactory trichoid hairs has pores; the cuticular part of the basiconic sensillae had longitudinal canals.

[Chemoreceptor organs of the antennae and maxillary palps of fleas (Siphonaptera)]. / Khemoretseptornye organy antenn i maksilliarnykh pal'p blokh (Siphonaptera).

Ultrastructure of chemoreceptor sensillae on antennae and maxillary palps of fleas of Ceratophyllus sciurorum is described. On antennae of fleas are the following types of sensillae: trichoid cuspidate and obtusate, fungoid, basiconical sensillae in olfactory fossae and on the surface of antennae. On maxillary palps there are trichoid cuspidate, basiconical and campaniform sensillae. A comparison was made of the composition and number of chemo- and mechanoreceptor sensillae in 14 species of fleas differing in the type of parasitism. It has been established that "nest" fleas have the greatest number of sensillae.

[Functional morphology of the midgut in satiated Pediculus humanus corporis (Anoplura) fleas]. / Funktsional'naia morfologiia srednei kishki napitavshikhsia vshei Pediculus humanus corporis (Anoplura).

It has been shown that during feeding the midgut epithelium of the human louse Pediculus humanus corporis consists of three types of cells: secretory, digestive, and reserve (regenerative) ones. According to the ultrastructural organization the secretory cells are subdivided into two regions--apical and basal. In the apical region of the secretory cells no microvilli are observed. The basal region contains mitochondria, ribosomes, rough endoplasmatic reticulum, microvesicular bodies and secretory granules. Three types of secretion of digestive enzymes (macroapocrine, microapocrine and merocrine ones) were found. The apical surface of the digestive cells is covered with microvilli; the cytoplasm of the digestive cells is filled with lipids and glycogen granules. Cells are lined with a homogeneous basal membrane.

[Parasitism--the existence of organisms as a component of parasitic systems]. / Parazitizm--sushchestvovanie organizmov v sostave parazitarnykh sistem.

Attempt to give a definition of the parasitism phenomenon from the symbiotological point of view is proposed. Parasites are the organisms, existence of which is possible only in the parasitic systems of any degree of complexity. Outside the parasitic system the parasite is not capable to realize its main vital function including feeding, dispersion of reproduction. The parasitism as the biological phenomenon could be defined as the existence of organisms in the structure of parasitic systems.

[Ultrafine structure of the malpighian tubules of hematophagous Diptera]. / Ul'tratonkoe stroenie mal'pigievykh sosudov dvukrylykh-gematofagov (Diptera).

The ultrastructure of Malpighian tubes of 5 species of bloodsucking Diptera was studied: Culicoides pulicaris, Tabanus bromius, Hybomitra schineri, Haematopota pluvialis and Stomoxys calcitrans. The Malpighian tubes of the above species include the cells of two types. The most abundant cells of the 1st type contain many spherical inclusions which represent deposits of mineral compounds. The microvilli of the 1st type cells always contain mitochondria. Cells of the 2nd type are characterized by a smaller size, their microvilli lack mitochondria and no sphere crystals are observed in cytoplasm. Differences in the ultrastructure of epithelial cells of Malpighian tubes were found out.

[Ultrastructural characteristics of the simple eyes of the louse Pediculus humanus corporis]. / Osobennosti ul'trastruktury prostykh glaz vshi Pediculus humanis corporis.

The simple eye of the human louse consists of two apparatuses: dioptric and light sensitive. The dioptric apparatus contains only a biconvex lens, which represents local thickening of the cuticle. The eye lacks the crystal cone (Semper cells) and special pigment cells. The light sensitive part of the eye contains about 130 photoreceptor cells. Each photoreceptor has rhabdomere which consists of numerous microvilli. The pigment granules are located only in the photoreceptor cells.

[Cytopathological effect of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis endotoxins on the intestines of Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae]. / Tsitopatologicheskoe vliianie éndotoksinov Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis na kishechnik lichinok komarov Aedes aegypti.

The dynamics of pathological changes in the intestine of Aedes aegypti larvae under the influence of toxins Cry11A and Cry4B produced by Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis was studied by means of electron microscope. Most significant ultrastructure changes in the intestine of the second instar larvae were observed in the midgut. The cytoplasm of cells disintegrated, and elongated lacunae appeared. The number of microvilli decreased, or they disappeared in the result of destruction. The peritrophic membrane displaced to the lumen of midgut. Any changes in epithelial cells and cuticle in time of foregut and hindgut were not observed in a comparison to control. The toxin Cry4B caused the most effective destruction of the midgut epithelium.

[Comparative characteristics of the digestive enzymes of blood-sucking insects. II. Invertase and lipase]. / K sravnitel'noi kharakteristike pishchevaritel'nykh fermentov krovososushchikh nasekomykh. II. Invertaza i lipaza.

The activity of invertase and lipase in the midguts of 11 hematophagous insect species have been determined. The highest invertase activity at pH 7-10. Insects feeding on carbohydrate meals as well as with blood have the greatest invertase activity, the obligatory blood feeders have the least one. The lipase activity does not depend on trophic peculiarities of the blood-suckling insects.

[Micromorphology of the malpighian tubules in the louse Pediculus humanus corporis (Anoplura)]. / Mikromorfologiia mal'pigievykh sosudov vshi Pediculus humanus corporis (Anoplura).

The ultrastructure of the Malpighian tubes in human louse Pediculus humanus corporis has been studied. The cells of the Malpighian tubules have the uniform structure: the apical surface is covered with microvilli, the basal plasmatic membrana forms relatively small invaginations. The microvilli are most developed in cells of the proximal department of the Malpighian tubules. Microvilli of the apical surface of the cells do not contain mitochondria which are localized mainly in supranuclear part of the cell. Cells are lined with a homogenous basal membrane.