Deep learning-based meta-classifier approach for COVID-19 classification using CT scan and chest X-ray images.

Literature survey shows that convolutional neural network (CNN)-based pretrained models have been largely used for CoronaVirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) classification using chest X-ray (CXR) and computed tomography (CT) datasets. However, most of the methods have used a smaller number of data samples for both CT and CXR datasets for training, validation, and testing. As a result, the model might have shown good performance during testing, but this type of model will not be more effective on unseen COVID-19 data samples. Generalization is an important term to be considered while designing a classifier that can perform well on completely unseen datasets. Here, this work proposes a large-scale learning with stacked ensemble meta-classifier and deep learning-based feature fusion approach for COVID-19 classification. The features from the penultimate layer (global average pooling) of EfficientNet-based pretrained models were extracted and the dimensionality of the extracted features reduced using kernel principal component analysis (PCA). Next, a feature fusion approach was employed to merge the features of various extracted features. Finally, a stacked ensemble meta-classifier-based approach was used for classification. It is a two-stage approach. In the first stage, random forest and support vector machine (SVM) were applied for prediction, then aggregated and fed into the second stage. The second stage includes logistic regression classifier that classifies the data sample of CT and CXR into either COVID-19 or Non-COVID-19. The proposed model was tested using large CT and CXR datasets, which are publicly available. The performance of the proposed model was compared with various existing CNN-based pretrained models. The proposed model outperformed the existing methods and can be used as a tool for point-of-care diagnosis by healthcare professionals.

A modified social spider algorithm for an efficient data dissemination in VANET.

Technical growth in the field of communication and information is an important aspect in the development and innovation of industrial automation and in the recent advances in the field of communications. The recent development of mobile communications has led to worldwide ubiquitous information sharing and has rehabilitated human lifestyles. This communication revolution is now introducing effective information sharing into the automotive industry. The current technology is extending this field of applications for vehicle safety, improving the efficiency in traffic management, offering reliable assistance for drivers and supporting the modern field of vehicle design. With these advances, the vehicular network concept has grabbed worldwide attention. In this article, a novel sampling-based estimation scheme (SES), to initiate the involvements and increase the probabilistic contacts of vehicle communication. The scheme is divided into a few segments, for ease of operations with a perfect sample. The contact duration between two vehicles moving in opposite directions on their overlapped road is lower, but their contact probability is higher. By contrast, the duration of the contact between two vehicles moving in the same direction on their overlapped road is higher, but their contact probability is lower. SES can easily obtain efficient routing by considering the above-mentioned stochastic contacts. Furthermore, we investigate the content transmission among the probabilistic contacts, by using the flow model with probabilistic capacities. The performance of the proposed SES is experimentally validated with the probabilistic contacts in VANETs.

COVID-19 diagnosis system by deep learning approaches.

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been a severe health issue affecting the respiratory system and spreads very fast from one human to other overall countries. For controlling such disease, limited diagnostics techniques are utilized to identify COVID-19 patients, which are not effective. The above complex circumstances need to detect suspected COVID-19 patients based on routine techniques like chest X-Rays or CT scan analysis immediately through computerized diagnosis systems such as mass detection, segmentation, and classification. In this paper, regional deep learning approaches are used to detect infected areas by the lungs' coronavirus. For mass segmentation of the infected region, a deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is used to identify the specific infected area and classify it into COVID-19 or Non-COVID-19 patients with a full-resolution convolutional network (FrCN). The proposed model is experimented with based on detection, segmentation, and classification using a trained and tested COVID-19 patient dataset. The evaluation results are generated using a fourfold cross-validation test with several technical terms such as Sensitivity, Specificity, Jaccard (Jac.), Dice (F1-score), Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC), Overall accuracy, etc. The comparative performance of classification accuracy is evaluated on both with and without mass segmentation validated test dataset.

SDN-IoT empowered intelligent framework for industry 4.0 applications during COVID-19 pandemic.

The industrial ecosystem has been unprecedentedly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic because of its immense contact restrictions. Therefore, the manufacturing and socio-economic operations that require human involvement have significantly intervened since the beginning of the outbreak. As experienced, the social-distancing lesson in the potential new-normal world seems to force stakeholders to encourage the deployment of contactless Industry 4.0 architecture. Thus, human-less or less-human operations to keep these IoT-enabled ecosystems running without interruptions have motivated us to design and demonstrate an intelligent automated framework. In this research, we have proposed "EdgeSDN-I4COVID" architecture for intelligent and efficient management during COVID-19 of the smart industry considering the IoT networks. Moreover, the article presents the SDN-enabled layer, such as data, control, and application, to effectively and automatically monitor the IoT data from a remote location. In addition, the proposed convergence between SDN and NFV provides an efficient control mechanism for managing the IoT sensor data. Besides, it offers robust data integration on the surface and the devices required for Industry 4.0 during the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, the article justified the above contributions through particular performance evaluations upon appropriate simulation setup and environment.

Intelligent computing on time-series data analysis and prediction of COVID-19 pandemics.

Covid-19 disease caused by novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly contagious epidemic that originated in Wuhan, Hubei Province of China in late December 2019. World Health Organization (WHO) declared Covid-19 as a pandemic on 12th March 2020. Researchers and policy makers are designing strategies to control the pandemic in order to minimize its impact on human health and economy round the clock. The SARS-CoV-2 virus transmits mostly through respiratory droplets and through contaminated surfacesin human body.Securing an appropriate level of safety during the pandemic situation is a highly problematic issue which resulted from the transportation sector which has been hit hard by COVID-19. This paper focuses on developing an intelligent computing model for forecasting the outbreak of COVID-19. The Facebook Prophet model predicts 90 days future values including the peak date of the confirmed cases of COVID-19 for six worst hit countries of the world including India and six high incidence states of India. The model also identifies five significant changepoints in the growth curve of confirmed cases of India which indicate the impact of the interventions imposed by Government of India on the growth rate of the infection. The goodness-of-fit of the model measures 85% MAPE for all six countries and all six states of India. The above computational analysis may be able to throw some light on planning and management of healthcare system and infrastructure.

Blockchain and ANFIS empowered IoMT application for privacy preserved contact tracing in COVID-19 pandemic.

Life-threatening novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), also known as COVID-19, has engulfed the world and caused health and economic challenges. To control the spread of COVID-19, a mechanism is required to enforce physical distancing between people. This paper proposes a Blockchain-based framework that preserves patients' anonymity while tracing their contacts with the help of Bluetooth-enabled smartphones. We use a smartphone application to interact with the proposed blockchain framework for contact tracing of the general public using Bluetooth and to store the obtained data over the cloud, which is accessible to health departments and government agencies to perform necessary and timely actions (e.g., like quarantine the infected people moving around). Thus, the proposed framework helps people perform their regular business and day-to-day activities with a controlled mechanism that keeps them safe from infected and exposed people. The smartphone application is capable enough to check their COVID status after analyzing the symptoms quickly and observes (based on given symptoms) either this person is infected or not. As a result, the proposed Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Interference System (ANFIS) system predicts the COVID status, and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) enhances the accuracy rate to 95.9% compared to state-of-the-art results.

Telemedicine Supported Chronic Wound Tissue Prediction Using Classification Approaches.

Telemedicine helps to deliver health services electronically to patients with the advancement of communication systems and health informatics. Chronic wound (CW) detection and its healing rate assessment at remote distance is very much difficult due to unavailability of expert doctors. This problem generally affects older ageing people. So there is a need of better assessment facility to the remote people in telemedicine framework. Here we have proposed a CW tissue prediction and diagnosis under telemedicine framework to classify the tissue types using linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The proposed telemedicine based wound tissue prediction (TWTP) model is able to identify wound tissue and correctly predict the wound status with a good degree of accuracy. The overall performance of the proposed wound tissue prediction methodology has been measured based on ground truth images. The proposed methodology will assist the clinicians to take better decision towards diagnosis of CW in terms of quantitative information of three types of tissue composition at low-resource set-up.

Multiview Deep Learning-based Efficient Medical Data Management for Survival Time Forecasting.

In recent years, data-driven remote medical management has received much attention, especially in application of survival time forecasting. By monitoring the physical characteristics indexes of patients, intelligent algorithms can be deployed to implement efficient healthcare management. However, such pure medical data-driven scenes generally lack multimedia information, which brings challenge to analysis tasks. To deal with this issue, this paper introduces the idea of ensemble deep learning to enhance feature representation ability, thus enhancing knowledge discovery in remote healthcare management. Therefore, a multiview deep learning-based efficient medical data management framework for survival time forecasting is proposed in this paper, which is named as "MDL-MDM" for short. Firstly, basic monitoring data for body indexes of patients is encoded, which serves as the data foundation for forecasting tasks. Then, three different neural network models, convolution neural network, graph attention network, and graph convolution network, are selected to build a hybrid computing framework. Their combination can bring a multiview feature learning framework to realize an efficient medical data management framework. In addition, experiments are conducted on a realistic medical dataset about cancer patients in the US. Results show that the proposal can predict survival time with 1% to 2% reduction in prediction error.

A review on telemedicine-based WBAN framework for patient monitoring.

OBJECTIVE: In this article, we describe the important aspects like major characteristics, research issues, and challenges with body area sensor networks in telemedicine systems for patient monitoring in different scenarios. Present and emerging developments in communications integrated with the developments in microelectronics and embedded system technologies will have a dramatic impact on future patient monitoring and health information delivery systems. The important challenges are bandwidth limitations, power consumption, and skin or tissue protection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This article presents a detailed survey on wireless body area networks (WBANs). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: We have designed the framework for integrating body area networks on telemedicine systems. Recent trends, overall WBAN-telemedicine framework, and future research scope have also been addressed in this article.

Quantum-Inspired Heuristic Algorithm for Secure Healthcare Prediction using Blockchain Technology.

People's health is adversely affected by environmental changes and poor nutritional habits, emphasizing the importance of health awareness. The healthcare system encounters significant challenges, including data insufficiency, threats, errors, and delays. To address these issues and advance medical care, we propose a secure healthcare prediction method, prioritizing patient privacy and data transmission efficiency. The Quantum-inspired heuristic algorithm combined with Kril Herd Optimization (QKHO) is introduced for healthcare prediction, along with a comparison to the Deep Forward Neural Network (DFNN) optimized using Krill Herd Optimization (KHO) and Quantum-inspired heuristic algorithm combined with Kril Herd Optimization. The proposed QKHO model outperforms conventional models and exhibits higher accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. Blockchain technology ensures secure data transmission to the server, surpassing the security level of existing RSA and Diffie-Hellman algorithms.

GPTFX: A Novel GPT-3 Based Framework for Mental Health Detection and Explanations.

This paper introduces a novel approach GPTFX, an AI-based mental detection with GPT frameworks. This approach leverages GPT embeddings and the fine-tuning of GPT-3. This approach exhibits superior performance in both classifying mental health disorders and generating explanations with accuracy of around 87% in classification and Rouge-L of around 0.75. We utilized GPT embeddings with machine learning models for the classification of mental health disorders. Additionally, GPT-3 was fine-tuned for generating explanations related to the predictions made by these machine learning models. Notably, the proposed algorithm proves well-suited for real-time monitoring of mental health by deploying in AI-IoMT devices, as it has demonstrated greater reliability when compared to traditional algorithms.

A Simple Federated Learning-Based Scheme for Security Enhancement Over Internet of Medical Things.

Nowadays, Federated Learning (FL) over Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) devices has become a current research hotspot. As a new architecture, FL can well protect the data privacy of IoMT devices, but the security of neural network model transmission can not be guaranteed. On the other hand, the sizes of current popular neural network models are usually relatively extensive, and how to deploy them on the IoMT devices has become a challenge. One promising approach to these problems is to reduce the network scale by quantizing the parameters of the neural networks, which can greatly improve the security of data transmission and reduce the transmission cost. In the previous literature, the fixed-point quantizer with stochastic rounding has been shown to have better performance than other quantization methods. However, how to design such quantizer to achieve the minimum square quantization error is still unknown. In addition, how to apply this quantizer in the FL framework also needs investigation. To address these questions, in this paper, we propose FedMSQE - Federated Learning with Minimum Square Quantization Error, that achieves the smallest quantization error for each individual client in the FL setting. Through numerical experiments in both single-node and FL scenarios, we prove that our proposed algorithm can achieve higher accuracy and lower quantization error than other quantization methods.

Optimizing Pix2Pix GAN with Attention Mechanisms for AI-Driven Polyp Segmentation in IoMT-Enabled Smart Healthcare.

This paper introduces an innovative approach for automated polyp segmentation in colonoscopy images, deploying an enhanced Pix2Pix Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) equipped with an integrated attention mechanism in the discriminator. Addressing prevalent challenges in conventional segmentation methods, such as variable polyp appearances, inconsistent image quality, and limited training data, our model significantly augments the precision and reliability of polyp segmentation. The integration of an attention mechanism enables our model to meticulously focus on the intricate features of polyps, improving segmentation accuracy. A unique training strategy, employing both real and synthetic data, is adopted to ensure the model's robust performance under a variety of conditions. The results, validated through rigorous tests on multiple public colonoscopy datasets, indicate a notable improvement in segmentation performance over existing state-of-the-art methods. Our model's enhanced ability to detect critical details early plays a pivotal role in proactive colorectal cancer detection, a key aspect of smart healthcare systems. This work represents an effective amalgamation of advanced AI techniques and the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), signifying a noteworthy contribution to the evolution of smart healthcare systems. In conclusion, our attention-enhanced Pix2Pix GAN not only offers efficient and reliable polyp segmentation, but also showcases considerable potential for seamless integration into remote health monitoring systems, underlining the increasing relevance and efficacy of AI in advancing IoMT-enabled healthcare.

Low-dose COVID-19 CT Image Denoising Using CNN and its Method Noise Thresholding.

Noise in computed tomography (CT) images may occur due to low radiation doses. Hence, the main aim of this paper is to reduce the noise from low-dose CT images so that the risk of high radiation dose can be reduced. BACKGROUND: The novel coronavirus outbreak has ushered in different new areas of research in medical instrumentation and technology. Medical diagnostics and imaging are one of the ways in which the area and level of infection can be detected. OBJECTIVE: COVID-19 attacks people with less immunity, so infants, kids, and pregnant women are more vulnerable to the infection. So, they need to undergo CT scanning to find the infection level. But the high radiation diagnostic is also fatal for them, so the intensity of radiation needs to be reduced significantly, which may generate the noise in the CT images. METHOD: This paper introduces a new denoising technique for low-dose Covid-19 CT images using a convolution neural network (CNN) and noise-based thresholding method. The major concern of the methodology for reducing the risk associated with radiation while diagnosing. RESULTS: The results are evaluated visually and using standard performance metrics. From comparative analysis, it was observed that proposed works give better outcomes. CONCLUSION: The proposed low-dose COVID-19 CT image denoising model is therefore concluded to have a better potential to be effective in various pragmatic medical image processing applications in noise suppression and clinical edge preservation.

Gradient Boosting Machine and Efficient Combination of Features for Speech-Based Detection of COVID-19.

In recent times, speech-based automatic disease detection systems have shown several promising results in biomedical and life science applications, especially in the case of respiratory diseases. It provides a quick, cost-effective, reliable, and non-invasive potential alternative detection option for COVID-19 in the ongoing pandemic scenario since the subject's voice can be remotely recorded and sent for further analysis. The existing COVID-19 detection methods including RT-PCR, and chest X-ray tests are not only costlier but also require the involvement of a trained technician. The present paper proposes a novel speech-based respiratory disease detection scheme for COVID-19 and Asthma using the Gradient Boosting Machine-based classifier. From the recorded speech samples, the spectral, cepstral, and periodicity features, as well as spectral descriptors, are computed and then homogeneously fused to obtain relevant statistical features. These features are subsequently used as inputs to the Gradient Boosting Machine. The various performance matrices of the proposed model have been obtained using thirteen sound categories' speech data collected from more than 50 countries using five standard datasets for accurate diagnosis of respiratory diseases including COVID-19. The overall average accuracy achieved by the proposed model using the stratified k-fold cross-validation test is above 97%. The analysis of various performance matrices demonstrates that under the current pandemic scenario, the proposed COVID-19 detection scheme can be gainfully employed by physicians.

Stress Classification and Vital Signs Forecasting for IoT-Health Monitoring.

Health monitoring embedded with intelligence is the demand of the day. In this era of a large population with the emergence of a variety of diseases, the demand for healthcare facilities is high. Yet there is scarcity of medical experts, technicians for providing healthcare to the people affected with some medical problem. This paper presents an Internet of Things (IoT) system architecture for health monitoring and how data analytics can be applied in the health sector. IoT is employed to integrate the sensor information, data analytics, machine intelligence and user interface to continuously track and monitor the health condition of the patient. Considering data analytics as the major part, we focused on the implementation of stress classification and forecasted the future values from the recorded data using sensors. Physiological vitals like Pulse, oxygen level percentage (SpO2), temperature, arterial blood pressure along with the patients age, height, weight and movement are considered. Various traditional and ensemble machine learning methods are applied to stress classification data. The experimental results have shown that a hypertuned random forest algorithm has given a better performance with an accuracy of 94.3%. In a view that knowing the future values in prior helps in quick decision making, critical vitals like pulse, oxygen level percentage and blood pressure have been forecasted. The data is trained with ML and neural network models. GRU model has given better performance with lower error rates of 1.76, 0.27, 5.62 RMSE values and 0.845, 0.13, 2.01 MAE values for pulse, SpO2 and blood pressure respectively.

AI-driven deep and handcrafted features selection approach for Covid-19 and chest related diseases identification.

To identify various pneumonia types, a gap of 15% value is being created every five years. To fill this gap, accurate detection of chest disease is required in the healthcare department to avoid any serious issues in the future. Testing the affected lungs to detect a Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) using the same imaging modalities may detect some other chest diseases. This wrong diagnosis strongly needs a multidisciplinary approach to the right diagnosis of chest-related diseases. Only a few works till now are targeting pathological x-ray images. Many studies target only a single chest disease that is not enough to automate chest disease detection. Only a few studies regarding the observation of the COVID-19, but more cases are those where it can be misclassified as detecting techniques not providing any generic solution for all types of chest diseases. However, the existing studies can only detect if the person has COVID-19 or not. The proposed work significantly contributes to detecting COVID-19 and other chest diseases by providing useful analysis of chest-related diseases. One of our testing approaches achieves 90.22% accuracy for 15 types of chest disease with 100% correct classification of COVID-19. Though it analyzes the perfect detection as the accuracy level is high enough, but it would be an excellent decision to consider the proposed study until doctors can visually inspect the input images used by models that lead to its detection.

Preserving Health Care Data Security and Privacy Using Carmichael's Theorem-Based Homomorphic Encryption and Modified Enhanced Homomorphic Encryption Schemes in Edge Computing Systems.

With the tremendous growth of technology, providing data security to critical applications such as smart grid, health care, and military is indispensable. On the other hand, due to the proliferation of external data threats in these applications, the loss incurred is incredibly high. Standard encryption algorithms such as RSA, ElGamal, and ECC facilitate in protecting sensitive data from outside attackers; however, they cannot perform computations on sensitive data while being encrypted. To perform computations and to process encrypted query on encrypted data, various homomorphic encryption (HE) schemes are proposed. Each of the schemes has its own shortcomings either related to performance or with storage that acts as the barrier for applying in real-time applications. With that conception, our objective is to design HE schemes that are simple by design, efficient in performance, and highly unimpeachable against attacks. Our first proposed scheme is based on Carmichael's Theorem, referred to as Carmichael's Theorem-based Homomorphic Encryption (CTHE), and the second is an improved version of Gorti's Enhanced Homomorphic Encryption Scheme, referred to as Modified Enhanced Homomorphic Encryption (MEHE). For brevity, the schemes are referred to as CTHE and MEHE. Both the schemes are provably secure under the hardness of integer factorization, discrete logarithm, and quadratic residuosity problems. To reduce the noise in these schemes, the modulus switching method is adopted and proved theoretically. The schemes' efficiency is proven by collecting the data from cardiovascular dataset (statically)/blood pressure monitor (dynamically) and is homomorphically encrypted in the edge server. Further analysis on encrypted data is carried out to identify whether a person has hypotension or hypertension with the aid of parameters, namely, mean arterial pressure. As the schemes are probabilistic in nature, breaking the schemes by a polynomial time adversary is impossible and is proven in the article.

Quantum Machine Learning Architecture for COVID-19 Classification Based on Synthetic Data Generation Using Conditional Adversarial Neural Network.

Background: COVID-19 is a novel virus that affects the upper respiratory tract, as well as the lungs. The scale of the global COVID-19 pandemic, its spreading rate, and deaths are increasing regularly. Computed tomography (CT) scans can be used carefully to detect and analyze COVID-19 cases. In CT images/scans, ground-glass opacity (GGO) is found in the early stages of infection. While in later stages, there is a superimposed pulmonary consolidation. Methods: This research investigates the quantum machine learning (QML) and classical machine learning (CML) approaches for the analysis of COVID-19 images. The recent developments in quantum computing have led researchers to explore new ideas and approaches using QML. The proposed approach consists of two phases: in phase I, synthetic CT images are generated through the conditional adversarial network (CGAN) to increase the size of the dataset for accurate training and testing. In phase II, the classification of COVID-19/healthy images is performed, in which two models are proposed: CML and QML. Result: The proposed model achieved 0.94 precision (Pn), 0.94 accuracy (Ac), 0.94 recall (Rl), and 0.94 F1-score (Fe) on POF Hospital dataset while 0.96 Pn, 0.96 Ac, 0.95 Rl, and 0.96 Fe on UCSD-AI4H dataset. Conclusion: The proposed method achieved better results when compared to the latest published work in this domain.

Internet of Medical Things-Based Secure and Energy-Efficient Framework for Health Care.

The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is a collection of medical equipment and software that can help patients get better care. The purpose of this study is to improve the security of data collected through remote health monitoring of patients utilizing Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP). Asymmetric cryptography techniques may be used to assure the security of such sensor networks. For communication between different IoMT devices and a remote server, the safe CoAP is compatible with the Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) protocol for creating a secure session using existing algorithms such as Lightweight Establishment of Secure Session. The DTLS layer of CoAP, in contrast, has shortcomings in key control, session establishment, and multicast message exchange. As a consequence, for IoMT communication, the creation of an efficient protocol for safe CoAP session establishment is needed. Thus, to solve the existing problems related to key management and multicast security in CoAP, we have proposed an efficient and secure communication technique to establish a secure session key between IoMT devices and distant servers using lightweight Energy-Efficient and Secure CoAP Elliptic Curve Cryptography (E2SCEC2). The advantage of using E2SCEC2 over other identification methods such as Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) is its compact key size, which allows it to use a smaller key size. This article also compares these algorithms on parameters such as time spent generating keys, signature generation, and verification of E2SCEC2 and RSA algorithms, as well as energy consumption and radio duty cycle, to see if they are compatible in constrained environments.