RETRACTED: MiR-15a-5p targets FOSL1 to inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis of keratinocytes via MAPK/ERK pathway.

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been retracted at the request of the authors. According to the authors, concerns with the experimental conduct presented in the paper have been identified, in addition to the grounds that that ethical approval was not sought or confirmed for the research undertaken. After a review, the Editor has confirmed approval that this paper should be retracted as it presents a violation of the Journal's publishing policies and publishing ethics standards.

Daphnetin inhibits proliferation and inflammatory response in human HaCaT keratinocytes and ameliorates imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin lesion in mice.

BACKGROUND: Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease. Keratinocytes hyperproliferation and excessive inflammatory response contribute to psoriasis pathogenesis. The agents able to attenuate keratinocytes hyperproliferation and excessive inflammatory response are considered to be potentially useful for psoriasis treatment. Daphnetin exhibits broad bioactivities including anti-proliferation and anti-inflammatory. This study aims to evaluate the anti-psoriatic potential of daphnetin in vitro and in vivo, and explore underlying mechanisms. METHODS: HaCaT keratinocytes was stimulated with the mixture of IL-17A, IL-22, oncostatin M, IL-1α, and TNF-α (M5) to establish psoriatic keratinocyte model in vitro. Cell viability was measured using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to measure the mRNA levels of hyperproliferative marker gene keratin 6 (KRT6), differentiation marker gene keratin 1 (KRT1) and inflammatory factors IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IL-23A and MCP-1. Western blotting was used to detect the protein levels of p65 and p-p65. Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) was carried out to detect p65 nuclear translocation. Imiquimod (IMQ) was used to construct psoriasis-like mouse model. Psoriasis severity (erythema, scaling) was scored based on Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI). Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was performed to examine histological change in skin lesion. The expression of inflammatory factors including IL-6, TNF-α, IL-23A and IL-17A in skin lesion was measured by qRT-PCR. RESULTS: Daphnetin attenuated M5-induced hyperproliferation in HaCaT keratinocytes. M5 stimulation significantly upregulated mRNA levels of IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IL-23A and MCP-1. However, daphnetin treatment partially attenuated the upregulation of those inflammatory cytokines. Daphnetin was found to be able to inhibit p65 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation in HaCaT keratinocytes. In addition, daphnetin significantly ameliorate the severity of skin lesion (erythema, scaling and epidermal thickness, inflammatory cell infiltration) in IMQ-induced psoriasis-like mouse model. Daphnetin treatment attenuated IMQ-induced upregulation of inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, IL-23A and IL-17A in skin lesion of mice. CONCLUSIONS: Daphnetin was able to attenuate proliferation and inflammatory response induced by M5 in HaCaT keratinocytes through suppression of NF-κB signaling pathway. Daphnetin could ameliorate the severity of skin lesion and improve inflammation status in IMQ-induced psoriasis-like mouse model. Daphnetin could be an attractive candidate for future development as an anti-psoriatic agent.

Knockdown of lncRNA MIR31HG inhibits cell proliferation in human HaCaT keratinocytes.

BACKGROUND: Psoriasis is a complex, chronic inflammatory skin disease with substantial negative effects on patient quality of life. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are able to be involved in multitudes of cellular processes in diverse human diseases. This study aimed to investigate the potential involvement of lncRNA MIR31HG in HaCaT keratinocytes proliferation. RESULTS: The study showed that MIR31HG was significantly elevated in the lesional psoriatic skin compared with normal individuals' skin. Knockdown of MIR31HG inhibited HaCaT keratinocytes proliferation. Flow cytometry analysis showed that siRNA-mediated MIR31HG depletion induced cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. In addition, MIR31HG expression was found to be dependent on NF-κB activation. CONCLUSIONS: NF-κB activation mediated MIR31HG upregulation plays an important role in the regulation of HaCaT keratinocytes proliferation. It could be a potential diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for psoriasis.

Upregulation of the C/EBP ß LAP isoform could be due to decreased TNFAIP3/TNIP1 expression in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to examine CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein ß (C/EBP ß), TNF-alpha-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3), and TNFAIP3-interacting protein 1 (TNIP1) expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients to assess their relationship in SLE pathogenesis. METHODS: C/EBP ß, TNIP1, and TNFAIP3 expression was assessed in PBMCs from 20 SLE patients and 20 controls by western blotting. The correlation between C/EBP ß/TNFAIP3/TNIP1 expression and SLE disease activity was determined by Spearman's rank. C/EBP ß, TNIP1, and TNFAIP3 levels in THP-1 cells, THP-1 cells transfected with plasmids encoding TNFAIP3 shRNA, and THP-1 cells infected with lentiviral vectors encoding TNIP1 shRNA were assessed by western blotting. RESULTS: C/EBP ß LAP isoform expression was increased and LIP/TNFAIP3/TNIP1 expression was decreased in SLE patients. LAP expression was positively correlated with SLE disease activity; TNFAIP3 and TNIP1 expression was negatively correlated with SLE disease activity. LAP expression was increased in SLE patients with proteinuria and elevated anti-dsDNA antibody, as well as in THP-1 cells transfected with plasmids encoding TNFAIP3 shRNA and THP-1 cells infected with lentiviral vectors encoding TNIP1 shRNA. CONCLUSIONS: C/EBP ß/TNFAIP3/TNIP1 is associated with SLE activity. The upregulated expression of C/EBP ß LAP could be caused by reduced TNFAIP3/TNIP1 expression.

Aberrant Low Expression of A20 in Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-stimulated SLE Monocytes Mediates Sustained NF-κB Inflammatory Response.

The aberrantly activated monocytes and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) pathway contribute to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and the aberrantly activated NF-κB is associated with defects in the anti-inflammatory A20 in SLE. However, whether SLE monocytes express A20 and whether the A20 expression under sustained proinflammatory stimulation is altered to contribute to the uncontrolled NF-κB inflammatory response are unclear. In this study, we found that the freshly isolated monocytes from SLE patients and healthy controls did not differ in expression levels of IL-1ß, IκBα and A20. After TNF-α stimulation for 48 h, the monocytes from both groups expressed higher levels of IL-1ß and IκBα than the monocytes without TNF-α treatment. Although the increased levels of NF-κB were observed in the nucleus of both the SLE and control monocytes after 24 h of TNF-α stimulation, the enhancement in SLE monocytes was significantly more robust than in the control monocytes. In addition, while the p-IκBα level in healthy monocytes was increased, the p-IκBα level in SLE monocytes was slightly decreased after TNF-α stimulation. Interestingly, after TNF-α treatment, the A20 expression in SLE monocytes was not markedly altered compared with the untreated SLE monocytes; moreover, the SLE monocytes expressed significantly lower A20 than healthy monocytes with TNF-α treatment at each time point. Results in this study demonstrate that TNF-α activates a significant NF-κB inflammatory response in SLE monocytes, which is at least partially mediated by the aberrantly low expression of A20 upon TNF-α stimulation, contributing to the prolonged inflammatory response in SLE.

miR-181a/b-5p negatively regulates keratinocytes proliferation by targeting MELK.

Accumulating evidence indicates that microRNAs (miRNAs) have a vital effect on the pathogenesis of psoriasis. This study is conducted to investigate the potential involvement of miR-181a-5p and miR-181b-5p in the proliferation of HaCaT keratinocytes. Cell viability and proliferation were evaluated respectively in this study using the CCK-8 and the 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assays. The expression of Maternal Embryonic Leucine Zipper Kinase (MELK) and Keratin 16 (KRT16) mRNA and protein in tissues and cells was assessed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting. The Luciferase reporter system analyzes the connection between miR-181a-5p/miR-181b-5p and MELK. The results showed that miR-181a/b-5p expression was downregulated in the psoriasis lesions and negatively regulated the proliferation of keratinocytes. MELK was directly targeted by miR-181a-5p/miR-181b-5p. In addition, HaCaT keratinocytes proliferation was inhibited by knockdown of MELK while promoted dramatically by MELK overexpression. Notably, miR-181a/b-5p mimics could attenuate the effects of MELK in keratinocytes. In conclusion, our research findings suggested miR-181a-5p and miR-181b-5p negatively regulate keratinocyte proliferation by targeting MELK, providing potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for psoriasis.

LncRNA MIR181A2HG negatively regulates human keratinocytes proliferation by binding SRSF1.

Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease. Abnormal proliferation of keratinocytes plays an important role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in the regulation of a variety of cell biological processes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential role of lncRNA MIR181A2HG in the proliferation of human keratinocytes. qRT-PCR and Western blotting were performed to measure the expression levels of MIR181A2HG, SRSF1, KRT6, and KRT16 in tissue specimens and HaCaT keratinocytes. The effects of MIR181A2HG on HaCaT keratinocytes proliferation were evaluated using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assays, 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation, and cell-cycle assays. RNA pulldown-mass spectrometry (MS) was applied to identify the proteins interacting with MIR181A2HG. RNA pull-down-Western blotting and RNA immunoprecipitation coupled with real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RIP-qRT-PCR) assays were used to determine the interactions between MIR181A2HG and its RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). MIR181A2HG was down-regulated in psoriasis tissues. MIR181A2HG overexpression induced G0/G1 and G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and decreased the protein levels of KRT6, KRT16, Cyclin D1, CDK4, and Cyclin A2 in HaCaT keratinocytes. MIR181A2HG knockdown showed the opposite effect. By using RNA pulldown-MS, 356 proteins were identified to interact with MIR181A2HG potentially. Bioinformatics analysis showed that NOP56 and SRSF1 may be RNA binding proteins (RBPs) that may be interact with MIR181A2HG. Furthermore, by using RNA pull-down-Western blotting and RIP-qRT-PCR, SRSF1 was determined to interact with MIR181A2HG. Moreover, silencing of SRSF1 inhibited keratinocytes proliferation, which could be reversed with the knockdown of MIR181A2HG. Our findings indicated that MIR181A2HG can negatively regulate HaCaT keratinocytes proliferation by binding SRSF1, suggesting that MIR181A2HG and SRSF1 may serve as potential targets for the treatment of psoriasis. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10616-024-00621-6.

LncRNA MIR181A2HG inhibits keratinocytes proliferation through miR-223-3p/SOX6 axis.

BACKGROUND: Psoriasis is a complex and recurrent chronic inflammatory skin disease, and the abnormal proliferation of keratinocytes plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an indispensable role in regulating cellular functions. This research aims to explore the potential impact of lncRNA MIR181A2HG on the regulation of keratinocyte proliferation. METHODS: The expression level of MIR181A2HG and the mRNA level of KRT6, KRT16, and SOX6 were assessed using qRT-PCR. The viability and proliferation of keratinocytes were evaluated using CCK-8 and EdU assays. Cell cycle analysis was performed using flow cytometry. Dual-luciferase reporter assays were applied to test the interaction among MIR181A2HG/miR-223-3p/SOX6. Protein level was detected by Western blotting analysis. RESULTS: The findings indicated that psoriasis lesions tissue exhibited lower levels of MIR181A2HG expression compared to normal tissue. The overexpression of MIR181A2HG resulted in the inhibition of HaCaT keratinocytes proliferation. The knockdown of MIR181A2HG promoted cell proliferation. The dual-luciferase reporter assay and rescue experiments provided evidence of the interaction among MIR181A2HG, SOX6, and miR-223-3p. CONCLUSIONS: The lncRNA MIR181A2HG functions as a miR-223-3p sponge targeting SOX6 to regulate the proliferation of keratinocytes, which suggested that MIR181A2HG/miR-223-3p/SOX6 might be potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets for psoriasis.

Therapeutic efficacy of metronidazole by needle-free jet injection combined with blue light therapy in Moderate-to-Severe facial acne vulgaris.

BACKGROUND: Acne vulgaris is one of the most common dermatological diseases. Some topical treatments for acne used in combination, such as blue light and topical antibiotics (such as metronidazole) by needle-free jet injection (NFJI), are becoming prevalent in clinical practice, but the efficacy remains uncertain. METHODS: In order to investigate the effect of blue light combined with metronidazole by NFJI in the treatment of acne, the 251 enrolled patients were randomly assigned into the blue light group, metronidazole (MNZ) group, and MNZ + blue light group, and then received 6-weeks' treatment. A variety of objective and subjective methods such as clinical pictures, skin barrier physiological parameters (including trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL), stratum corneum hydration, facail surface sebum, erythema and pigmentation), the Investigator Global Assessment score, acne lesion count assessment, Patients' Self-Assessment, and VAS score were used to evaluate the efficacy and side effects of the treatments. RESULTS: Compared to the baseline, the MNZ + blue light group showed significant improvement in acne lesion count reduction, TEWL, straum corneum hydration, facial surface sebum and erythema (p < 0.05). The MNZ + blue light group showed significant differences compared with the MNZ group and blue light group in terms of acne lesion count reduction and erythema (p < 0.05) Compared to the MNZ group, the MNZ + blue light group demonstrated significant improvement in TEWL and sebum (p < 0.05). While compared to the blue light group, the MNZ + blue light group showed significant improvement in hydration (p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference among the three groups in pigmentation (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The combination of MNZ by NFJI and blue light has a synergistic effect and can relieve acne skin lesion within 6 weeks in the treatment of moderate and moderate-to-severe facial acne vulgaris, meanwhile, this method has a good safety.

Identification of Novel Immune Cell-Relevant Therapeutic Targets and Validation of Roles of TK1 in BMSCs of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

Objective: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) displays the characteristics of abnormal activity of the immune system, contributing to diverse clinical symptoms. Herein, this study was conducted for discovering novel immune cell-relevant therapeutic targets. Methods: The abundance of diverse immune cells was estimated in PBMCs of SLE and healthy controls from the GSE50772 dataset with CIBERSORT approach. Immune cell-relevant co-expression modules were screened with WGCNA and relevant characteristic genes were determined with LASSO algorithm. Inflammatory chemokines were measured in serum of twenty SLE patients and twenty controls through ELISA. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were isolated and TK1 expression was measured in BMSCs through RT-qPCR and western blotting. TK1-overexpressed and TK-1-silenced BMSCs of SLE were conducted and apoptosis and cell cycle were measured with flow cytometry. Apoptosis-, cell cycle- and senescence-relevant proteins were tested with western blotting. Results: We determined three co-expression modules strongly linked to immune cells. Five characteristic genes (CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL8, CXCR1 and TK1) were screened and ROC curves proved the excellent diagnostic performance of this LASSO model. Inflammatory chemokines presented widespread up-regulations in serum of Systemic lupus erythematosus patients, demonstrating the activation of inflammatory response. TK1 expression was remarkably elevated in SLE BMSCs than controls. TK1 overexpression enhanced IL-1ß expression, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and senescent phenotypes of SLE BMSCs and the opposite results were proved in TK1-silenced SLE BMSCs. Conclusion: Collectively, our findings demonstrate that silencing TK1 alleviates inflammation, growth arrest and senescence in BMSCs of SLE, which highlights TK1 as a promising therapeutic target against SLE.

Effects of combination of mizolastine and proteoglycan on chronic urticaria: a randomized controlled trial.

The present study aimed to observe the therapeutic effect of combined mizolastine and proteoglycan in chronic urticaria. The patients were randomly divided into the treatment group (n = 56) and the control group (n = 44). The treatment group was medicated with calcium gluconate (10 mg/ time, 1 time/day), vitamin D3 (intramuscular 10 mg/time, 1 time/week), mizolastine (10 mg/time, 1 time/day), and proteoglycan (1.2 g/time, 3 times/day), while the control group was administered with the same drugs except proteoglycan for 4 weeks. After treatment with combined mizolastine and proteoglycan, therapeutic effect with symptoms decline index (SDI) more than 60% was significant different (44 vs. 24, p = 0.000973) and the relapse rate after 2 months was significantly lower (17.9% vs. 38.6%, p = 0.0202). Using ELISA, we found that the IFN-γ (37.88 ± 4.27 pg/mL vs. 21.91 ± 4.95 pg/mL, p = 0.028) levels were specifically increased in the experiment group. The combination of mizolastine plus proteoglycan is effective in treating chronic urticaria with better therapeutic effect and lower relapse rate through promoting IFN-γ production.

Daphnetin inhibits inflammation in the NZB/W F1 systemic lupus erythematosus murine model via inhibition of NF-κB activity.

Daphnetin is a compound extracted from Chinese medicinal herbs, which exerts analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. The present study aimed to investigate the potential therapeutic effect of daphnetin on inflammation in the NZB/W F1 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) murine model. Female NZB/WF1 mice (age, 16-18 weeks) were intraperitoneally injected with daphnetin once a day for 12 weeks. It was revealed that daphnetin treatment significantly increased animal survival rates, reduced renal damage and blood urea nitrogen levels, and suppressed serum autoantibody production in the SLE-prone NZB/W F1 mice. In addition, daphnetin treatment significantly decreased the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6, inhibited nuclear factor (NF)-κB activity, suppressed the protein expression of nuclear factor of activated T-cells and promoted A20 protein expression in SLE-prone NZB/W F1 mice. In conclusion, daphnetin inhibited inflammation in the NZB/W F1 murine SLE model via inhibition of NF-κB mediated by upregulation of A20.

Bacteremia in female Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-control study.

INTRODUCTION: Bacteremia is a common complication in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, causing high morbidity and mortality. We investigated characteristics, pathogens, and sites of infection using a cohort of 64 female adults from a single university hospital in China. METHODOLOGY: SLE patients who had at least one episode of bacteremia (n = 16) were compared with non-bacteremia SLE patients (n = 48) in a case-control fashion, matching for age at SLE diagnosis and time of admission. Demographic characteristics, clinical and laboratory data, and bacteriologic examinations were collected and reviewed. RESULTS: A series of parameters were found to be significantly different between controls and cases at bacteremia diagnosis, including an SLE disease activity index, multiple major organ involvement (> 2), active renal disease, leukocytes, neutrophils, 24-hour urine protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine, hemoglobin, lymphocyte, platelets, and albumin. Eighteen episodes of bacteremia were analyzed, with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus being the most frequent isolates. Additionally, Listeria monocytogenes, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, and Salmonella choleraesuis, which were very rare in the general population, were isolated from the bloodstreams of the cases. Apart from bacteremia without focus, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, skin, and soft tissue were the major origins of infection. CONCLUSIONS: The present study depicts the nature of a cohort of female Chinese SLE patients with bacteremia, revealing that bacteremia is a critical factor contributing to the aggravation of SLE. Our findings provide useful information regarding the control and prevention of bacteremia in female SLE patients in China.

Association Study Between SLC15A4 Polymorphisms and Haplotypes and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in a Han Chinese Population.

OBJECTIVE: The gene SLC15A4 (solute carrier family 15 [oligopeptide transporter], member 4) has been reported as contributing to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We performed a case-control replication study to investigate further the association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the SLC15A4 gene and systemic SLE in a Han Chinese population. METHODS: In Han Chinese SLE patients and healthy individuals (n = 355, 375, respectively), 18 SNPs in the SLC15A4 gene were genotyped using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and TaqMan SNP genotyping assays. Analyses of allele frequencies and genotypes using codominant, dominant, and recessive models were conducted, as well as a linkage disequilibrium analysis. P values < 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: Allele frequencies of five of the analyzed SNPs were significantly associated with SLE. Under a codominant model the genotype frequencies of rs3765108 AG and rs7308691 AT were significantly higher in the SLE group than the control group (p = 0.019, 0.049, respectively). Under a dominant model the rs1385374 (TT+CT) SNP carried a higher risk of SLE than (CC) (p = 0.042). One SLC15A4 haplotype (TA), which consists of 2 SNPs (rs959989 and rs983492), was associated with SLE (p = 0.024). CONCLUSION: Our study determined that five SNPs (rs959989, rs1385374, rs983492, rs12298615, and rs10847697) are associated with SLE. Thus, SLC15A4 may be important in the pathogenesis of SLE in Han Chinese patients.

Daphnetin inhibits proliferation and inflammatory response in human HaCaT keratinocytes and ameliorates imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin lesion in mice

BACKGROUND: Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease. Keratinocytes hyperproliferation and excessive inflammatory response contribute to psoriasis pathogenesis. The agents able to attenuate keratinocytes hyper-proliferation and excessive inflammatory response are considered to be potentially useful for psoriasis treatment. Daphnetin exhibits broad bioactivities including anti-proliferation and anti-inflammatory. This study aims to evaluate the anti-psoriatic potential of daphnetin in vitro and in vivo, and explore underlying mechanisms. METHODS: HaCaT keratinocytes was stimulated with the mixture of IL-17A, IL-22, oncostatin M, IL-1α, and TNF-α (M5) to establish psoriatic keratinocyte model in vitro. Cell viability was measured using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to measure the mRNA levels of hyperproliferative marker gene keratin 6 (KRT6), differentiation marker gene keratin 1 (KRT1) and inflammatory factors IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IL-23A and MCP-1. Western blotting was used to detect the protein levels of p65 and p-p65. Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) was carried out to detect p65 nuclear translocation. Imiquimod (IMQ) was used to construct psoriasis-like mouse model. Psoriasis severity (erythema, scaling) was scored based on Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI). Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was performed to examine histological change in skin lesion. The expression of inflammatory factors including IL-6, TNF-α, IL-23A and IL-17A in skin lesion was measured by qRT-PCR. RESULTS: Daphnetin attenuated M5-induced hyperproliferation in HaCaT keratinocytes. M5 stimulation significantly upregulated mRNA levels of IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IL-23A and MCP-1. However, daphnetin treatment partially attenuated the upregulation of those inflammatory cytokines. Daphnetin was found to be able to inhibit p65 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation in HaCaT keratinocytes. In addition, daphnetin significantly ameliorate the severity of skin lesion (erythema, scaling and epidermal thickness, inflammatory cell infiltration) in IMQ-induced psoriasis-like mouse model. Daphnetin treatment attenuated IMQ-induced upregulation of inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, IL-23A and IL-17A in skin lesion of mice. CONCLUSIONS: Daphnetin was able to attenuate proliferation and inflammatory response induced by M5 in HaCaT keratinocytes through suppression of NF-κB signaling pathway. Daphnetin could ameliorate the severity of skin lesion and improve inflammation status in IMQ-induced psoriasis-like mouse model. Daphnetin could be an attractive candidate for future development as an anti-psoriatic agent.

Downregulation of TNIP1 Expression Leads to Increased Proliferation of Human Keratinocytes and Severer Psoriasis-Like Conditions in an Imiquimod-Induced Mouse Model of Dermatitis.

Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease involving both environmental and genetic factors. According to genome-wide association studies (GWAS), the TNIP1 gene, which encodes the TNF-α-induced protein 3-interacting protein 1 (TNIP1), is strongly linked to the susceptibility of psoriasis. TNIP1 is a widely expressed ubiquitin sensor that binds to the ubiquitin-editing protein A20 and restricts TNF- and TLR-induced signals. In our study, TNIP1 expression decreased in specimens of epidermis affected by psoriasis. Based on previous studies suggesting a role for TNIP1 in modulating cancer cell growth, we investigated its role in keratinocyte proliferation, which is clearly abnormal in psoriasis. To mimic the downregulation or upregulation of TNIP1 in HaCaT cells and primary human keratinocytes (PHKs), we used a TNIP1 specific small interfering hairpin RNA (TNIP1 shRNA) lentiviral vector or a recombinant TNIP1 (rTNIP1) lentiviral vector, respectively. Blocking TNIP1 expression increased keratinocyte proliferation, while overexpression of TNIP1 decreased keratinocyte proliferation. Furthermore, we showed that TNIP1 signaling might involve extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (Erk1/2) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein ß (C/EBPß) activity. Intradermal injection of TNIP1 shRNA in BALB/c mice led to exaggerated psoriatic conditions in imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis. These findings indicate that TNIP1 has a protective role in psoriasis and therefore could be a promising therapeutic target.

Knockdown of lncRNA MIR31HG inhibits cell proliferation in human HaCaT keratinocytes

BACKGROUND: Psoriasis is a complex, chronic inflammatory skin disease with substantial negative effects on patient quality of life. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are able to be involved in multitudes of cellular processes in diverse human diseases. This study aimed to investigate the potential involvement of lncRNA MIR31HG in HaCaT keratinocytes proliferation. RESULTS: The study showed that MIR31HG was significantly elevated in the lesional psoriatic skin compared with normal individuals' skin. Knockdown of MIR31HG inhibited HaCaT keratinocytes proliferation. Flow cytometry analysis showed that siRNA-mediated MIR31HG depletion induced cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. In addition, MIR31HG expression was found to be dependent on NF-κB activation. CONCLUSIONS: NF-κB activation mediated MIR31HG upregulation plays an important role in the regulation of HaCaT keratinocytes proliferation. It could be a potential diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for psoriasis.

Single-nucleotide polymorphism and haplotypes of TNIP1 associated with systemic lupus erythematosus in a Chinese Han population.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the TNIP1 gene and compare the expression of this gene in cases and controls from a Chinese Han population in this replication study. METHODS: Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to genotype 19 SNP in TNIP1 in Chinese Han patients with SLE (n = 341) and controls (n = 356). Genotypes were analyzed by codominant, dominant, and recessive models. Analysis of allele frequencies and linkage disequilibrium was also performed. Western blotting and qRT-PCR were used to measure the expression of these genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of SLE cases and controls. RESULTS: Seven SNP loci were significantly associated with SLE in our population (p < 0.05 for all comparisons). Two TNIP1 gene haplotypes (ATTGCGC and GTCCTAT) were associated with SLE (p = 0.0246 and p = 0.0024, respectively). Western blotting and qRT-PCR results provide evidence that patients with SLE had significantly reduced expression of TNIP1/ABIN-1 relative to controls. CONCLUSION: Analysis of SNP in the TNIP1 gene and expression of this gene in peripheral blood lymphocytes indicated these SNP were associated with the occurrence of SLE in Han Chinese patients. Future studies should examine the roles of these SNP in the pathogenesis of SLE.