Implementing a novel capture and ligation probe-PCR method in mass screen and treatment to support malaria elimination efforts in the China-Myanmar border region.

BACKGROUND: Mass screening and treatment (MSAT) for malaria elimination lacks an ideal diagnostic tool to allow sensitive and affordable test of the target population in the field. This study evaluated whether Capture and Ligation Probe-PCR (CLIP-PCR) could be used in a field MSAT in Laiza City, Myanmar. METHODS: On day 0, two dried blood spots were collected from each participant. On day 1, all samples were screened for Plasmodium in a 20 m2 laboratory with workbench, a biosafety cabinet, a refrigerator, a benchtop shaking incubator and a qPCR machine, by four technicians using CLIP-PCR with sample pooling, at a health clinic of the Chinese bordering town of Nabang. On day 2, all positives were followed up and treated. RESULTS: Of 15,038 persons (65% of the total population) screened, 204 (1.36%) were CLIP-PCR positives. Among them, 188, 14, and 2 were infected with Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium falciparum, and P. vivax/P. falciparum mix, respectively. The testing capacity was 538 persons/day, with a cost of US$0.92 /person. The proportion of submicroscopic infection was 64.7%. All positive individuals received treatment within 72 h after blood collection. CONCLUSION: Using CLIP-PCR in MSAT in low transmission settings can support the malaria elimination efforts in the China-Myanmar border region.

Klotho-derived peptide 6 ameliorates diabetic kidney disease by targeting Wnt/ß-catenin signaling.

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the most common and devastating complications of diabetic mellitus, and its prevalence is rising worldwide. Klotho, an anti-aging protein, is kidney protective in DKD. However, its large size, prohibitive cost and structural complexity hamper its potential utility in clinics. Here we report that Klotho-derived peptide 6 (KP6) mimics Klotho function and ameliorates DKD. In either an accelerated model of DKD induced by streptozotocin and advanced oxidation protein products in unilateral nephrectomized mice or db/db mice genetically prone to diabetes, chronic infusion of KP6 reversed established proteinuria, attenuated glomerular hypertrophy, mitigated podocyte damage, and ameliorated glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrotic lesions, but did not affect serum phosphorus and calcium levels. KP6 inhibited ß-catenin activation in vivo and blocked the expression of its downstream target genes in glomerular podocytes and tubular epithelial cells. In vitro, KP6 prevented podocyte injury and inhibited ß-catenin activation induced by high glucose without affecting Wnt expression. Co-immunoprecipitation revealed that KP6 bound to Wnt ligands and disrupted the engagement of Wnts with low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6, thereby interrupting Wnt/ß-catenin signaling. Mutated KP6 with a scrambled amino acid sequence failed to bind Wnts and did not alleviate DKD in db/db mice. Thus, our studies identified KP6 as a novel Klotho-derived peptide that ameliorated DKD by blocking Wnt/ß-catenin. Hence, our findings also suggest a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of patients with DKD.

Pan-cancer analysis of oncogenic TNFAIP2 identifying its prognostic value and immunological function in acute myeloid leukemia.

BACKGROUND: Tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 2 (TNFAIP2), a TNFα-inducible gene, appears to participate in inflammation, immune response, hematopoiesis, and carcinogenesis. However, the potential role of TNFAIP2 in the development of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains unknow yet. Therefore, we aimed to study the biological role of TNFAIP2 in leukemogenesis. METHODS: TNFAIP2 mRNA level, prognostic value, co-expressed genes, differentially expressed genes, DNA methylation, and functional enrichment analysis in AML patients were explored via multiple public databases, including UALCAN, GTEx portal, Timer 2.0, LinkedOmics, SMART, MethSurv, Metascape, GSEA and String databases. Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and Beat AML database were used to determine the associations between TNFAIP2 expression and various clinical or genetic parameters of AML patients. Moreover, the biological functions of TNFAIP2 in AML were investigated through in vitro experiments. RESULTS: By large-scale data mining, our study indicated that TNFAIP2 was differentially expressed across different normal and tumor tissues. TNFAIP2 expression was significantly increased in AML, particularly in French-American-British (FAB) classification M4/M5 patients, compared with corresponding control tissues. Overexpression of TNFAIP2 was an independent poor prognostic factor of overall survival (OS) and was associated with unfavorable cytogenetic risk and gene mutations in AML patients. DNA hypermethylation of TNFAIP2 at gene body linked to upregulation of TNFAIP2 and inferior OS in AML. Functional enrichment analysis indicated immunomodulation function and inflammation response of TNFAIP2 in leukemogenesis. Finally, the suppression of TNFAIP resulted in inhibition of proliferation by altering cell-cycle progression and increase of cell death by promoting early and late apoptosis in THP-1 and U937AML cells. CONCLUSION: Collectively, the oncogenic TNFAIP2 can function as a novel biomarker and prognostic factor in AML patients. The immunoregulation function of TNFAIP2 warrants further validation in AML.

pH/ROS dual-sensitive and chondroitin sulfate wrapped poly (ß-amino ester)-SA-PAPE copolymer nanoparticles for macrophage-targeted oral therapy for ulcerative colitis.

An oral nanoparticle (NPs) encapsulated in chitosan/alginate hydrogel (CA-Gel) with dual-sensitive in pH and reactive oxygen species (ROS) was developed to load curcumin (CUR) based on the intracellular-specific characteristics of macrophages. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) wrapped PBAE-SA-PAPE with intracellular pH/ROS dual-sensitive characteristics and CUR via a simple nanoprecipitation method to form NPs (CS-CUR-NPs), and mixed CA-Gel to acquire the final preparation (CS-CUR-NPs-Gel). CS-CUR-NPs displayed an ideal average particle size (179.19±5.61nm) and high encapsulating efficiency (94.74±1.15%). CS showed a good targeting ability on macrophages and the CA-Gel contribution in protecting NPs from being destroyed in the upper gastrointestinal tract. As expected, CS-CUR-NPs-Gel could significantly alleviate inflammation in DSS-induced UC mice via TLR4-MAPK/NF-κB pathway. This study is the first to attempt to design a novel pH/ROS dual-stimulated release strategy in helping intracellular CUR delivery and anticipated for efficient anti-UC therapy.

Anti-inflammatory effect of Rhein on ulcerative colitis via inhibiting PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and regulating gut microbiota.

This study aimed to analyze the therapeutic effect of Rhein on ulcerative colitis (UC) in mice and its possible mechanism. LPS-induced UC cell model and DSS-induced UC mouse model were used to analyze the antiinflammatory effect of Rhein on UC in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Network pharmacology analysis was conducted to identify potential signaling pathways involved in Rhein treating UC, and the results were further confirmed through western blotting assay. 16sRNA sequencing was performed to study the regulatory effect of Rhein on gut microbiota in UC mice. As indicated by the results, Rhein could significantly inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1ß) in vivo and in vitro, and alleviate DSS-induced UC-associated symptoms in mice (e.g., colon shortening, weight loss, diarrhea and hematochezia). The PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway was predicted as the potential interacting protein of Rhein in the treatment of UC through network pharmacology analysis. It was found through western blotting assay that the Rhein treatment could significantly inhibit the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway by decreasing the phosphorylated protein levels of PI3K, Akt, mTOR and p70S6K1. By 16sRNA gene sequencing analysis, Rhein administration could partially reverse the gut dysbacteriosis of mice induced by DSS and decrease pathogenic bacteria (e.g., Enterobacteriaceae and Turicibacter). It was positively correlated with the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines above, whereas the increase in probiotics (e.g., Unspecified-S24-7 and Rikenellaceae) was negatively correlated with the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, Rhine had anti-UC efficacy, which was demonstrated by mitigating the UC symptoms and reducing intestinal inflammation by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and modulating gut microbiota.

Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) as a Stress Molecule in Renal Inflammation.

Renal inflammation is an initial pathological process during progressive renal injury regardless of the initial cause. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a truly proinflammatory stress mediator that is highly expressed in a variety of both inflammatory cells and intrinsic kidney cells. MIF is released from the diseased kidney immediately upon stimulation to trigger renal inflammation by activating macrophages and T cells, and promoting the production of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and stress molecules via signaling pathways involving the CD74/CD44 and chemokine receptors CXCR2, CXCR4, and CXCR7 signaling. In addition, MIF can function as a stress molecule to counter-regulate the immunosuppressive effect of glucocorticoid in renal inflammation. Given the critical position of MIF in the upstream inflammatory cascade, this review focuses on the regulatory role and molecular mechanisms of MIF in kidney diseases. The therapeutic potential of targeting MIF signaling to treat kidney diseases is also discussed.

Cannabinoid receptor 2 plays a central role in renal tubular mitochondrial dysfunction and kidney ageing.

Kidney is one of the most important organs in maintaining the normal life activities. With the high abundance of mitochondria, renal tubular cell plays the vital role in functioning in the reabsorption and secretion of kidney. Reports have shown that mitochondrial dysfunction is of great importance to renal tubular cell senescence and subsequent kidney ageing. However, the underlying mechanisms are not elucidated. Cannabinoid receptor 2 is one of the two receptors responsible for the activation of endocannabinoid system. CB2 is primarily upregulated in renal tubular cells in chronic kidney diseases and mediates fibrogenesis. However, the role of CB2 in tubular mitochondrial dysfunction and kidney ageing has not been clarified. In this study, we found that CB2 was upregulated in kidneys in 24-month-old mice and d-galactose (d-gal)-induced accelerated ageing mice, accompanied by the decrease in mitochondrial mass. Furthermore, gene deletion of CB2 in d-gal-treated mice could greatly inhibit the activation of ß-catenin signalling and restore the mitochondrial integrity and Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. In CB2 knockout mice, renal tubular cell senescence and kidney fibrosis were also significantly inhibited. CB2 overexpression or activation by the agonist AM1241 could sufficiently induce the decrease in PGC-1α and a variety of mitochondria-related proteins and trigger cellular senescence in cultured human renal proximal tubular cells. CB2-activated mitochondrial dysfunction and cellular senescence could be blocked by ICG-001, a blocker for ß-catenin signalling. These results show CB2 plays a central role in renal tubular mitochondrial dysfunction and kidney ageing. The intrinsic mechanism may be related to its activation in ß-catenin signalling.

Long-term outcomes of busulfan plus melphalan-based versus melphalan 200 mg/m2 conditioning regimens for autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with multiple myeloma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: High-dose melphalan (HDMEL, 200 mg/m2) is considered as the standard conditioning regimen for autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HSCT) in multiple myeloma (MM). However, whether the combination of melphalan with busulfan (BUMEL) conditioning outperforms HDMEL remains controversy. Accordingly, a systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out to compare the outcomes of HDMEL and BUMEL-based conditioning regimens in newly diagnosed MM patients having undergone auto-HSCT. METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library database until July 31, 2021, to identify all eligible studies comparing progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), optimal treatment response after auto-HSCT, duration of stem cell engraftment and incidence of toxic events between patients undergoing BUMEL-based and HDMEL conditioning regimens. Hazard ratio (HR), mean difference (MD) or odds ratio (OR) corresponding to 95% confidence interval (CI) were determined to estimate outcomes applying RevMan 5.4 software. Publication biases were assessed by performing Egger's test and Begg's test by Stata 15 software. RESULTS: Ten studies with a total of 2855 MM patients were covered in the current meta-analysis. The results of this study demonstrated that patients having received BUMEL-based regimen was correlated with longer PFS (HR 0.77; 95% CI 0.67~0.89, P = 0.0002) but similar OS (HR 1.08; 95% CI 0.92~1.26, P = 0.35) compared with those having received HDMEL. The differences of best treatment response after auto-HSCT and duration of neutrophil or platelet engraftment did not have statistical significance between the two groups of patients. With respect to adverse effects, the patients in BUMEL-based group were less frequently subject to gastrointestinal toxicity while the patients in HDMEL group less often experienced mucositis and infection. No significant difference was observed in hepatic toxicity between the two groups of patients. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, BUMEL-based conditioning was identified as a favorable regimen for a better PFS and equivalent OS as compared with HDMEL, which should be balanced against higher incidences of mucositis and infection. BUMEL-based conditioning is likely to act as an alternative strategy to more effectively improve auto-HSCT outcomes in MM.

MicroRNA-466o-3p mediates ß-catenin-induced podocyte injury by targeting Wilms tumor 1.

Podocytes are highly specialized cells that play an essential role in maintaining the integrity and function of the glomerular filtration barrier. Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) and ß-catenin are two master regulators that play opposing roles in podocyte biology and mutually antagonize each other. However, exactly how ß-catenin inhibits WT1 remains incompletely understood. In this study, we demonstrated the role of miR-466o-3p in mediating ß-catenin-triggered podocyte injury by targeting WT1. The expression of miR-466o-3p was upregulated in cultured podocytes after ß-catenin activation and in glomerular podocytes in adriamycin (ADR) nephropathy, remnant kidney after 5/6 renal ablation, and diabetic kidney disease. Bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-466o-3p directly targeted WT1 mRNA. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-466o-3p downregulated WT1 protein and promoted podocyte injury in vitro. Conversely, inhibition of miR-466o-3p alleviated ß-catenin-induced podocyte dysfunction. In mouse model of ADR nephropathy, overexpression of miR-466o-3p inhibited WT1, aggravated podocytes injury and deteriorated proteinuria. In contrast, inhibition of renal miR-466o-3p by antagomiR, either prior to or after ADR injection, substantially restored WT1, alleviated podocytes injury and reduced renal fibrosis. These studies reveal a critical role for miR-466o-3p, a novel microRNA that has not been characterized previously, in mediating ß-catenin-triggered WT1 inhibition. Our findings also uncover a new pathogenic mechanism by which ß-catenin promotes podocyte injury and proteinuria in glomerular diseases.

Entrapment of Macrophage-Target Nanoparticles by Yeast Microparticles for Rhein Delivery in Ulcerative Colitis Treatment.

In this study, we developed an advanced colitis-targeted nanoparticles (NPs)-into-yeast cell wall microparticles (YPs) drug delivery system for ulcerative colitis (UC) therapy. In brief, YPs entrap hyaluronic acid (HA), and polyethylenimine (PEI) modified rhein (RH)-loaded ovalbumin NPs (HA/PEI-RH NPs) to form HA/PEI-RH NYPs. YPs can make HA/PEI-RH NPs pass through gastric environment stably and be degraded by ß-glucanase to promote drug release from HA/PEI-RH NYPs in the colon. Cellular uptake evaluation confirmed that HA/PEI-RH NPs could specifically target and enhance the uptake rate via HA ligands. In biodistribution studies, HA/PEI-RH NYPs were able to efficiently accumulate in the inflammed colon in mice. In vivo experiments revealed that the HA/PEI-RH NYPs could significantly alleviate inflammation by inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. Therefore, HA/PEI-RH NYPs have advantages of good gastric stability, ß-glucanase-sensitive release ability, macrophage-targeted ability, and anti-UC effects. These advantages indicate YPs-entrapped multifunctional NPs are a promising oral drug delivery system for UC therapy.

Intensive surveillance, rapid response and border collaboration for malaria elimination: China Yunnan's ''3 + 1''strategy.

BACKGROUND: Eliminating malaria and preventing re-establishment of malaria transmission in border areas requires universal coverage of malaria surveillance and a rapid response to any threats (i.e. malaria cues) of re-establishing transmission. MAIN TEXT: Strategy 1: Intensive interventions within 2.5 km-wide perimeter along the border to prevent border-spill malaria. The area within 2.5 km along the international border is the travel radius of anopheline mosquitoes. Comprehensive interventions should include: (1) proactive and passive case detection, (2) intensive vector surveillance, (3) evidence-based vector control, and (4) evidence-based preventative treatment with anti-malarial drugs. Strategy 2: Community-based malaria detection and screening of migrants and travellers in frontier townships. Un-permitted travellers cross borders frequently and present in frontier townships. Maintenance of intensified malaria surveillance should include: (1) passive malaria detection in the township hospitals, (2) seek assistance from villager leaders and health workers to monitor cross border travellers, and refer febrile patients to the township hospitals and (3) the county's Centre for Disease Control and Prevention maintain regular proactive case detection. Strategy 3: Universal coverage of malaria surveillance to detect malaria cues. Passive detection should be consolidated into the normal health service. Health services personnel should remain vigilant to ensure universal coverage of malaria detection and react promptly to any malaria cues. Strategy + 1: Strong collaborative support with neighbouring countries. Based on the agreement between the two countries, integrated control strategies should be carried out to reduce malaria burden for both countries. There should be a clear focus on the border areas between neighbouring countries. CONCLUSION: The 3 + 1 strategy is an experience summary of border malaria control and elimination, and then contributed to malaria elimination in Yunnan's border areas, China. Nevertheless, Yunnan still has remaining challenges of re-establishment of malaria transmission in the border areas, and the 3 + 1 strategy should still be carried out.

Effectiveness of joint 3 + 1 malaria strategy along China-Myanmar cross border areas.

BACKGROUND: Cross-border malaria in Laiza City of Myanmar seriously affected Yingjiang County of China and compromised reaching the goal of malaria elimination by 2020. Since 2017, a pilot project on 3 + 1 strategy of joint cross-border malaria prevention and control was carried out for building a malaria buffer in these border areas. Here, 3 were the three preventive lines in China where different focalized approaches of malaria elimination were applied and + 1 was a defined border area in Myanmar where the integrated measures of malaria control were adopted. METHODS: A 5-year retrospective analysis (2015 to 2019) was conducted that included case detection, parasite prevalence and vector surveillance. Descriptive statistics was used and the incidence or rates were compared. The annual parasite incidence and the parasite prevalence rate in + 1 area of Myanmar, the annual importation rate in Yingjiang County of China and the density of An. minimus were statistically significant indictors to assess the effectiveness of the 3 + 1 strategy. RESULTS: In + 1 area of Myanmar from 2015 to 2019, the averaged annual parasite incidence was (59.11 ± 40.73)/1000 and Plasmodium vivax accounted for 96.27% of the total confirmed cases. After the pilot project, the annual parasite incidence dropped 89% from 104.77/1000 in 2016 to 12.18/1000 in 2019, the microscopic parasite prevalence rate dropped 100% from 0.34% in 2017 to zero in 2019 and the averaged density of An. Minimus per trap-night dropped 93% from 1.92 in June to 0.13 in September. The submicroscopic parasite prevalence rate increased from 1.15% in 2017 to 1.66% in 2019 without significant difference between the two surveys (P = 0.084). In Yingjiang County of China, neither indigenous nor introduced case was reported and 100% cases were imported from Myanmar since 2017. The averaged annual importation rate from 2015 to 2019 was (0.47 ± 0.15)/1000. After the pilot project, the annual importation rate dropped from 0.59/1000 in 2016 to 0.28/1000 in 2019 with an overall reduction of 53% in the whole county. The reduction was 67% (57.63/1000 to 18.01/1000) in the first preventive line, 52% (0.20/1000 to 0.10/1000) in the second preventive line and 36% (0.32/1000 to 0.22/1000) in the third preventive line. The averaged density of An. Minimus per trap-night in the first preventive line dropped 94% from 2.55 in June to 0.14 in September, without significant difference from that of + 1 area of Myanmar (Z value = - 1.18, P value = 0.24). CONCLUSION: The pilot project on 3 + 1 strategy has been significantly effective in the study areas and a buffer zone of border malaria was successfully established between Laiza City of Myanmar and Yingjiang County of China.

[Research progress of effect of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma and its anthraquinone in treatment of autoimmune diseases].

Rhei Radix et Rhizoma was first recorded in Shennong Ben Cao Jing, with a wide range of pharmacological activities. Autoimmune disease is a kind of disease that damages the tissue structure and function of immune cells and their components due to the impairment of immune tolerance function, including atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis, gout, rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune thyroiditis, ulcerative colitis, type 1 diabetes and IgA nephropathy. In recent years, clinical and experimental studies show that Rhei Radix et Rhizoma has potential therapeutic effects on autoimmune diseases. Under the guidance of the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, this paper reviews therapeutic and intervening effects of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma and its main active ingredient anthraquinone on autoimmune diseases. It also puts forward new study directions in view of the existing problems in studies of rhubarb and its anthraquinone, with the aim to provide reference for clinical treatment and scientific studies of effect of Rhei Radix et Rhizomaon autoimmune diseases.

The Beauveria bassiana Gas3 ß-Glucanosyltransferase Contributes to Fungal Adaptation to Extreme Alkaline Conditions.

Fungal ß-1,3-glucanosyltransferases are cell wall-remodeling enzymes implicated in stress response, cell wall integrity, and virulence, with most fungal genomes containing multiple members. The insect-pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana displays robust growth over a wide pH range (pH 4 to 10). A random insertion mutant library screening for increased sensitivity to alkaline (pH 10) growth conditions resulted in the identification and mapping of a mutant to a ß-1,3-glucanosyltransferase gene (Bbgas3). Bbgas3 expression was pH dependent and regulated by the PacC transcription factor, which activates genes in response to neutral/alkaline growth conditions. Targeted gene knockout of Bbgas3 resulted in reduced growth under alkaline conditions, with only minor effects of increased sensitivity to cell wall stress (Congo red and calcofluor white) and no significant effects on fungal sensitivity to oxidative or osmotic stress. The cell walls of ΔBbgas3 aerial conidia were thinner than those of the wild-type and complemented strains in response to alkaline conditions, and ß-1,3-glucan antibody and lectin staining revealed alterations in cell surface carbohydrate epitopes. The ΔBbgas3 mutant displayed alterations in cell wall chitin and carbohydrate content in response to alkaline pH. Insect bioassays revealed impaired virulence for the ΔBbgas3 mutant depending upon the pH of the media on which the conidia were grown and harvested. Unexpectedly, a decreased median lethal time to kill (LT50, i.e., increased virulence) was seen for the mutant using intrahemocoel injection assays using conidia grown at acidic pH (5.6). These data show that BbGas3 acts as a pH-responsive cell wall-remodeling enzyme involved in resistance to extreme pH (>9).IMPORTANCE Little is known about adaptations required for growth at high (>9) pH. Here, we show that a specific fungal membrane-remodeling ß-1,3-glucanosyltransferase gene (Bbgas3) regulated by the pH-responsive PacC transcription factor forms a critical aspect of the ability of the insect-pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana to grow at extreme pH. The loss of Bbgas3 resulted in a unique decreased ability to grow at high pH, with little to no effects seen with respect to other stress conditions, i.e., cell wall integrity and osmotic and oxidative stress. However, pH-dependent alternations in cell wall properties and virulence were noted for the ΔBbgas3 mutant. These data provide a mechanistic insight into the importance of the specific cell wall structure required to stabilize the cell at high pH and link it to the PacC/Pal/Rim pH-sensing and regulatory system.

Effect of midwife-led care on birth outcomes of primiparas.

BACKGROUND: The high caesarean section rate is a prominent public health problem in China. AIM: This study aimed to determine the effects of midwife-led care during labour on birth outcomes for healthy primiparas. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. SETTING: The Obstetrics Department of Fujian Provincial Maternity and Child Health Hospital. METHODS: A total of 666 primiparas in labour were randomly divided into an intervention and control group (333 in each group). The intervention group received a midwife-led model of care during labour. RESULTS: Data from 648 cases (331 intervention group and 317 control group) were analysed. The intervention group was less likely to experience caesarean section, postpartum haemorrhage, opiate analgesia, vaginal examinations, neonatal asphyxia, and neonatal hospitalization and was more likely to experience shorter length of labour and vaginal birth than the control group (all, P < 0.05). No differences were found in the number of artificial rupture of membranes and oxytocin use (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Midwife-led care can reduce the caesarean section rate, promote normal birth, improve birth outcomes, and promote maternal and child health.

[Optimization ofPig-aGene Mutation in Rats and Assessment of Time-dependent and Dose-response Relationship of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea].

OBJECTIVES: To optimize the method of Pig-a mutation assay, and to explore the time-dependent and dose-response relationship of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU). METHODS: Thirty rats were randomly assigned to 5 groups: treated with PBS (control group)or different doses of ENU (10, 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg) for 3 d by oral gavage. Blood samples were collected at 0 d, 15 d, 30 d, 45 d, 60 d, 75 d and 90 d. After enrichment, erythrocytes were incubated with Anti-CD59-APC and SYTO 13 nucleic acid dye solution. Mutant phenotype erythrocytes (RBCCD59-) and mutant phenotype reticulocytes (RETCD59-) were measured by flow cytometry to analyze mutant frequencies, and the RET percentage was determined as well. RESULTS: The RBCCD59- mutation frequency in 4 ENU groups were significantly increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The RETCD59- mutation frequency increased to a stable high level with a slight fluctuation, and decreased at 45 d , with the peak values observed at 30 d. The RETCD59- mutation frequency showed a dose-dependent trend in 4 ENU groups. The RET percentage in all 5 groups declined at 30 d, to a stable low level thereafter, but the trends showed no significant differences by time or group. CONCLUSIONS: The optimized in vivo Pig-a mutation assay could detecte the mutagen, such as ENU, induces mutation in RBC in a time- and dose-dependent manner.

Development of a precision tumor bone metastasis model by a magnetic micro-living-motor system.

An ideal bone metastasis animal model is critical and fundamental for mechanistic research and following development of new drug and treatment. Caudal artery (CA) injection allows bone metastasis in the hindlimb, while in-depth targeted and quantitative studies of bone metastasis require a new model to overcome its limitations. Here, we developed a targeted, quantitative, and highly consistent method for the modeling of bone metastasis with cell-based magnetic micro-living-motor (MLM) system created by effectively combining Fe3O4-PDA-Au with biosafety. The MLM system can achieve efficient migration, target site colonization and control tumorigenesis in bone precisely with the application of a magnetic field. In vivo, day 3 post cell injection, tumor bone metastasis signals were observed locally in the injected femur among 82.76% mice of the MLM group as compared to the 56.82% in the CA group, and the signal intensity was 45.1 and 95.9 times stronger than that in the left and right lower limbs of the CA group, respectively. Post-injection day 28, metastasis in vital organs was reduced by approximately 90% in the MLM group compared to the CA group. Our innovative use of the MLM system in the field of tumor modeling opens a new avenue for exploring the mechanisms of tumor bone metastasis, recurrence and drug resistance.

Cooperative Sentinel Surveillance of Malaria in Laiza and Nearby Areas of Myanmar and Importation Threat Monitoring - China, 2019-2023.

Introduction: Laiza and nearby areas (LNA) in Myanmar are identified as the primary malaria hotspots in the bordering regions of Yunnan Province, China. Methods: Six sentinel surveillance sites were established at the China-Myanmar border in LNA to monitor malaria. Data from 2019 was used as a baseline to analyze malaria incidence and trends in LNA and Myanmar, as well as the importation of malaria cases into China from 2019 to 2023. Results: Plasmodium vivax was the predominant species, representing 99.95% (14,060/14,066) of confirmed malaria cases in LNA. A total of 8,356 malaria cases were identified in 2023, with an annual parasite incidence (API) of 19.78 per 100 person-years. Compared to 2019, the incidence rate ratio was 21.47 (95% confidence interval: 18.84, 24.48), indicating that the API in 2023 was 21.47 times higher than that in 2019. In Yunnan, out of 1,016 reported cases, 545 imported cases (53.64%) originated from LNA and spread to 18 (13.95%) out of 129 counties. Ten provinces in China, including Yunnan, reported imported malaria cases from LNA in Myanmar. Conclusions: The increase in population, particularly among internally displaced persons, along with inadequate healthcare services, has led to a notable resurgence of malaria in LNA. This resurgence poses a risk to preventing the re-emergence of malaria transmission in China. There is an urgent need for novel collaborative policies, as well as financial and technical assistance, to enhance malaria control efforts in LNA, Myanmar.

Cannabinoid receptor 2 plays a key role in renal fibrosis through inhibiting lipid metabolism in renal tubular cells.

AIMS: Renal fibrosis is a common feature in various chronic kidney diseases (CKD). Tubular cell damage is a main characterization which results from dysregulated fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and lipid accumulation. Cannabinoid Receptor 2 (CB2) contributes to renal fibrosis, however, its role in FAO dysregulation in tubular cells is not clarified. In this study, we found CB2 plays a detrimental role in lipid metabolism in tubular cells. METHODS: CB2 knockout mice were adopted to establish a folic acid-induced nephropathy (FAN) model. CB2-induced FAO dysfunction, lipid deposition, and fibrogenesis were assessed in vivo and vitro. To explore molecular mechanisms, ß-catenin inhibitors and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) activators were also used in CB2-overexpressed cells. The mediative role of ß-catenin in CB2-inhibited PPARα and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) activation was analyzed. RESULTS: CB2 activates ß-catenin signaling, resulting in the suppression of PPARα/PGC-1α axis. This decreased FAO functions and led to lipid droplet formation in tubular cells. CB2 gene ablation effectively mitigated FAO dysfunction, lipid deposition and uremic toxins accumulation in FAN mice, consequently retarding renal fibrosis. Additionally, inhibition to ß-catenin or PPARα activation could greatly inhibit lipid accumulation and fibrogenesis induced by CB2. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights CB2 disrupts FAO in tubular cells through ß-catenin activation and subsequent inhibition on PPARα/PGC-1α activity. Targeted inhibition on CB2 offers a perspective therapeutic strategy to fight against renal fibrosis.

MAGL protects against renal fibrosis through inhibiting tubular cell lipotoxicity.

Rationale: Renal fibrosis, with no therapeutic approaches, is a common pathological feature in various chronic kidney diseases (CKD). Tubular cell injury plays a pivotal role in renal fibrosis. Commonly, injured tubular cells exhibit significant lipid accumulation. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Methods: 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) levels in CKD patients and CKD model specimens were measured using mass spectrometry. 2-AG-loaded nanoparticles were infused into unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) mice. Lipid accumulation and renal fibrosis were tested. Furthermore, monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), the hydrolyzing enzyme of 2-AG, was assessed in CKD patients and models. Tubular cell-specific MAGL knock-in mice were generated. Moreover, MAGL recombination protein was also administered to unilateral ischemia reperfusion injury (UIRI) mice. Besides, a series of methods including RNA sequencing, metabolomics, primary cell culture, lipid staining, etc. were used. Results: 2-AG was increased in the serum or kidneys from CKD patients and models. Supplement of 2-AG further induced lipid accumulation and fibrogenesis through cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2)/ß-catenin signaling. ß-catenin knockout blocked 2-AG/CB2-induced fatty acid ß-oxidation (FAO) deficiency and lipid accumulation. Remarkably, MAGL significantly decreased in CKD, aligning with lipid accumulation and fibrosis. Specific transgene of MAGL in tubular cells significantly preserved FAO, inhibited lipid-mediated toxicity in tubular cells, and finally retarded fibrogenesis. Additionally, supplementation of MAGL in UIRI mice also preserved FAO function, inhibited lipid accumulation, and protected against renal fibrosis. Conclusion: MAGL is a potential diagnostic marker for kidney function decline, and also serves as a new therapeutic target for renal fibrosis through ameliorating lipotoxicity.