A Quality Improvement Program to Reduce Potential Overtreatment of Diabetes Among Veterans at High Risk of Hypoglycemia.

Background.. Intensive glycemic control confers increased risk of hypoglycemia and little benefit among older individuals with diabetes. The aim of this quality improvement project was to reduce the number of patients treated to A1C levels that might confer greater risk than benefit (i.e., potential overtreatment) in the VA New England Healthcare System. Methods.. A provider report and clinical reminder were created to identify potentially overtreated patients and prompt clinicians to consider treatment de-intensification. Potentially overtreated patients were defined as those on insulin or a sulfonylurea whose most recent A1C was <7.0% and who were >74 years of age or diagnosed with dementia or cognitive impairment. The numbers of patients screened and whose treatment was de-intensified using the clinical reminder were counted from January to December 2014. The number of high-risk veterans at baseline was compared with that 6 and 18 months after implementation using t tests. Results.. A total of 2,830 patients were screened using the clinical reminder; 9.6% had their glycemic treatment de-intensified. Among the 261 patients reporting hypoglycemia, 37% had their treatment de-intensified. Higher percentages of patients had treatment de-intensified when reported symptoms were more severe. The monthly average in the high-risk cohort declined from baseline by 18% at 6 months and by 22% at 18 months (both P <0.005). Conclusions.. A clinical reminder helps clinicians identify and reduce the number of potentially overtreated patients. The large number of screened patients whose treatment was not de-intensified suggests that a clinical reminder should be combined with provider education, national guidelines, and performance measures aligned in the interest of reducing potential overtreatment.

Equivalence and measurement properties of an electronic version of the Psoriasis Symptom Inventory.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the equivalence of electronic and paper versions of the Psoriasis Symptom Inventory and to examine measurement properties of the electronic version. METHODS: In a prospective, randomized, crossover, non-interventional study in adult subjects (age ≥18 years) with plaque psoriasis conducted over a period of 15 days, subjects were randomized to two groups, completing either the paper or electronic Psoriasis Symptom Inventory daily for 7 consecutive days followed by the alternate version. Equivalence was assessed by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between both administration modes. Differences in scores were also tested using paired Student's t test. Measurement properties included internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, and convergent and discriminant validity between the Psoriasis Symptom Inventory and (1) disease-specific (Dermatology Life Quality Index) and (2) general health (SF-36v2) status. RESULTS: Eighty subjects [74 % (59/80) moderate-to-severe psoriasis; 26 % (21/80) mild psoriasis receiving systemic treatment] were enrolled from 8 sites in the USA. The two modes were highly concordant for both total (ICC = 0.97) and individual item scores (ICC range = 0.93-0.97). Response bias testing showed no differences based on completion order with all ICC values >0.91. All mean score differences, except for one item ("flaking"), were non-significant (P > 0.05). Minimum values for reliability (>0.70) and validity (convergent, r ≥ 0.40) were exceeded for the electronic Psoriasis Symptom Inventory. CONCLUSIONS: Equivalence between paper and electronic versions of the Psoriasis Symptom Inventory and strong measurement properties of the electronic mode indicated a successful migration from paper to electronic format of the Psoriasis Symptom Inventory.

Teaching condom use skills: practice is superior to observation.

Men exposed to a condom skills practice exercise were hypothesized to perform better on condom skills measures than those exposed only to a demonstration or to no intervention. As part of a larger National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Clinical Trials Network HIV Prevention protocol, men in substance abuse treatment were administered male and female condom use skills measures (MCUS, FCUS) at preintervention, 2 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months postintervention. The MCUS and FCUS scores were compared for 3 intervention exposure groups (demonstration only [DO, n = 149], demonstration plus practice [D+P; n = 112], attended no sessions [NS, n = 139]) across the 4 assessment time points using a mixed effects linear regression model. There is a statistically significant intervention group-by-time effect (P < .0001) for both the MCUS and FCUS. Post hoc, pairwise linear trends across time indicated that for both the MCUS and the FCUS, the D+P group is significantly superior to the DO group and the NS group.

Residential treatment modifications: adjunctive services to accommodate clients on methadone.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This article describes therapeutic community (TC) services modified to support methadone residents and their service utilization in a study of TC patients (N = 231) receiving versus not receiving methadone. METHODS: Service utilization data are reported from providers (i.e., methadone support group counselor, acupuncturist, and consulting psychiatrist) for 12 months after admission. Descriptive statistics are used to report methadone residents use of methadone support group and acupuncture services. Pearson chi-square tests are used to compare methadone and non-methadone participants use of psychiatrist services. Additionally, such tests were used to compare both groups DSM-IV diagnoses. RESULTS: Ninety-seven percent of methadone patients attended at least one methadone support group; 52% used acupuncture services. Proportionally more non-methadone residents used psychiatric services (p < .05). CONCLUSION AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: Services tailored to methadone residents were accessed by this group. However, while 32% of all participants met diagnostic criteria for a current psychiatric disorder, only 22% received onsite psychiatric care, which questions whether integrated care is being provided adequately for participants with co-occurring disorders.

Substance abuse among native Hawaiian women in the United States: a review of current literature and recommendations for future research.

Information about and understanding of Native Hawaiian substance abuse and utilization of substance abuse treatment services is limited. This article reviews the literature on the prevalence and factors associated with substance abuse and use of health services among Native Hawaiian women in the U.S. The literature review included three review and 13 nonreview articles that were published through December 2006. The majority of the articles reviewed did not present findings by gender-ethnic group. The review of the literature suggested a high prevalence of substance abuse, especially among those who were incarcerated. Risk factors for substance abuse included not being married and young age.Native Hawaiian women also had significantly lower health care utilization rates compared to other groups, and were less likely to have seen a health care provider in the past year. Programs should consider involving Kupunas ("elders") in the design and implementation of culturally appropriate programs in order to better serve the needs of Native Hawaiian women. Further research is needed about the rates of substance abuse and barriers and facilitators to treatment so that effective and culturally competent treatment can be provided for this population.

Hospital- versus community-based syringe exchange: a randomized controlled trial.

This study examined the effect of syringe exchange program setting on the injection practices, health status, and health service utilization patterns of injection drug users (IDUs) recruited from a public urban hospital. One hundred sixty-six participants were randomized to either community- or hospital-based syringe exchange services. Poisson regression models were used to compare service utilization between groups. In both conditions, risky drug use practices decreased, and physical health functioning improved over time. Hospital-based syringe exchange program (SEP) attendees had 83% more inpatient admissions (p < .0001) and 22% more ambulatory care visits (p < .0001) than those assigned to the community-based SEP condition. Syringe exchange services that are integrated into public hospital settings may serve as a valuable strategy to engage hard to reach IDU populations in behavioral interventions designed to reduce HIV risk transmission behaviors and increase access to, or engagement in, the use of secondary and tertiary preventive medical care.

Randomized trial of drug abuse treatment-linkage strategies.

A clinical trial contrasted 2 interventions designed to link opioid-dependent hospital patients to drug abuse treatment. The 126 out-of-treatment participants were randomly assigned to (a) case management, (b) voucher for free methadone maintenance treatment (MMT), (c) case management plus voucher, or (d) usual care. Services were provided for 6 months. MMT enrollment at 3 months was 47% (case management), 89% (voucher), 93% (case management plus voucher), and 11% (usual care); at 6 months enrollment was 48%, 68%, 79%, and 21%, respectively. Case management and vouchers can be valuable in health settings to link substance abusers with medical problems to drug abuse treatment.

In-person and video-based post-traumatic stress disorder treatment for veterans: a location-allocation model.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with poor health but there is a gap between need and receipt of care. It is useful to understand where to optimally locate in-person care and where video-based PTSD care would be most useful to minimize access to care barriers, care outside the Veterans Affairs system, and total costs. We developed a service location systems engineering model based on 2010 to 2020 projected care needs for veterans across New England to help determine where to best locate and use in-person and video-based care. This analysis determined specific locations and capacities of each type of PTSD care relative to patient home locations to help inform allocation of mental health resources. Not surprisingly Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island are well suited for in-person care, whereas some rural areas of Maine, Vermont, and New Hampshire where in-patient services are infeasible could be better served by video-based care than external care, if the latter is even available. Results in New England alone suggest a potential $3,655,387 reduction in average annual total costs by shifting 9.73% of care to video-based treatment, with an average 12.6 miles travel distance for the remaining in-person care.

Patients' reports about medical doctors' inquiries on their mental health: do generational status, ethnicity and mental health/substance use disorders matter?

Immigrants are less likely than others to use mental health (MH) services. Physicians' limited time often precludes inquiry about MH. This study investigated the influence of generational status, ethnicity, and mental/substance use disorders on physicians' inquiries about Asian American (AA) MH. Data from the National Latino and Asian American Study were analyzed (n=1,853). The outcome was past year physician's inquiry regarding MH. Results revealed that AA with U.S.-born parents had significantly greater odds compared to AA born outside the U.S. to report that their doctors inquired about their MH (OR=218, 95% CI: 1.28, 3.73). Past year mental/substance use disorder increased the odds of AA reporting that their doctors inquired about their MH (OR=8.41; 95% CI: 3.28, 21.66). This increase differed by ethnicity, with Chinese less affected than Vietnamese (OR=0.17; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.59). The reasons for these associations warrant further exploration.

Predictors of condom use among men enrolled in drug treatment programs.

This study identified predictors of condom use and developed a model of condom use in a sample of men (n = 324) enrolled in drug treatment. Utilizing a series of logistic regression analyses reported condom use was predicted by possession of condoms, future intention to use condoms, future intention to increase condom use, having a high-risk partner, low Condom Barriers Scale scores, being unmarried and ethnic minority status. A probit path analysis revealed the following model of condom use among men in drug treatment: Taking condoms from clinic stocks was the best predictor of condom possession, which in turn was the best predictor of condom use. These study findings identify condom availability in treatment programs as an important risk reduction intervention. Treatment programs can apply these predictors of condom use to better identify individuals at risk for HIV and sexually transmitted infections to better target prevention interventions.

Cigarette smoking in opioid-using patients presenting for hospital-based medical services.

Little is known about cigarette smoking among opioid users who are not in substance abuse treatment. The study examined cigarette smoking in out-of-treatment opioid users presenting at a hospital who participated in drug abuse research. Participants exhibited a high rate of smoking (92%) at baseline that remained unchanged at one year and were moderately nicotine-dependent. Nineteen percent preferred unfiltered cigarettes. Women were more likely to smoke menthol cigarettes; men were more likely to smoke unfiltered cigarettes. Caucasians tended to smoke more than other ethnicities and exhibited greater dependence. Out-of-treatment drug users continue to be at high risk for continued smoking.