RESUMO
Although amplifications and mutations in receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) act as bona fide oncogenes, in most cancers, RTKs maintain moderate expression and remain wild-type. Consequently, cognate ligands control many facets of tumorigenesis, including resistance to anti-RTK therapies. Herein, we show that the ligands for the RTKs MET and RON, HGF and HGFL, respectively, are synthesized as inactive precursors that are activated by cellular proteases. Our newly generated HGF/HGFL protease inhibitors could overcome both de novo and acquired cetuximab resistance in colorectal cancer (CRC). Conversely, HGF overexpression was necessary and sufficient to induce cetuximab resistance and loss of polarity. Moreover, HGF-induced cetuximab resistance could be overcome by the downstream MET inhibitor, crizotinib, and upstream protease inhibitors. Additionally, HAI-1, an endogenous inhibitor of HGF proteases, (i) was downregulated in CRC, (ii) exhibited increased genomic methylation that correlated with poor prognosis, (iii) HAI-1 expression correlated with cetuximab response in a panel of cancer cell lines, and (iv) exogenous addition of recombinant HAI-1 overcame cetuximab resistance in CC-HGF cells. Thus, we describe a targetable, autocrine HAI-1/Protease/HGF/MET axis in cetuximab resistance in CRC.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Colorretais , Transdução de Sinais , Humanos , Cetuximab/farmacologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-met/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-met/metabolismo , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Neoplasias Colorretais/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Colorretais/genética , Neoplasias Colorretais/metabolismo , Inibidores de Proteases/farmacologia , Peptídeo Hidrolases/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Fator de Crescimento de Hepatócito/genética , Fator de Crescimento de Hepatócito/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento de Hepatócito/farmacologiaRESUMO
The host cell serine protease TMPRSS2 is an attractive therapeutic target for COVID-19 drug discovery. This protease activates the Spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and of other coronaviruses and is essential for viral spread in the lung. Utilizing rational structure-based drug design (SBDD) coupled to substrate specificity screening of TMPRSS2, we have discovered covalent small-molecule ketobenzothiazole (kbt) TMPRSS2 inhibitors which are structurally distinct from and have significantly improved activity over the existing known inhibitors Camostat and Nafamostat. Lead compound MM3122 (4) has an IC50 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) of 340 pM against recombinant full-length TMPRSS2 protein, an EC50 (half-maximal effective concentration) of 430 pM in blocking host cell entry into Calu-3 human lung epithelial cells of a newly developed VSV-SARS-CoV-2 chimeric virus, and an EC50 of 74 nM in inhibiting cytopathic effects induced by SARS-CoV-2 virus in Calu-3 cells. Further, MM3122 blocks Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) cell entry with an EC50 of 870 pM. MM3122 has excellent metabolic stability, safety, and pharmacokinetics in mice, with a half-life of 8.6 h in plasma and 7.5 h in lung tissue, making it suitable for in vivo efficacy evaluation and a promising drug candidate for COVID-19 treatment.
Assuntos
Benzotiazóis/farmacologia , Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19 , Oligopeptídeos/farmacologia , SARS-CoV-2/efeitos dos fármacos , Serina Endopeptidases/genética , Animais , Benzamidinas/química , Benzotiazóis/farmacocinética , COVID-19/genética , COVID-19/virologia , Linhagem Celular , Desenho de Fármacos , Células Epiteliais/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Epiteliais/virologia , Ésteres/química , Guanidinas/química , Humanos , Pulmão/efeitos dos fármacos , Pulmão/virologia , Camundongos , Coronavírus da Síndrome Respiratória do Oriente Médio/efeitos dos fármacos , Coronavírus da Síndrome Respiratória do Oriente Médio/patogenicidade , Oligopeptídeos/farmacocinética , SARS-CoV-2/patogenicidade , Serina Endopeptidases/efeitos dos fármacos , Serina Endopeptidases/ultraestrutura , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/farmacologia , Especificidade por Substrato/efeitos dos fármacos , Internalização do Vírus/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Protease inhibitor drug discovery is challenged by the lack of cellular and oral permeability, selectivity, metabolic stability, and rapid clearance of peptides. Here, we describe the rational design, synthesis, and evaluation of peptidomimetic side-chain-cyclized macrocycles which we converted into covalent serine protease inhibitors with the addition of an electrophilic ketone warhead. We have identified potent and selective inhibitors of TMPRSS2, matriptase, hepsin, and HGFA and demonstrated their improved protease selectivity, metabolic stability, and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties. We obtained an X-ray crystal structure of phenyl ether-cyclized tripeptide VD4162 (8b) bound to matriptase, revealing an unexpected binding conformation. Cyclic biphenyl ether VD5123 (11) displayed the best PK properties in mice with a half-life of 4.5 h and compound exposure beyond 24 h. These new cyclic tripeptide scaffolds can be used as easily modifiable templates providing a new strategy to overcoming the obstacles presented by linear acyclic peptides in protease inhibitor drug discovery.
Assuntos
Serina Proteases , Inibidores de Serina Proteinase , Animais , Camundongos , Serina Proteases/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Inibidores de Serina Proteinase/química , Conformação Molecular , PeptídeosRESUMO
Inhibition of the proteolytic processing of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and macrophage stimulating protein (MSP) is an attractive approach for the drug discovery of novel anticancer therapeutics which prevent tumor progression and metastasis. Here, we utilized an improved and expanded version of positional scanning of substrate combinatorial libraries (PS-SCL) technique called HyCoSuL to optimize peptidomimetic inhibitors of the HGF/MSP activating serine proteases, HGFA, matriptase, and hepsin. These inhibitors have an electrophilic ketone serine trapping warhead and thus form a reversible covalent bond to the protease. We demonstrate that by varying the P2, P3, and P4 positions of the inhibitor with unnatural amino acids based on the protease substrate preferences learned from HyCoSuL, we can predictably modify the potency and selectivity of the inhibitor. We identified the tetrapeptide JH-1144 (8) as a single digit nM inhibitor of HGFA, matriptase and hepsin with excellent selectivity over Factor Xa and thrombin. These unnatural peptides have increased metabolic stability relative to natural peptides of similar structure. The tripeptide inhibitor PK-1-89 (2) has excellent pharmacokinetics in mice with good compound exposure out to 24 h. In addition, we obtained an X-ray structure of the inhibitor MM1132 (15) bound to matriptase revealing an interesting binding conformation useful for future inhibitor design.
Assuntos
Serina Endopeptidases , Serina Endopeptidases/química , Serina Endopeptidases/metabolismo , Especificidade por Substrato , Humanos , Desenho de Fármacos , Aminoácidos/química , Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Inibidores de Proteases/química , Inibidores de Proteases/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteases/metabolismo , Inibidores de Serina Proteinase/química , Inibidores de Serina Proteinase/farmacologia , Animais , Fator de Crescimento de Hepatócito/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento de Hepatócito/química , Fator de Crescimento de Hepatócito/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
Introduction: The direct binding of carbohydrates or those presented on glycoproteins or glycolipids to proteins is the primary effector of many biological responses. One class of carbohydrate-binding proteins, lectins are important in all forms of life. Their functions in animals include regulating cell adhesion, glycoprotein synthesis, metabolism, and mediating immune system response while in bacteria and viruses a lectin-mediated carbohydrate-protein interaction between host cells and the pathogen initiates pathogenesis of the infection.Areas covered: In this review, the authors outline the structural and functional pathogenesis of lectins from bacteria, amoeba, and humans. Mimics of a carbohydrate are referred to as glycomimetics, which are much smaller in molecular weight and are devised to mimic the key binding interactions of the carbohydrate while also allowing additional contacts with the lectin. This article emphasizes the various approaches used over the past 10-15 years in the rational design of glycomimetic ligands.Expert opinion: Medicinal chemistry efforts enabled by X-ray structural biology have identified small-molecule glycomimetic lectin antagonists that have entered or are nearing clinical trials. A common theme in these strategies is the use of biaryl ring systems to emulate the carbohydrate interactions with the lectin.
Assuntos
Desenho de Fármacos , Lectinas/metabolismo , Animais , Metabolismo dos Carboidratos , Química Farmacêutica/métodos , Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos , Humanos , Lectinas/antagonistas & inibidores , Ligantes , Peso MolecularRESUMO
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), the ligand for the MET receptor tyrosine kinase, is a tumor-promoting factor that is abundant in the tumor microenvironment. Proteolytic activation of inactive pro-HGF by one or more of the serine endopeptidases matriptase, hepsin, and HGF activator is the rate-limiting step in HGF/MET signaling. Herein, we have rationally designed a novel class of side chain cyclized macrocyclic peptide inhibitors. The new series of cyclic tripeptides has superior metabolic stability and significantly improved pharmacokinetics in mice relative to the corresponding linear peptides. We identified the lead compound VD2173 that potently inhibits matriptase and hepsin, which was tested in parallel alongside the acyclic inhibitor ZFH7116 using both in vitro and in vivo models of lung cancer. We demonstrated that both compounds block pro-HGF activation, abrogate HGF-mediated wound healing, and overcome resistance to EGFR- and MET-targeted therapy in lung cancer models. Furthermore, VD2173 inhibited HGF-dependent growth of lung cancer tumors in mice.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Fator de Crescimento de Hepatócito/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Compostos Macrocíclicos/farmacologia , Receptores Proteína Tirosina Quinases/metabolismo , Inibidores de Serina Proteinase/farmacologia , Animais , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/tratamento farmacológico , Progressão da Doença , Descoberta de Drogas , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Compostos Macrocíclicos/sangue , Compostos Macrocíclicos/química , Compostos Macrocíclicos/uso terapêutico , Camundongos , Inibidores de Serina Proteinase/sangue , Inibidores de Serina Proteinase/química , Inibidores de Serina Proteinase/uso terapêutico , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
The host cell serine protease TMPRSS2 is an attractive therapeutic target for COVID-19 drug discovery. This protease activates the Spike protein of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and of other coronaviruses and is essential for viral spread in the lung. Utilizing rational structure-based drug design (SBDD) coupled to substrate specificity screening of TMPRSS2, we have discovered a novel class of small molecule ketobenzothiazole TMPRSS2 inhibitors with significantly improved activity over existing irreversible inhibitors Camostat and Nafamostat. Lead compound MM3122 ( 4 ) has an IC 50 of 340 pM against recombinant full-length TMPRSS2 protein, an EC 50 of 430 pM in blocking host cell entry into Calu-3 human lung epithelial cells of a newly developed VSV SARS-CoV-2 chimeric virus, and an EC 50 of 74 nM in inhibiting cytopathic effects induced by SARS-CoV-2 virus in Calu-3 cells. Further, MM3122 blocks Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) cell entry with an EC 50 of 870 pM. MM3122 has excellent metabolic stability, safety, and pharmacokinetics in mice with a half-life of 8.6 hours in plasma and 7.5 h in lung tissue, making it suitable for in vivo efficacy evaluation and a promising drug candidate for COVID-19 treatment.
RESUMO
Members of the type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSP) family play a vital role in cell growth and development but many are also implicated in disease. Two of the well-studied TTSPs, matriptase and hepsin proteolytically process multiple protein substrates such as the inactive single-chain zymogens pro-HGF and pro-macrophage stimulating protein into the active heterodimeric forms, HGF and macrophage stimulating protein. These two proteases also have many other substrates which are associated with cancer and tumor progression. Another related TTSP, matriptase-2 is expressed in the liver and functions by regulating iron homoeostasis through the cleavage of hemojuvelin and thus is implicated in iron overload diseases. In the present review, we will discuss inhibitor design strategy and Structure activity relationships of TTSP inhibitors, which have been reported in the literature.
Assuntos
Benzamidinas/química , Inibidores de Serina Proteinase/química , Tiazóis/química , Benzamidinas/metabolismo , Descoberta de Drogas , Proteínas Ligadas por GPI/metabolismo , Proteína da Hemocromatose/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento de Hepatócito/metabolismo , Humanos , Proteínas de Membrana/antagonistas & inibidores , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Ligação Proteica , Precursores de Proteínas/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/metabolismo , Serina Endopeptidases/metabolismo , Serina Proteases/metabolismo , Inibidores de Serina Proteinase/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Matriptase and hepsin are type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs). Along with related S1 trypsin like serine protease HGFA (hepatocyte growth factor activator), their unregulated proteolytic activity has been associated with cancer including tumor progression and metastasis. These three proteases have two substrates in common, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and macrophage stimulating protein (MSP), the ligands for MET and recepteur d'origine nantais (RON) receptor tyrosine kinases. Mechanism-based tetrapeptide and benzamidine inhibitors of these proteases have been shown to block HGF/MET and MSP/RON cancer cell signaling. Herein, we have rationally designed a new class of peptidomimetic hybrid small molecule piperidine carbamate dipeptide inhibitors comparable in potency to much larger tetrapeptides. We have identified multiple compounds which have potent activity against matriptase and hepsin and with excellent selectivity over the off-target serine proteases factor Xa and thrombin.
RESUMO
Matriptase and hepsin belong to the family of type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs). Increased activity of these and the plasma protease, hepatocyte growth factor activator (HGFA), is associated with unregulated cell signaling and tumor progression through increased MET and RON kinase signaling pathways. These proteases are highly expressed in multiple solid tumors and hematological malignancies. Herein, we detail the synthesis and structure-activity relationships (SAR) of a dipeptide library bearing Arg α-ketobenozothiazole (kbt) warheads as novel inhibitors of HGFA, matriptase, and hepsin. We elucidated the substrate specificity for HGFA using positional scanning of substrate combinatorial libraries (PS-SCL), which was used to discover selective inhibitors of matriptase and hepsin. Using these selective inhibitors, we have clarified the specific role of hepsin in maintaining epithelial cell membrane integrity, known to be lost in breast cancer progression. These selective compounds are useful as chemical biology tools and for future drug discovery efforts.
Assuntos
Serina Endopeptidases/química , Inibidores de Serina Proteinase/química , Sítios de Ligação , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Dipeptídeos/química , Dipeptídeos/metabolismo , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Humanos , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Serina Endopeptidases/metabolismo , Inibidores de Serina Proteinase/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Especificidade por SubstratoRESUMO
Acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis caused by noroviruses constitutes a global public health concern and a significant economic burden. There are currently no small molecule therapeutics or vaccines for the treatment of norovirus infections. A structure-guided approach was utilized in the design of a series of inhibitors of norovirus 3CL protease that embody an oxazolidinone ring as a novel design element for attaining optimal binding interactions. Low micromolar cell-permeable inhibitors that display anti-norovirus activity have been identified. The mechanism of action, mode of binding, and structural rearrangements associated with the interaction of the inhibitors and the enzyme were elucidated using X-ray crystallography.
Assuntos
Norovirus/enzimologia , Oxazolidinonas/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteases/farmacologia , Proteínas Virais/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteases Virais 3C , Cristalografia por Raios X , Cisteína Endopeptidases/metabolismo , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Oxazolidinonas/síntese química , Oxazolidinonas/química , Inibidores de Proteases/síntese química , Inibidores de Proteases/química , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Proteínas Virais/metabolismoRESUMO
There are currently no approved vaccines or small molecule therapeutics available for the prophylaxis or treatment of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections. MERS-CoV 3CL protease is essential for viral replication; consequently, it is an attractive target that provides a potentially effective means of developing small molecule therapeutics for combatting MERS-CoV. We describe herein the structure-guided design and evaluation of a novel class of inhibitors of MERS-CoV 3CL protease that embody a piperidine moiety as a design element that is well-suited to exploiting favorable subsite binding interactions to attain optimal pharmacological activity and PK properties. The mechanism of action of the compounds and the structural determinants associated with binding were illuminated using X-ray crystallography.
Assuntos
Antivirais/farmacologia , Inibidores de Cisteína Proteinase/farmacologia , Desenho de Fármacos , Coronavírus da Síndrome Respiratória do Oriente Médio/efeitos dos fármacos , Piperidinas/farmacologia , Proteínas Virais/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteases Virais 3C , Animais , Antivirais/síntese química , Antivirais/química , Gatos , Morte Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Chlorocebus aethiops , Cristalografia por Raios X , Cisteína Endopeptidases/metabolismo , Inibidores de Cisteína Proteinase/síntese química , Inibidores de Cisteína Proteinase/química , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Coronavírus da Síndrome Respiratória do Oriente Médio/enzimologia , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Piperidinas/síntese química , Piperidinas/química , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Células Vero , Proteínas Virais/metabolismoRESUMO
Norovirus infections have a major impact on public health worldwide, yet there is a current dearth of norovirus-specific therapeutics and prophylactics. This report describes the discovery of a novel class of macrocyclic inhibitors of norovirus 3C-like protease, a cysteine protease that is essential for virus replication. SAR, structural, and biochemical studies were carried out to ascertain the effect of structure on pharmacological activity and permeability. Insights gained from these studies have laid a solid foundation for capitalizing on the therapeutic potential of the series of inhibitors described herein.
Assuntos
Desenho de Fármacos , Compostos Macrocíclicos/síntese química , Compostos Macrocíclicos/farmacologia , Norovirus/enzimologia , Inibidores de Proteases/síntese química , Inibidores de Proteases/farmacologia , Proteínas Virais/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteases Virais 3C , Animais , Técnicas de Química Sintética , Cisteína Endopeptidases/química , Cisteína Endopeptidases/metabolismo , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Compostos Macrocíclicos/química , Compostos Macrocíclicos/metabolismo , Camundongos , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Norovirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Permeabilidade , Inibidores de Proteases/química , Inibidores de Proteases/metabolismo , Conformação Proteica , Células RAW 264.7 , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Proteínas Virais/química , Proteínas Virais/metabolismoRESUMO
Human noroviruses are the primary cause of epidemic and sporadic acute gastroenteritis. The worldwide high morbidity and mortality associated with norovirus infections, particularly among the elderly, immunocompromised patients and children, constitute a serious public health concern. There are currently no approved human vaccines or norovirus-specific small-molecule therapeutics or prophylactics. Norovirus 3CL protease has recently emerged as a potential therapeutic target for the development of anti-norovirus agents. We hypothesized that the S4 subsite of the enzyme may provide an effective means of designing potent and cell permeable inhibitors of the enzyme. We report herein the structure-guided exploration and exploitation of the S4 subsite of norovirus 3CL protease in the design and synthesis of effective inhibitors of the protease.
Assuntos
Desenho de Fármacos , Norovirus/enzimologia , Peptídeo Hidrolases/química , Peptídeo Hidrolases/metabolismo , Inibidores de Proteases/química , Inibidores de Proteases/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Norovirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Norovirus/fisiologia , Permeabilidade , Inibidores de Proteases/metabolismo , Inibidores de Proteases/toxicidade , Conformação Proteica , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is an emerging pathogen responsible for mild to severe respiratory infections that occur mostly in infants, children and teenagers. EV-D68, one of more than 100 non-polio enteroviruses, is acid-labile and biologically similar to human rhinoviruses (HRV) (originally classified as HRV87). However, there is no approved preventive or therapeutic measure against EV-D68, HRV, or other enteroviruses. In this study, we evaluated the antiviral activity of series of dipeptidyl compounds against EV-D68 and HRV strains, and demonstrated that several peptidyl aldehyde and α-ketoamide peptidyl compounds are potent inhibitors of EV-D68 and HRV strains with high in-vitro therapeutic indices (>1000). One of the α-ketoamide compounds is shown to have favorable pharmacokinetics profiles, including a favorable oral bioavailability in rats. Recent successful development of α-ketoamide protease inhibitors against hepatitis C virus suggests these compounds may have a high potential for further optimization and development against emerging EV-D68, as well as HRV.
Assuntos
Aldeídos/farmacologia , Amidas/farmacologia , Dipeptídeos/farmacologia , Enterovirus Humano D/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Enterovirus/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Picornaviridae/tratamento farmacológico , Rhinovirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Aldeídos/síntese química , Aldeídos/farmacocinética , Amidas/síntese química , Amidas/farmacocinética , Animais , Antivirais/farmacologia , Dipeptídeos/síntese química , Dipeptídeos/farmacocinética , Quimioterapia Combinada , Infecções por Enterovirus/virologia , Feminino , Cobaias , Células HeLa , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Infecções por Picornaviridae/virologia , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Infecções Respiratórias/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Respiratórias/virologiaRESUMO
Outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis caused by noroviruses constitute a public health concern worldwide. To date, there are no approved drugs or vaccines for the management and prophylaxis of norovirus infections. A potentially effective strategy for the development of norovirus therapeutics entails the discovery of inhibitors of norovirus 3CL protease, an enzyme essential for noroviral replication. We describe herein the structure-based design of the first class of permeable, triazole-based macrocyclic inhibitors of norovirus 3C-like protease, as well as pertinent X-ray crystallographic, biochemical, spectroscopic, and antiviral studies.
Assuntos
Desenho de Fármacos , Compostos Macrocíclicos/química , Compostos Macrocíclicos/farmacologia , Norovirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Peptídeo Hidrolases/metabolismo , Triazóis/química , Técnicas de Química Sintética , Compostos Macrocíclicos/metabolismo , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Modelos Moleculares , Peptídeo Hidrolases/química , Permeabilidade , Inibidores de Proteases/química , Inibidores de Proteases/metabolismo , Inibidores de Proteases/farmacologia , Conformação ProteicaRESUMO
Human noroviruses are the primary causative agents of acute gastroenteritis and a pressing public health burden worldwide. There are currently no vaccines or small molecule therapeutics available for the treatment or prophylaxis of norovirus infections. Norovirus 3CL protease plays a vital role in viral replication by generating structural and nonstructural proteins via the cleavage of the viral polyprotein. Thus, molecules that inhibit the viral protease may have potential therapeutic value. We describe herein the structure-based design, synthesis, and in vitro and cell-based evaluation of the first class of oxadiazole-based, permeable macrocyclic inhibitors of norovirus 3CL protease.
Assuntos
Antivirais/farmacologia , Permeabilidade da Membrana Celular , Compostos Macrocíclicos/farmacologia , Norovirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Norovirus/enzimologia , Oxidiazóis/farmacologia , Peptídeo Hidrolases/metabolismo , Inibidores de Proteases/farmacologia , Animais , Antivirais/síntese química , Antivirais/química , Linhagem Celular , Permeabilidade da Membrana Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Cristalografia por Raios X , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Humanos , Compostos Macrocíclicos/síntese química , Compostos Macrocíclicos/química , Camundongos , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Oxidiazóis/síntese química , Oxidiazóis/química , Inibidores de Proteases/síntese química , Inibidores de Proteases/química , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Norovirus infection constitutes the primary cause of acute viral gastroenteritis. There are currently no vaccines or norovirus-specific antiviral therapeutics available for the management of norovirus infection. Norovirus 3C-like protease is essential for viral replication, consequently, inhibition of this enzyme is a fruitful avenue of investigation that may lead to the emergence of antinorovirus therapeutics. We describe herein the optimization of dipeptidyl inhibitors of norovirus 3C-like protease using iterative SAR, X-ray crystallographic, and enzyme and cell-based studies. We also demonstrate herein in vivo efficacy of an inhibitor using the murine model of norovirus infection.