The role of TGF-ß signaling in muscle atrophy, sarcopenia and cancer cachexia.

Skeletal muscle, comprising a significant proportion (40 to 50 percent) of total body weight in humans, plays a critical role in maintaining normal physiological conditions. Muscle atrophy occurs when the rate of protein degradation exceeds protein synthesis. Sarcopenia refers to age-related muscle atrophy, while cachexia represents a more complex form of muscle wasting associated with various diseases such as cancer, heart failure, and AIDS. Recent research has highlighted the involvement of signaling pathways, including IGF1-Akt-mTOR, MuRF1-MAFbx, and FOXO, in regulating the delicate balance between muscle protein synthesis and breakdown. Myostatin, a member of the TGF-ß superfamily, negatively regulates muscle growth and promotes muscle atrophy by activating Smad2 and Smad3. It also interacts with other signaling pathways in cachexia and sarcopenia. Inhibition of myostatin has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach for sarcopenia and cachexia. Additionally, other TGF-ß family members, such as TGF-ß1, activin A, and GDF11, have been implicated in the regulation of skeletal muscle mass. Furthermore, myostatin cooperates with these family members to impair muscle differentiation and contribute to muscle loss. This review provides an overview of the significance of myostatin and other TGF-ß signaling pathway members in muscular dystrophy, sarcopenia, and cachexia. It also discusses potential novel therapeutic strategies targeting myostatin and TGF-ß signaling for the treatment of muscle atrophy.

An Aerolysin-like Pore-Forming Protein Complex Targets Viral Envelope to Inactivate Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1.

Because most of animal viruses are enveloped, cytoplasmic entry of these viruses via fusion with cellular membrane initiates their invasion. However, the strategies in which host cells counteract cytoplasmic entry of such viruses are incompletely understood. Pore-forming toxin aerolysin-like proteins (ALPs) exist throughout the animal kingdom, but their functions are mostly unknown. In this study, we report that ßγ-crystallin fused aerolysin-like protein and trefoil factor complex (ßγ-CAT), an ALP and trefoil factor complex from the frog Bombina maxima, directly blocks enveloped virus invasion by interfering with cytoplasmic entry. ßγ-CAT targeted acidic glycosphingolipids on the HSV type 1 (HSV-1) envelope to induce pore formation, as indicated by the oligomer formation of protein and potassium and calcium ion efflux. Meanwhile, ßγ-CAT formed ring-like oligomers of ∼10 nm in diameter on the liposomes and induced dye release from liposomes that mimic viral envelope. Unexpectedly, transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that the ßγ-CAT-treated HSV-1 was visibly as intact as the vehicle-treated HSV-1, indicating that ßγ-CAT did not lyse the viral envelope. However, the cytoplasmic entry of the ßγ-CAT-treated HSV-1 into HeLa cells was totally hindered. In vivo, topical application of ßγ-CAT attenuated the HSV-1 corneal infection in mice. Collectively, these results uncovered that ßγ-CAT possesses the capacity to counteract enveloped virus invasion with its featured antiviral-acting manner. Our findings will also largely help to illustrate the putative antiviral activity of animal ALPs.

Mechanism investigation of Duhuo Jisheng pill against rheumatoid arthritis based on a strategy for the integration of network pharmacology, molecular docking and in vivo experimental verification.

CONTEXT: Duhuo Jisheng pill (DHJS) is a classic traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The effective components and therapeutic mechanisms of DHJS for treating RA are still unclear. OBJECTIVE: To explore the potential mechanism of DHJS against RA by means of network pharmacology and experimental verification. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A network pharmacology and molecular docking analysis based on phytochemistry was used to elucidate the mechanism of DHJS against RA. The targets of DHJS anti-RA active ingredient were obtained by searching TCMSP, ETCM and TCMSID. The RA model induced by collagen was established in Wistar rats. The rats in the DHJS group were administered doses of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g/kg for a period of 10 d. The expression of targets was measured with Western blot. RESULTS: Network pharmacology analysis showed that the anti-RA effect of DHJS was mediated by targets involved in immunity, inflammation and apoptosis, as well as PI3K-Akt and NF-κB signalling pathways. Of 2.0 g/kg DHJS significantly alleviated the ankle inflammation (IL-6: 62.73 ± 8.39 pg/mL, IL-1ß: 50.49 ± 11.47 pg/mL, TNF-α: 16.88 ± 3.05 pg/mL, IL-17A: 12.55 ± 1.87 pg/mL, IL-10: 16.24 ± 3.00 pg/mL), comparing with the model group (IL-6: 92.02 ± 13.25 pg/mL, IL-1ß: 71.85 ± 4.12 pg/mL, TNF-α: 25.64 ± 3.69 pg/mL, IL-17A: 22.14 ± 4.56 pg/mL, IL-10: 9.51 ± 3.03 pg/mL) (p < 0.05). Moreover, the protein expression of p-PI3K, p-AKT and p-p65 significantly decreased after DHJS administration. CONCLUSIONS: DHJS could alleviate the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) by the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signalling pathway.

Recent advances on signaling pathways and their inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by systemic synovitis leading to joint destruction in which imbalances in pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines promote the induction of autoimmunity. Some pro-inflammatory cytokines can trigger the signaling pathways which responsible for immune-mediated inflammation in RA, and the activated signaling pathways produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in aggravation of RA. Hence, understanding of the signaling pathways and their inhibitors might be advantageous in the development of therapeutic targets and new drugs for RA. In the current review, we summarize the signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of RA as well as the potential role of specific inhibitors in its management. We hope this paper may serve a reference for future studies on signaling pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of RA and benefit the treatment of RA.

A secreted pore-forming protein modulates cellular endolysosomes to augment antigen presentation.

Bacterial pore-forming toxin aerolysin-like proteins are widely distributed in animals and plants. Emerging evidence supports their roles in host innate immunity, but their direct actions in adaptive immunity remain elusive. In this study, we found that ßγ-CAT, an aerolysin-like protein and trefoil factor complex identified in the frog Bombina maxima, modulated several steps of endocytic pathways during dendritic cell antigen presentation. The protein augmented the antigen uptake of dendritic cells and actively neutralized the acidification of cellular endocytic organelles to favor antigen presentation. In addition, the release of functional exosome-like extracellular vesicles was largely enhanced in the presence of ßγ-CAT. The cellular action of ßγ-CAT increased the number of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I-ovalbumin and MHC II molecules on dendritic cell surfaces and the released exosome-like extracellular vesicles. An enhanced antigen presentation capacity of dendritic cell for priming of naive T cells was detected in the presence of ßγ-CAT. Collectively, these effects led to strong cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses and antigen-specific antibody responses. Our findings provide evidence that a vertebrate-secreted pore-forming protein can augment antigen presentation by directly modulating cellular endocytic and exocytic pathways, leading to robust activation of adaptive immunity.

Pore-forming toxin-like protein complex expressed by frog promotes tissue repair.

Tissue repair is a highly dynamic process, and the immediate onset of acute inflammation has been considered necessary for repair. Pore-forming proteins are important, both in pathogen invasion and host immunity. However, their roles in wound healing and tissue repair are unclear. ßγ-crystallin fused aerolysin-like protein (α-subunit) and trefoil factor (ß-subunit) complex (ßγ-CAT) is a complex of a bacterial pore-forming toxin aerolysin-like protein and trefoil factor identified in the frog Bombina maxima. In this study, we established mouse cutaneous wound models to explore the effects of ßγ-CAT on skin wound healing. ßγ-CAT accelerated the healing of full-thickness wounds by improving re-epithelialization. This complex relieved dermal edema and promoted scarless healing. ßγ-CAT treatment resulted in a rapid release of IL-1ß, which initiated an acute inflammation response in the early stage of healing. Meanwhile, the expression levels of TGF-ß1, VEGF, and bFGF and the recruitment of M2 macrophages around the wound significantly increased after ßγ-CAT treatment. ßγ-CAT protected skin wounds against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by improving neutrophil recruitment at the site of the wound. Overall, our results suggest that ßγ-CAT can promote tissue repair and protect skin wounds against antibiotic-resistant bacterial infection by triggering the acute inflammatory response. This is the first example that aerolysin-like pore-forming proteins widely existing in plants and animals may act in wound healing and tissue repair.-Gao, Z.-H., Deng, C.-J., Xie, Y.-Y., Guo, X.-L., Wang, Q.-Q., Liu, L.-Z., Lee, W.-H., Li, S.-A., Zhang, Y. Pore-forming toxin-like protein complex expressed by frog promotes tissue repair.

The Antitumor Constituents from Hedyotis Diffusa Willd.

As a TCM, Hedyotis diffusa Willd. has been using to treat malignant tumors, and many studies also showed that the extracts from Hedyotis diffusa Willd. possessed evident antitumor activities. Therefore, we carried out chemical study on Hedyotis diffusa Willd. and investigated the cytotoxicity of the obtained compounds on a panel of eight tumor cell lines. As a result, four new compounds were isolated from Hedyotis diffusa Willd., including three iridoid glycosides of Shecaoiridoidside A-C (1-3) and a cerebroside of shecaocerenoside A (4). Also, six known iridoid compounds (5-10) were also obtained. The cytotoxicity of all compounds against human tumor cell lines of HL-60, HeLa, HCT15, A459, HepG2, PC-3, CNE-2, and BCG-823 were also evaluated in vitro. New compound 3 exhibited evident cytotoxicity to all tumor cell lines except the Hela, and the IC50 values are from 9.6 µM to 62.2 µM, while new compound 4 showed moderate cytotoxicity to all the cell lines, and the IC50 values are from 33.6 µM to 89.3 µM. By contrast, new compound 1 and known compound 9 showed moderate cytotoxicity to HCT15, A459, and HepG2 selectively. Known compound 7 also exhibited moderate cytotoxicity to HCT15 and A459 selectively.

Planar Cation Passivation on Colloidal Quantum Dots Enables High-Performance 0.35-1.8 µm Broadband TFT Imager.

Solution-processed colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) are promising candidates for broadband photodetectors from visible light to shortwave infrared (SWIR). However, large-size PbS CQDs sensitive to longer SWIR are mainly exposed with nonpolar (100) facets on the surface, which lack robust passivation strategies. Herein, an innovative passivation strategy that employs planar cation, is introduced to enable face-to-face coupling on (100) facets and strengthen halide passivation on (111) facets. The defect density of CQDs film (Eg ≈ 0.74 eV) is reduced from 2.74 × 1015 to 1.04  × 1015 cm-3, coupled with 0.1 eV reduction in the activation energy of defects. The resultant CQDs photodiodes exhibit a low dark current density of 14 nA cm-2 with a high external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 62%, achieving a linear dynamic range of 98 dB, a -3dB bandwidth of 103 kHz and a detectivity of 4.7 × 1011 Jones. The comprehensive performance of the CQDs photodiodes outperforms previously reported CQDs photodiodes operating at >1.6 µm. By monolithically integrated with thin-film transistor (TFT) readout circuit, the broadband CQDs imager covering 0.35-1.8 µm realizes the functions including silicon wafer perspectivity and material discrimination, showing its potential for wide range of applications.

Animal secretory endolysosome channel discovery.

Secretory pore-forming proteins (PFPs) have been identified in organisms from all kingdoms of life. Our studies with the toad species Bombina maxima found an interaction network among aerolysin family PFPs (af-PFPs) and trefoil factors (TFFs). As a toad af-PFP, BmALP1 can be reversibly regulated between active and inactive forms, with its paralog BmALP3 acting as a negative regulator. BmALP1 interacts with BmTFF3 to form a cellular active complex called ßγ-CAT. This PFP complex is characterized by acting on endocytic pathways and forming pores on endolysosomes, including stimulating cell macropinocytosis. In addition, cell exocytosis can be induced and/or modulated in the presence of ßγ-CAT. Depending on cell contexts and surroundings, these effects can facilitate the toad in material uptake and vesicular transport, while maintaining mucosal barrier function as well as immune defense. Based on experimental evidence, we hereby propose a secretory endolysosome channel (SELC) pathway conducted by a secreted PFP in cell endocytic and exocytic systems, with ßγ-CAT being the first example of a SELC protein. With essential roles in cell interactions and environmental adaptations, the proposed SELC protein pathway should be conserved in other living organisms.

The role of JAK/STAT signaling pathway and its inhibitors in diseases.

The JAK/STAT signaling pathway is an universally expressed intracellular signal transduction pathway and involved in many crucial biological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and immune regulation. It provides a direct mechanism for extracellular factors-regulated gene expression. Current researches on this pathway have been focusing on the inflammatory and neoplastic diseases and related drug. The mechanism of JAK/STAT signaling is relatively simple. However, the biological consequences of the pathway are complicated due to its crosstalk with other signaling pathways. In addition, there is increasing evidence indicates that the persistent activation of JAK/STAT signaling pathway is closely related to many immune and inflammatory diseases, yet the specific mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, it is necessary to study the detailed mechanisms of JAK/STAT signaling in disease formation to provide critical reference for clinical treatments of the diseases. In this review, we focus on the structure of JAKs and STATs, the JAK/STAT signaling pathway and its negative regulators, the associated diseases, and the JAK inhibitors for the clinical therapy.

Iridoids and sfingolipids from Hedyotis diffusa.

Seven new compounds were isolated from the aerial part of Hedyotis diffusa, including three iridoid glycosides, hedyoiridoidside A - C (1-3), two cerebrosides, hedyocerenoside F (4) and G (5), and two new ceramides, hedyoceramide A (6) and B (7). And six known iridoid glycosides (8-13) were also obtained. Their structures were established by their physico-chemical constants and spectroscopic analysis. The cytotoxicity of all compounds against tumor cell lines of human cervical cancer HeLa, human leukemia HL-60, human lung cancer A459, human hepatoma HepG2, human gastric gland carcinoma BCG-823, human nasopharyngeal cancer CNE-2, human colon cancer HCT15, and human prostate cancer PC-3 were also evaluated in vitro. As a result, new compound 1 exhibited evident cytotoxicity to all tumor cell lines, and the IC50 values are from 9.5µM to 28.2µM, while new compound 2 exhibited evident cytotoxicity to Hela, HL-60, A459, HepG2, BGC-823, CNE-2, and HCT15, and the IC50 values are from 15.8µM to 26.2µM. Known compound 11 also exhibited evident cytotoxicity to HL-60, A459, HepG2, BGC-823, CNE-2, and HCT15, and the IC50 values are from 16.5µM to 40.4µM. New compounds 4-7 and known compounds 12 and 13 showed moderate cytotoxicity to some tumor cell lines.