RESUMO
Over the last three decades, advances in early diagnosis of fetal anomalies, imaging and surgical techniques have led to a huge expansion in fetal surgery. A small number of specialist centres perform fetal surgery, which involves high-risk anaesthesia for the mother and fetus. The anaesthetist plays an integral role within the large multispecialty and multidisciplinary team, involved in planning and delivering care for complex surgical procedures. This article reviews three fetal surgical procedures, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, myelomeningocele repair and ex-utero intrapartum treatment for airway obstruction. The underlying fetal pathology, surgical management, anaesthetic considerations and risks for both the mother and fetus are described for each. Fundamental to this is the understanding that clear communication and collaboration between all team members is vital to ensure successful outcomes of patients, the mother and the fetus.
Assuntos
Anestésicos/administração & dosagem , Feto/cirurgia , Obstrução das Vias Respiratórias/cirurgia , Feminino , Feto/diagnóstico por imagem , Hérnias Diafragmáticas Congênitas/cirurgia , Humanos , Laringoscopia , Meningomielocele/cirurgia , Diagnóstico Pré-NatalRESUMO
The anaesthetic management and follow-up of well-characterised patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension presenting for noncardiothoracic nonobstetric surgery has rarely been described. The details of consecutive patients and perioperative complications during the period January 2000 to December 2007 were reviewed. Repeat procedures in duplicate patients were excluded. Longer term outcomes included New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, 6-min walking distance and invasive haemodynamics. A total of 28 patients were identified as having undergone major (57%) or minor surgery under general (50%) and regional anaesthesia. At the time of surgery, 75% of patients were in NYHA functional class I-II. Perioperative deaths occurred in 7%. Perioperative complications, all related to pulmonary hypertension, occurred in 29% of all patients and in 17% of those with no deaths during scheduled procedures. Most (n = 11, 92%) of the complications occurred in the first 48 h following surgery. In emergencies (n = 4), perioperative complication and death rates were higher (100 and 50%, respectively; p<0.005). Risk factors for complications were greater for emergency surgery (p<0.001), major surgery (p = 0.008) and a long operative time (193 versus 112 min; p = 0.003). No significant clinical or haemodynamic deterioration was seen in survivors at 3-6 or 12 months of post-operative follow-up. Despite optimal management in this mostly nonsevere pulmonary hypertension population, perioperative complications were common, although survivors remained stable. Emergency procedures, major surgery and long operations were associated with increased risk.
Assuntos
Anestesia Geral/mortalidade , Serviços Médicos de Emergência/estatística & dados numéricos , Hipertensão Pulmonar/mortalidade , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/mortalidade , Centro Cirúrgico Hospitalar/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Seguimentos , Insuficiência Cardíaca/mortalidade , Mortalidade Hospitalar , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of dietary supplementation with rumen protected n-6 or n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on the quantity and quality of semen from young post-pubertal dairy bulls. Pubertal Holstein-Friesian (n = 43) and Jersey (n = 7) bulls with a mean ± s.e.m. age and bodyweight of 420.1 ± 5.86 days and 382 ± 8.94 kg, respectively, were blocked on breed, weight, age and semen quality (based on the outcomes of two pre-trial ejaculates) and randomly assigned to one of three treatments: (i) a non-supplemented control (CTL, n = 15), (ii) rumen-protected safflower (SO, n = 15), (iii) rumen-protected n-3 PUFA-enriched fish oil (FO, n = 20). Bulls were fed their respective diets, ad libitum for 12 weeks; individual intakes were recorded using an electronic feeding system for the initial 6 weeks of the feeding period. Semen was collected via electro-ejaculation at weeks -2, -1, 0, 7, 10, 11 and 12 relative to the beginning of the trial period (week 0). On collection, semen volume, sperm concentration and progressive linear motility (PLM) were assessed. On weeks -2, -1, 0, 10, 11, 12, semen was packaged into 0.25 mL straws and frozen using a programmable freezer. On weeks -1, 7 and 11; a sub-sample of semen was separated into sperm and seminal plasma, by centrifugation and stored at - 20 °C until analysis of lipid composition. Semen from 10 bulls per treatment were used for post-thaw analysis at weeks 10, 11 and 12 (3 straws per ejaculate). Sperm motility was analysed by computer assisted semen analysis (CASA). In addition, membrane fluidity, acrosome reaction and oxidative stress were assessed using flow cytometry. Sperm from bulls fed SO had a 1.2 fold higher total n-6 PUFA content at week 11 compared to week -1 (P < 0.01) while bulls fed FO had a 1.3 fold higher total n-3 PUFA content, in sperm by week 11 (P < 0.01). There was no effect of diet on semen volume, concentration or PLM of sperm when assessed either immediately following collection or post-thawing. Membrane fluidity and oxidative stress of sperm were also not affected by diet. The percentage of sperm with intact-acrosomes was lower in CTL bulls compared to those fed SO (P < 0.01). In conclusion, while the lipid composition of semen was altered following dietary supplementation with either n-6 or n-3 based PUFA, this did not lead to measurable improvements in the quantity or quality of semen produced by young post-pubertal dairy bulls.
Assuntos
Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Dieta/veterinária , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-6/administração & dosagem , Sêmen/química , Espermatozoides/química , Animais , Bovinos , Criopreservação , Suplementos Nutricionais , Masculino , Análise do Sêmen , Preservação do Sêmen , Contagem de Espermatozoides , Motilidade dos EspermatozoidesRESUMO
As the global population and its demand for seafood increases more of our fish will come from aquaculture. Farmed Atlantic salmon are a global commodity and, as an oily fish, contain a rich source of the health promoting long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids. Replacing the traditional finite marine ingredients, fishmeal and fish oil, in farmed salmon diets with sustainable alternatives of terrestrial origin, devoid of EPA and DHA, presents a significant challenge for the aquaculture industry. By comparing the fatty acid composition of over 3,000 Scottish Atlantic salmon farmed between 2006 and 2015, we find that terrestrial fatty acids have significantly increased alongside a decrease in EPA and DHA levels. Consequently, the nutritional value of the final product is compromised requiring double portion sizes, as compared to 2006, in order to satisfy recommended EPA + DHA intake levels endorsed by health advisory organisations. Nevertheless, farmed Scottish salmon still delivers more EPA + DHA than most other fish species and all terrestrial livestock. Our findings highlight the global shortfall of EPA and DHA and the implications this has for the human consumer and examines the potential of microalgae and genetically modified crops as future sources of these important fatty acids.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/metabolismo , Salmo salar/metabolismo , Animais , Dieta , Pesqueiros , Qualidade dos Alimentos , Humanos , Metabolismo dos LipídeosRESUMO
The TF cell line, derived from a top predatory, carnivorous marine teleost, the turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), is known to have a limited conversion of C18 to C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). To illuminate the underlying processes, we studied the conversions of stearidonic acid, 18:4(n-3), and its elongation product, 20:4(n-3), in TF cells and also in a cell line, AS, derived from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), by adding unlabelled (25 microM), U-14C (1 microM) or deuterated (d5; 25 microM) fatty acids. Stearidonic acid, 18:4(n-3), was metabolised to 20:5(n-3) in both cells lines, but more so in AS than in TF cells. Delta5 desaturation was more active in TF cells than in AS cells, whereas C18 to C20 elongation was much reduced in TF as compared to AS cells. Only small amounts of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6(n-3)) were produced by both cell lines, although there was significant production of 22:5(n-3) in both cultures, especially when 20:4(n-3) was supplemented. We conclude that limited elongation of C18 to C20 fatty acids rather than limited fatty acyl Delta5 desaturation accounts for the limited rate of conversion of 18:3(n-3) to 20:5(n-3) in the turbot cell line, as compared to the Atlantic salmon cell line. The results can account for the known differences in conversions of C18 to C20 PUFA by the turbot and the Atlantic salmon in vivo.
Assuntos
Acetiltransferases/metabolismo , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/metabolismo , Animais , Radioisótopos de Carbono , Linhagem Celular , Dessaturase de Ácido Graxo Delta-5 , Deutério , Ácidos Graxos Dessaturases/metabolismo , Elongases de Ácidos Graxos , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/farmacologia , Linguados , Salmo salarRESUMO
Around 20% of familial cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis have been shown to carry mutations in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase 1 (Cu/Zn SOD1). Transgenic mice over-expressing human mutant SOD1 genes have been developed and in this study we examined the effect of nerve injury on disease progression in these mice. Firstly, disease progression in uninjured mice was characterised using physiological methods. Muscle force, contractile characteristics and motor unit survival was established at 90 days, an early symptomatic stage and also at the end-stage of the disease, at 130 days. In addition, muscle histochemistry was examined and the extent of motoneuron survival established morphologically. By 90 days of age, there is a significant reduction in muscle force, and nearly 40% of motoneurons within the sciatic motor pool have already died. By 130 days, the muscles are significantly weaker, and there is a dramatic change in the phenotype of extensor digitorum longus (EDL), which changes from a fast fatigable muscle, to a fatigue resistant muscle with a high oxidative capacity. By this stage of the disease, only 40% of motor units in EDL survive, with only 29% of motoneurons surviving within the sciatic motor pool. Following injury to the sciatic nerve in SOD1(G93A) mice, there is an acceleration in disease progression so that 90 day old mice show deficits that are only seen at the end stage in uninjured SOD1(G93A) mice. It is therefore possible that mutant SOD1 toxicity increases the vulnerability of motoneurons and muscles to stressful stimuli such as nerve injury.
Assuntos
Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica/fisiopatologia , Neurônios Motores/enzimologia , Degeneração Neural/fisiopatologia , Neuropatia Ciática/fisiopatologia , Estresse Fisiológico/fisiopatologia , Superóxido Dismutase/genética , Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica/enzimologia , Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica/genética , Animais , Sobrevivência Celular/genética , Denervação , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Progressão da Doença , Feminino , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Neurônios Motores/patologia , Contração Muscular/genética , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas/enzimologia , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas/patologia , Debilidade Muscular/enzimologia , Debilidade Muscular/genética , Debilidade Muscular/fisiopatologia , Atrofia Muscular/enzimologia , Atrofia Muscular/genética , Atrofia Muscular/fisiopatologia , Degeneração Neural/enzimologia , Degeneração Neural/genética , Junção Neuromuscular/enzimologia , Junção Neuromuscular/genética , Junção Neuromuscular/fisiopatologia , Neuropatia Ciática/enzimologia , Neuropatia Ciática/genética , Estresse Fisiológico/enzimologia , Estresse Fisiológico/genética , Superóxido Dismutase-1RESUMO
The replacement of fish oil (FO) with a DHA-rich Schizochytrium sp. algal meal (AM) at two inclusion levels (11% and 5.5% of diet) was tested in Atlantic salmon post-smolts compared to fish fed a FO diet of northern (NFO) or southern hemisphere (SFO) origin. Fish were preconditioned prior to the 19-week experimental feeding period to reduce long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) and persistent organic pollutant levels (POPs). Dietary POP levels differed significantly between treatments in the order of NFO>SFO>11 AM/5.5 AM and were subsequently reflected in the flesh. Fish fed the 11 AM diet contained similar DHA levels (g 100 g(-1) flesh) to FO-fed fish, despite percentage differences. However, the low levels of EPA in the diets and flesh of algal-fed fish compromised the overall nutritional value to the final consumer. Nevertheless, further developments in microalgae culture offer a promising alternative lipid source of LC-PUFA to FO in salmon feeds that warrants further investigation.
Assuntos
Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos/administração & dosagem , Óleos de Peixe/administração & dosagem , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Microalgas/química , Salmo salar , Alimentos Marinhos/análise , Poluentes da Água/análise , Animais , Dieta/veterinária , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/administração & dosagem , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/análise , Exposição Ambiental/análise , Valor Nutritivo , Controle de Qualidade , Estramenópilas/químicaRESUMO
Following nerve injury in neonatal rats, a large proportion of motoneurons die, possibly as a consequence of an increase in vulnerability to the excitotoxic effects of glutamate. Calcium-dependent glutamate excitotoxicity is thought to play a significant role not only in injury-induced motoneuron death, but also in motoneuron degeneration in diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Motoneurons are particularly vulnerable to calcium influx following glutamate receptor activation, as they lack a number of calcium binding proteins, such as calbindin-D(28k) and parvalbumin. Therefore, it is possible that increasing the ability of motoneurons to buffer intracellular calcium may protect them from cell death and prevent the decline in motor function that usually occurs as a consequence of motoneuron loss. In this study we have tested this possibility by examining the effect of neonatal axotomy on motoneuron survival and muscle force production in normal and transgenic mice that over-express parvalbumin in their motoneurons.The sciatic nerve was crushed in one hindlimb of new-born transgenic and wildtype mice. The effect on motoneuron survival was assessed 8 weeks later by retrograde labelling of motoneurons innervating the tibialis anterior muscle. Following nerve injury in wildtype mice, only 20.2% (+/-2.2, S.E.M.; n=4) of injured motoneurons survive long term compared with 47.2% (+/-4.4, S.E.M.; n=4) in parvalbumin over-expressing mice. Surprisingly, this dramatic increase in motoneuron survival was not reflected in a significant improvement in muscle function, since 8 weeks after injury there was no improvement in either maximal twitch and tetanic force, or muscle weights.Thus, inducing spinal motoneurons to express parvalbumin protects a large proportion of motoneurons from injury-induced cell death, but this is not sufficient to restore muscle function.
Assuntos
Neurônios Motores/patologia , Músculo Esquelético/fisiopatologia , Parvalbuminas/biossíntese , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Morte Celular , Feminino , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Neurônios Motores/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/inervação , Compressão Nervosa , Degeneração Neural , Regeneração Nervosa , Parvalbuminas/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica , Nervo Isquiático/fisiologia , Medula Espinal/metabolismo , Medula Espinal/patologiaRESUMO
The desaturation of [1-(14)C] 18:3n-3 to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) is enhanced in an essential fatty acid deficient cell line (EPC-EFAD) in comparison with the parent cell line (EPC) from carp. In the present study, the effects of DHA on lipid and fatty acid compositions, and the metabolism of [1-(14)C]18:3n-3 were investigated in EPC-EFAD cells in comparison with EPC cells. DHA supplementation had only relatively minor effects on lipid content and lipid class compositions in both EPC and EPC-EFAD cells, but significantly increased the amount of DHA, 22:5n-3, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3), total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), total PUFA and saturated fatty acids in total lipid and total polar lipid in both cell lines. Retroconversion of supplemental DHA to EPA was significantly greater in EPC cells. Monounsaturated fatty acids, n-9 and n-6PUFA were all decreased in total lipid and total polar lipid in both cell lines by DHA supplementation. The incorporation of [1-(14)C]18:3n-3 was greater into EPC-EFAD compared to EPC cells but DHA had no effect on the incorporation of [1-(14)C]18:3n-3 in either cell line. In contrast, the conversion of [1-(14)C]18:3n-3 to tetraenes, pentaenes and total desaturation products was similar in the two cell lines and was significantly reduced by DHA supplementation in both cell lines. However, the production of DHA from [1-(14)C]18:3n-3 was significantly greater in EPC-EFAD cells compared to EPC cells and, whereas DHA supplementation had no effect on the production of DHA from [1-(14)C]18:3n-3 in EPC cells, DHA supplementation significantly reduced the production of DHA from [1-(14)C] 18:3n-3 in EPC-EFAD cells. Greater production of DHA in EPC-EFAD cells could be a direct result of significantly lower levels of end-product DHA in these cells' lipids compared to EPC cells. Consistent with this, the suppression of DHA production upon DHA supplementation was associated with increased cellular and membrane DHA concentrations in EPC-EFAD cells. However, an increase in cellular DHA content to similar levels failed to suppress DHA production in DHA-supplemented EPC cells. A possible explanation is that greatly increased levels of EPA, derived from retroconversion of the added DHA, acts to offset the suppression of the pathway by DHA by stimulating conversion of EPA to DHA in DHA-supplemented EPC cells.
Assuntos
Suplementos Nutricionais , Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos/farmacologia , Ácidos Graxos Essenciais/deficiência , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Animais , Radioisótopos de Carbono , Carpas , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/análise , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/metabolismo , Células Tumorais Cultivadas , Ácido alfa-Linolênico/metabolismoRESUMO
Recently we reported the development of a fish cell line, EPC-EFAD, derived from the carp (Cyprinus carpio) epithelial papilloma line, EPC, that could survive and proliferate in essential fatty acid-deficient (EFAD) medium. The EPC-EFAD cell line may be a useful model system in which to study the cellular biochemical effects of EFA deficiency and has advantages in studies of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and eicosanoid metabolism in fish in that the complications introduced by culture in relatively n-6 PUFA-rich mammalian sera are removed. In the present study, the effects on cell proliferation rate of supplementing EPC-EFAD cells with various n-3 and n-6 PUFA were investigated to determine the possible role(s) of PUFA in cell growth and division. The selectivity of incorporation of specific PUFA into individual glycerophospholipid classes and the feasibility of reproducing in vivo fatty acid compositions in vitro were also investigated. Proliferation of the EPC-EFAD cell line was stimulated by arachidonic (20:4 n-6), eicosapentaenoic (20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic (22:6 n-3) fatty acids but not by 18:2 n-6 or 18:3 n-3. The differential effects of PUFA on cellular proliferation may be related to the lack of significant delta 5 desaturase activity in the cells at 22 degrees C and may implicate a role for eicosanoids in the mechanism of stimulation of proliferation. PUFA supplementation increased the cytotoxic effects of longer term culture, an effect that was partly alleviated by inclusion of vitamin E in the culture medium. The cells could generally be supplemented with PUFA to produce cellular fatty acid compositions in vitro that were similar to in vivo compositions.
Assuntos
Carpas , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/farmacologia , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/farmacologia , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Papiloma/metabolismo , Animais , Divisão Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Ácidos Graxos/química , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-6 , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/metabolismo , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Lipídeos/química , Papiloma/tratamento farmacológico , Papiloma/patologia , Fosfolipídeos/química , Fosfolipídeos/metabolismo , Células Tumorais CultivadasRESUMO
Levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5, n-3) greatly exceed those of arachidonic acid (AA; 20:4, n-6) in the tissue phospholipids of most fish species. Despite this, it is 20:4, n-6-derived eicosanoids that are produced predominantly in fish cells. The development of an essential fatty acid (EFA)-deficient fish cell line would greatly assist the study of this selectivity and so several fish cell lines were cultured in EFA-deficient (EFAD) media. All n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and total PUFA were considerably reduced in all lines, except turbot fin (TF) in which total n-9 PUFA doubled from 13.8% to 27.5% of total fatty acids. In the topminnow hepatocarcinoma cell line (PLHC-1), there was almost complete depletion of both n-3 and n-6 PUFA and in TF cells, no n-3 PUFA were detected. In the carp epithelial papilloma cell line (EPC), both n-6 and n-3 PUFA were reduced by approximately 70%. The reduced PUFA in cells cultured in EFAD media was compensated to a large extent in most cell lines by significantly increased percentages of monounsaturated fatty acids, particularly 18:1, n-9. Total n-9 PUFA were significantly increased in all cell lines by culture in EFAD media, with 20:2, n-9 significantly increased in all cell lines. There were relatively small increases, but often significant, in 20:3, n-9 in all cell lines. Of the cell lines investigated, only EPC and PLHC-1 showed proliferation after four passages in EFAD medium, although the growth rates were reduced in comparison with media supplemented with serum, but EPC was the only cell line able to survive and proliferate in long-term culture on EFAD medium. The EFAD-EPC line is a potentially useful model system for the study of the effects of EFA deficiency on cell structure and function and eicosanoid metabolism in fish.
Assuntos
Ácidos Graxos Essenciais/deficiência , Peixes , Modelos Biológicos , Animais , Carpas , Divisão Celular , Linhagem Celular , Sobrevivência Celular , Meios de Cultura , Cyprinidae , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/análise , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-6 , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/análise , Linguados , Lipídeos/análise , Neoplasias Hepáticas Experimentais , Papiloma , Salmão , Células Tumorais CultivadasRESUMO
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) post-smolts were fed practical-type diets in which the lipid was supplied either as fish oil (FO), sunflower oil (SFO) or linseed oil (LO) for 12 weeks. In general, the heart phospholipids from SFO-fed fish had increased 18:2n-6, 20:2n-6, 20:3n-6 and 20:4n-6 but decreased 20:5n-3 compared to both other dietary treatments. This was reflected in a decreased n-3/n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio and an increased 20:4n-6/20:5n-3 or eicosanoid precursor ratio in SFO-fed fish. While heart phospholipids of fish fed LO had increased levels of 18:2n-6, 20:2n-6 and 20:3n-6 compared to fish fed FO, 20:4n-6 levels were reduced, although only significantly in phosphatidylcholine (PC). Dietary-induced changes in phospholipid fatty acid compositions of blood leucocytes were similar to those in heart, although fish fed LO had increased 20:5n-3 compared to fish fed FO. Thromboxane B2 (TXB2) produced by stimulated blood cells was reduced in fish fed LO compared to those fed SFO. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production was reduced in LO-fed fish compared to both other dietary treatments. Fish fed LO had reduced PC in heart membranes compared to the other two dietary treatments, resulting in a ratio of PC:PE (phosphatidylethanolamine) less than unity. Fish fed SFO developed a marked cardiac histopathology which, while present in FO-fed fish albeit in a less severe form, was virtually absent in fish fed LO. Fish fed SFO had increased heart phospholipase A activity compared to those given either FO or LO.
Assuntos
Gorduras na Dieta/farmacologia , Óleos de Peixe/farmacologia , Óleo de Semente do Linho/farmacologia , Miocárdio/metabolismo , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologia , Animais , Dinoprostona/biossíntese , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Miocárdio/enzimologia , Miocárdio/patologia , Fosfolipases A/metabolismo , Fosfolipídeos/metabolismo , Salmão , Óleo de Girassol , Tromboxano B2/biossínteseRESUMO
The fatty acid compositions of red blood cell (RBC) phospholipids from a patient with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) had reduced percentages of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) compared to control samples. The percentage of HUFA in the RBC from the autistic patient was dramatically reduced (up to 70%) when the sample was stored for 6 weeks at -20 degrees C. However, only minor HUFA reductions were recorded in control samples stored similarly, or when the autistic sample was stored at -80 degrees C. A similar instability in RBC HUFA compositions upon storage at -20 degrees C has been recorded in schizophrenic patients. In a number of other neurodevelopmental conditions, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and dyslexia, reduced concentrations of RBC HUFA have been recorded. The extent and nature of these aberrations require further assessment to determine a possible common biochemical origin of neurodevelopmental disorders in general. To facilitate this, a large scale assessment of RBC fatty acid compositions in patients with ASD, and related disorders, should be performed as a matter of urgency. Supplementing cells in culture with the tryptophan metabolite indole acrylic acid (IAA) affected the levels of cellular HUFA and prostaglandin production. Indole acroyl glycine (IAG), a metabolite of IAA excreted in urine, is found in high concentrations in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders including ASD, ADHD, dyslexia, Asperger's syndrome and obsessive compulsive disorder.
Assuntos
Transtorno Autístico/sangue , Eritrócitos/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/sangue , Ácidos Graxos/sangue , Lipídeos de Membrana/sangue , Síndrome de Asperger/sangue , Transtorno Autístico/etiologia , Células Epiteliais/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Indóis/farmacologia , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/sangue , Transtornos Mentais/diagnóstico , Transtornos Mentais/etiologia , Prostaglandinas E/metabolismo , Triptofano/metabolismoRESUMO
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) post-smolts were fed diets containing either Fosol (FO), a North Sea fish oil, sunflower oil (SO), linseed oil (LO) or Marinol K (MO), a southern hemisphere fish oil rich in 20:5(n-3) for 12 weeks. A macrophage-enriched leucocyte preparation was obtained from head kidney and the fatty acid compositions of the individual membrane phospholipids measured. In general phospholipids from SO- and LO-fed fish had increased 18:2(n-6), 20:2(n-6) and 20:3(n-6) compared to the fish oil treatments while LO-fed fish had lower 20:4(n-6) than any other dietary treatment. Fish fed LO also had increased 18:3(n-3), 18:4(n-3), 20:3(n-3) and 20:4(n-3). The 20:5(n-3) content of kidney macrophage-enriched leucocyte phospholipids was highest in MO-fed fish followed by FO- and LO-fed fish with the lowest level in fish fed SO. The overall effect on the ratio of eicosanoid precursors, 20:4/20:5, showed the highest value in SO-fed fish and the lowest in fish fed LO. Production of LTB5 by kidney macrophage-enriched leucocytes stimulated with A23187 was highest in MO-fed fish and lowest in those fed SO. Production of LTB4 was greatest in SO-fed fish and lowest in fish fed LO. Serum Ig levels were significantly affected by dietary treatment with highest values in fish fed FO and SO and lowest in fish fed MO and LO.
Assuntos
Dieta , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Imunidade/imunologia , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Salmão/metabolismo , Animais , Anticorpos/sangue , Eicosanoides/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos/química , Óleos de Peixe , Rim/química , Rim/metabolismo , Leucotrienos/metabolismo , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Fosfolipídeos/química , Fosfolipídeos/metabolismo , Óleos de Plantas , Prostaglandinas/química , Prostaglandinas/metabolismoRESUMO
A health questionnaire based on parental observations of clinical signs of fatty acid deficiency (FAD) showed that patients with autism and Asperger's syndrome (ASP) had significantly higher FAD scores (6.34+/-4.37 and 7.64+/-6.20, respectively) compared to controls (1.78+/-1.68). Patients with regressive autism had significantly higher percentages of 18:0,18:2n-6 and total saturates in their RBC membranes compared to controls, while 24:0, 22:5n-6, 24:1 and the 20:4n-6/20:5n-3 ratio were significantly higher in both regressive autism and ASP groups compared to controls. By comparison, the 18:1n-9 and 20:4n-6 values were significantly lower in patients with regressive autism compared to controls while 22:5n-3, total n-3 and total dimethyl acetals were significantly lower in both regressive autism and ASP groups compared to controls. Storage of RBC at -20 degrees C for 6 weeks resulted in significant reductions in highly unsaturated fatty acid levels in polar lipids of patients with regressive autism, compared to patients with classical autism or ASP, or controls. Patients diagnosed with both autism and ASP showed significantly increased levels of EPA ( approximately 200%) and DHA ( approximately 40%), and significantly reduced levels of ARA ( approximately 20%), 20:3n-6 and ARA/EPA ratio in their RBC polar lipids, when supplemented with EPA-rich fish oils, compared to controls and non-supplemented patients with autism. Patients with both regressive autism and classical autism/Asperger's syndrome had significantly higher concentrations of RBC type IV phospholipase A2 compared to controls. However, patients with autism/ASP, who had taken EPA supplements, had significantly reduced PLA2 concentrations compared to unsupplemented patients with classical autism or ASP.
Assuntos
Síndrome de Asperger/metabolismo , Transtorno Autístico/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos Essenciais/metabolismo , Fosfolipases A/metabolismo , Síndrome de Asperger/tratamento farmacológico , Síndrome de Asperger/enzimologia , Transtorno Autístico/tratamento farmacológico , Transtorno Autístico/enzimologia , Inglaterra , Membrana Eritrocítica/metabolismo , Eritrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Eritrócitos/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos Essenciais/deficiência , Ácidos Graxos Essenciais/farmacologia , Óleos de Peixe/farmacologia , Humanos , Fosfolipases A2 , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
The desaturation and elongation of [1-(14)C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes from different populations and three different species of salmonids indigenous to Scotland, brown trout, Atlantic salmon and Arctic charr. Two groups of fish were sampled, before and after they were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil and a diet containing vegetable oil (a 1:1 blend of linseed and rapeseed oils) for 12 weeks. At each sampling time, fatty acyl desaturation and elongation activity was determined in isolated hepatocytes, and samples of liver were also collected for lipid compositional analysis. At the initiation of the dietary trial, the liver polar-lipid fatty acid compositions of salmon and brown trout were very similar to each other, and the two charr populations were similar to each other, having lower total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and 22:6n-3, but higher 20:5n-3 than the other salmonids. Initially, hepatocyte desaturation activity varied, with the highest activity in brown trout, followed by salmon and then charr. Production of 20:5n-3 was particularly high in brown trout. Desaturation of [1-(14)C]18:3n-3 was significantly greater in all fish fed the diet containing vegetable oil compared to fish fed the diet containing fish oil. The increase in activity was less in brown trout compared to the other groups of fish. Feeding the vegetable oil diet increased the levels of 18:2n-6, 20:3n-6, total n-6 PUFA, 18:3n-3, 18:4n-3, 20:3n-3 and 20:4n-3, and decreased 22:6n-3 and the n-3/n-6 ratio in salmon and brown trout. By contrast, in charr fed the vegetable oil diet, there was no increase in 18:3n-3, 18:4n-3, 20:3n-3 or 20:4n-3 in liver polar lipids and the level of 22:6n-3 was not decreased. In addition, there was only a modest increase in the levels of 18:2n-6 and total n-6 PUFA, and so the n-3/n-6 ratio was only slightly decreased. The percentage of 20:4n-6, which was not increased in salmon and brown trout fed vegetable oil, was increased in charr fed the vegetable oil diet. Overall, the results indicated that there were significant differences in liver PUFA metabolism between Arctic charr and the other salmonids, which could have important consequences, both physiologically and in their ability to be successfully cultured on diets containing vegetable oils.
Assuntos
Gorduras na Dieta/farmacologia , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/metabolismo , Fígado/metabolismo , Salmonidae/metabolismo , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Cromatografia Gasosa , Cromatografia em Camada Fina , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/análise , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-6 , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/análise , Óleos de Peixe/administração & dosagem , Óleos de Peixe/farmacologia , Fígado/química , Fígado/citologia , Óleos de Plantas/administração & dosagem , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Ethanolamine glycerophospholipids from the brains of both trout and cod comprised 36-38% of 1-O-alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl-glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPE) determined using two methods. In 1-O-alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl-GPE from trout brain, the main molecular species were 18â¶1a/18â¶1, 18â¶0a/18â¶1 and 16â¶0a/18â¶1, which totalled 63.3%, while polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) containing species totalled only 18.2%. 1-O-Alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl-GPE from cod brain was much more unsaturated with PUFA containing species totalling 52.6%, of which 18â¶0a/20â¶5n-3, 18â¶1a/20â¶5n-3 and 18â¶1a/22â¶6n-3 were predominant. In cod 18â¶1a/18â¶1, 18â¶0a/18â¶1 and 16â¶0a/18â¶1 were the only other species present at over 5% each, totalling 31.8%. In both cod and trout, small amounts of species containing 22â¶4n-6 were found. The results of this and earlier studies indicate that there is considerable specificity of composition at the level of molecular species between different lipid classes and subclasses.
RESUMO
The molecular species compositions of the main diacyl phosphoglyceride classes and ether-linked subclasses from sperm of three species of fish, sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax, Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and Chinook salmon Onchorhynchus tsawytscha, were determined. The phospholipids from sperm were highly unsaturated, dipolyunsaturated fatty acid (diPUFA) molecular species comprised 64.6 to 71.8% of phosphatidylserine (PS), 10.1 to 17.4% of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and 3.3 to 10.1% of phosphatidylcholine (PC). In sea bass sperm, di22:6n-3 phospholipid was the predominant diPUFA molecular species, but in both salmon species 22:5n-3/22:6n-3 was also a major constituent of PS. Phospholipids containing 22:6n-3 dominated in sea bass sperm with 16:0/22:6n-3 as a major component of PC and PE, and 18:0/22:6n-3 of PE and PS in addition to di22:6n-3 in the latter two classes. In contrast, both salmon species contained much more 20:5n-3 and less 22:6n-3 so that saturated/20:5n-3 and monounsaturated/20:5n-3 molecular species were more abundant than the corresponding molecules containing 22:6n-3. Ether-linked lipids comprised 11.3-36.3% of choline and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides in each fish species. Molecular species containing 22:6n-3 were the major components of 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-glycerophosphocholine, especially 16:0a/22:6n-3 in sea bass and 18:1a/22:6n-3 in the two salmon species, while in 1-O-alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl-glycerophosphoethanolamine, 16:0a/22:6n-3 was the major component in both salmon and 18:0a/22:6n-3 in sea bass with 18:1a/22:6n-3 abundant in all three species. In Atlantic salmon 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-glycerophosphoethanolamine comprised 24.6% of ethanolamine glycerophospholipids which were predominantly 16:0a/22:6n-3 and 18:1a/22:6n-3. Phosphatidylinositol from sperm was dominated by stearoyl/C20 PUFA molecular species, in sea bass overwhelmingly 18:0/20:4n-6, while in both salmon species 18:0/20:4n-6 and 18:0/20:5n-3 were equally abundant.
Assuntos
Fosfatidilserinas/análise , Fosfolipídeos/química , Espermatozoides/química , Animais , Bass , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Cromatografia em Camada Fina , Masculino , Salmão , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
The sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris (Gmelin) (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) was shown by using a deuterated tracer (D5-18:3n-3) and quantitation by negative chemical ionization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to convert 18:3n-3 to 20:5n-3. The rate of conversion was very slow, corresponding to 0.09 microg/g tissue/mg 18:3n-3 eaten over 14 d. Deuterated arachidonic acid (D8-20:4n-6) was also included in the diet to give a measure of the relative amounts of diet eaten by the different animals. The recovery of this fatty acid in tissue lipids was 33.7% compared with only 0.95% recovery of D5-18:3n-3 and its anabolites, indicating that the majority of the D5-tracer was catabolized. Considerable elongation of D5-18:3n-3 into 20:3n-3 and a trace of 22:3n-3 was found, and these were accompanied by minor amounts of the intermediates 18:4n-3 and 20:4n-3. No deuterated 22:6n-3 was found.
Assuntos
Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/biossíntese , Ouriços-do-Mar/metabolismo , Animais , Deutério , Ácidos Graxos Dessaturases/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de MassasRESUMO
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) weighing ca. 5 g and previously acclimated for 8 wk on a diet comprising vegetable oil (11%), fish meal (5%), and casein (48%) as the major constituents were fed a pulse of diet containing deuterated (D5) (17,17,18,18,18)-18:3n-3 ethyl ester. The synthesis and tissue distribution of D5-22:6n-3 was determined 3, 7, 14, 24, and 35 d after the pulse. The whole-body accumulation of D5-22:6n-3 was linear over the first 7 d, corresponding to a rate of 0.54 +/- 0.12 microg D5-22:6n-3/g fish/mg D5-18:3n-3 eaten/d. Maximal accretion of D5-22:6n-3 was 4.3 +/- 1.2 microg/g fish/mg of D5-18:3n-3 eaten after 14 d. The amount of D5-22:6n-3 peaked in liver at day 7, in brain and eyes at day 24, and plateaued after day 14 in visceral and eye socket adipose tissue and in the whole fish. The majority of D5-22:6n-3 was found in the carcass (remaining tissues minus the above tissues analyzed separately) at all times. On a per milligram lipid basis, liver and eyes had the highest concentration of D5-22:6n-3. The experimental diet also contained 21:4n-6 ethyl ester as a marker to estimate the amount of food eaten by individual fish. From such estimates it was calculated that the great majority of the D5-tracer was catabolized, with the combined recovery of D5-18:3n-3 plus D5-22:6n-3 being 2.6%. The recovery of 21:4n-6 was 57.6%. The concentration of 22:6n-3 in the fish decreased during the 13-wk period, and the amount of 22:6n-3 synthesized from 18:3n-3 was only about 5% of that obtained directly from the fish meal in the diet.