[Evaluation of CT guided cervical epidural injections in patients with mechanical cervicobrachial neuralgia]. / Evaluation des infiltrations épidurales cervicales sous contrôle tomodensitométrique dans le traitement des névralgies cervico-brachiales mécaniques.

PURPOSE: Prospective study evaluating the efficacy and tolerability of CT guided cervical epidural injections for mechanical cervicobrachial neuralgia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between July 2003 and August 2004, 34 patients (16 females, 18 males) with mean age of 44.5 years were enrolled. Enrollment criteria included mechanical cervicobrachial neuralgia of more than 1 month's duration, refractory to medical management, with good correlation between clinical and imaging findings. An evaluation using the Neck Pain Disability Score (NPDS) and associated Secondary criteria was performed by a single observer at day 0, day 30 and day 90. The injections were performed under CT guidance. RESULTS: The symptomatic efficacy of CT guided injections at 3 months was 45% using the NPDS, 47.1% using an analog pain scale, and 58.8% as graded by patients (effective/very effective). Tolerability was excellent (55.9%), moderate (41.2%) and poor (2.9%). CONCLUSION: CT guided cervical epidural injections appear effective and well-tolerated. A blinded randomized study could validate its value. However, a study comparing steroids and placebo raises ethical concerns.

["Méta-analyse": a web-based tool for research and analysis of radiology papers]. / "Méta-analyse" : un outil de recherche et d'analyse d'articles de radiologie sur le web.

Finding articles providing answers to specific clinical questions is greatly facilitated by the availability of indexed Medline abstracts using the Pubmed search engine. Nonetheless, the large number of references sometimes requires a time-consuming review of multiple abstracts. In order to streamline the search process, we have created a tool facilitating the search and review of these abstracts. We present here this tool named "Méta-analyse".

[Computerizing the radiological sign]. / L'informatisation du signe radiologique.

The goal of this article is to present to the radiologist the different theories of the sign and their consequences for sign representation in computer systems. All the theories of the sign are presented, but the most relevant are highlighted in order to explain the great modeling systems currently in use (such as DICOM-SR or the UMLS). The constructivist approach of the notion of disease, the semiosis process, which starting from signs produces new signs, and the structuralist analysis of sign through language are emphasized. The purpose of this analysis is to end up with a consensual representation of the sign that can be understood by human beings and processed by machines. Such a representation, also known as an ontology, is based on a semantic organization of language, thus allowing medicine to become a truly scientific discipline. It aims at disambiguating the symbols given to machines, which will help us in our reasoning.

[Diffusion weighted MRI of spine tumors]. / Evaluation de la diffusion dans la pathologie tumorale rachidienne.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the contribution of diffusion weighted MR imaging in malignant spine pathology. Materials and methods. Between February 2004 and January 2005, 49 patients (43 to 86 years old) were included. Three groups were made: osteoporotic collapses (n = 13), malignant collapses (n = 15) and malignant spine lesions (n = 21). The MRI (Symphony 1.5T) allowed SENSE imaging. After conventional MRI examination (T1, T2 fat sat, T1 with Gadolinium), all patients underwent diffusion weighted imaging (Spin Echo) with variable b values: 0, 250, 500, 750 and 1000. The diffusion sequence lasted 2 min 29 s. The Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) was calculated automatically. The analysis was qualitative (signal study b = 1,000 mm2/s) and quantitative (ADC measurement). RESULTS: The image quality was good except for some cervical examinations. Qualitative analysis did not show a difference between benign and malignant lesions. Quantitative results are: malignant spine lesion (mean ADC = 0.826 10-3 s/mm2), malignant spinal collapses (mean ADC = 0.912 10-3 s/mm2) and benign spinal collapses (mean ADC = 1.497 10-3 s/mm2). There was overlapping results between benign and malignant lesion. The statistical study showed a significant difference (t test with p < 1/10 000). For an ADC threshold value of 1.089 (malignant lesion ADC < 1.089), ROC curve showed a specificity = 80% and a sensitivity = 83.3%. CONCLUSION: Performing diffusion weighted imaging of the spine is easy with new MR technology. The ADC measurement of spine lesion provides important additional information, but does not serve as a substitute for the routine MRI sequences. In the future, it could become an important point in this difficult diagnosis.

[Synovial biopsy under US guidance: technical considerations and results]. / Technique et évaluation du guidage échographique pour la réalisation de biopsies synoviales.

PURPOSE: To describe and assess ultrasound (US) guided biopsy of peripheral joint synovial membrane. METHOD: Between January 2002 and January 2005, 83 patients have undergone biopsies of synovial membrane performed under ultrasonographic guidance, as a diagnostic procedure for monoarthritis of unknown etiology. After synovial thickening was confirmed by US examination, the optimal approach to the joint was decided in accordance with maximal synovial thickening localization and adjacent anatomic structures. The absence of complications related to the biopsy was verified by continuous ultrasonographic scanning during and immediately after the procedure. The procedure was rated as successful if synovial tissue was identified by histologic examination of the biopsy specimen. Success rate of the procedure was compared to the fluoroscopic guided biopsy success rate that was formely published in medical literature. RESULTS: Synovial tissue was obtained in 78 cases (94%) (shoulder (100%), elbow (75%), wrist (85.7%), hip (88.2%), knee (97%), ankle (100%). No complication occurred. CONCLUSION: US guided biopsy of peripheral joint synovial membrane is a safe and effective technique that has multiple advantages compared to fluoroscopic guided procedure.

What type of imaging work-up will help to confirm the diagnosis of gossypiboma in the limb? Review of literature.

UNLABELLED: Gossypiboma imaging features are not well known and are often confused with soft tissue tumours. Publications on this topic mainly consist of case reports and small cohorts. Its appearance on various imaging modalities is not well defined. This led us to carry out a review of literature to determine specifically: (1) which imaging modalities should be used in cases of suspected gossypiboma, (2) what are the most common imaging findings that contribute to the diagnosis of gossypiboma. An exhaustive review of literature was carried out in June 2015 in the Medline, PubMed and Cochrane databases using the keywords "gossypiboma/textiloma/foreign body". We found 205 articles describing one or multiple cases of gossypiboma in various locations. Of these, the 32 articles that had imaging data were chosen - 16 for the limbs and 16 for other locations. The type of imaging carried out, description of the gossypiboma and circumstances of the discovery and occurrence were recorded. Descriptive statistics were generated to define the type of imaging used and the various findings. Imaging consisted of X-rays in 21/32 cases (66%), computed tomography (CT) in 14/32 cases (43%), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 21/32 cases (65%) and ultrasonography in 14/32 cases (43%). On X-rays, bone involvement was found in 9/15 cases (60%); there was peripheral contrast product uptake on the CT scans in 9/14 cases (64%), a hypointense signal on T1-weighted sequences on MRI in 6/13 cases (46%) and lack of vascularisation in 8/13 cases (62%) and a acoustic shadow on ultrasonography in 9/14 cases (64%). In a patient presenting with a soft tissue lump and history of surgery, an imaging work-up including X-rays, ultrasonography and MRI must be performed. Bone involvement on X-rays, acoustic shadowing on ultrasonography and hypointense signal on T1-weighted MRI sequences with lack of vascularisation in combination with a history of surgery can bring up the possibility of gossypiboma. If there is a possibility of soft tissue tumour, the case should be discussed in a multidisciplinary meeting and a biopsy should be performed first. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV - systematic analysis of published retrospective studies.

Monitoring incident report in the healthcare process to improve quality in hospitals.

Healthcare organizations are facing growing pressures to adopt intelligent technology to promote quality and safety care in public and private hospitals. In 2000, the Institute of Medicine report also indicated that an estimated 44,000 to 98,000 Americans die annually as a result of preventable medical errors and it appears that information management in hospitals can help the organization to improve the quality level. This paper aims to present an experience in the management of events not compliant with the best practice by monitoring these events in a hospital. We used ISO standard to implement general quality process and quality management. This project consists in proposing the possibility of declaring different dysfunctions and incidents by a simple form integrated into the intranet services of the hospital for the medical, nursing and administrative staff. This should lead to quality management of the medical units.

[Vertebral trabecular network analysis on CT images]. / Analyse de la trame osseuse vertébrale sur coupes scanographiques.

PURPOSE: Comparing texture analysis, density measurement and visual quantification of trabecular network on spine CT images, to better evaluate bone architecture in osteoporosis. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Seventeen patients, aged 19 to 84 years, were included. One patient presented osteoporotic fractures. High resolution computed tomographic (HR-CT) images of the third lumbar vertebra were acquired using a Somatom 4 plus CT (Siemens) in a strict axial orientation with FOV of 12 cm and slice thickness of 1 mm. The size of the Region Of Interest was 1,6 cm(2). Three analyses were performed on this ROI: Density (in Hounsfield Unity), texture analysis (run length) and features inspired from bone histomorphometry (Bone Volume/Tissue Volume). RESULTS: Density measurement, run length methods and BV/TV provided consistent results with regards to age. Indeed density, run length and BV/TV results were lower for older patients with more advanced bone trabeculra alterations. CONCLUSION: Only BV/TV and run length parameters seemed to show additional information on trabecular network architecture. The contribution of these two measurements to diagnose and classify osteoporosis will be the goal of a clinical study.

[Periosteal hemangioma of the distal humeral: case report and review of the literature]. / Hémangiome sous périosté de l'extrémité inférieure de l'humérus. Description d'un cas et revue de la littérature.

The authors report a case of periosteal cavernous hemangioma of the distal humeral. They describe the imaging findings of hemangiomas of long tubular bones and discuss their differential diagnosis.

Randomized controlled trial for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein thrombosis: intra-arterial iodine-131-iodized oil versus medical support.

UNLABELLED: Portal vein thrombosis is a poor prognostic factor in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and a contraindication for chemoembolization. Intra-arterial injection of 131I-iodized oil which does not modify arterial flow, is feasible in this condition. The aim of this prospective randomized controlled trial was to compare the efficacy of treatment with radiolabeled oil (treated group) versus medical support (control group) in patients with stage I or II HCC (classification of Okuda) with portal vein thrombosis. METHODS: Twenty-seven HCC patients (26 males, 1 female), aged 53-79 yr, with portal vein thrombosis were randomly assigned to Lipiocis group (n = 14) or Control group (n = 13). Additional injections of radiolabeled oil were given 2, 5, 8 and 12 mo after initial therapy. Medical support treatment consisted of: tamoxifen (n = 5), 5 FU intravenously (n = 1), NSAIDs or corticosteroids (n = 5). Efficacy was evaluated according to survival rate (Kaplan-Meier method; log rank test), AFP serum values (measured at 2, 5, 8 and 12 mo) and angiography. RESULTS: The two groups were comparable (Child's classification, Okuda's classification, liver function tests, location of the thrombus). Tolerance was excellent in the Treated group. The actuarial survival curves were significantly different (p < 0.01) between the two groups, the survival rates (Cl 95%) at 3, 6 and 9 mo being 71% (48%-95%), 48% (12%-55%), 7% (1%-31%) for the Treated group; and 10% (1%-33%), 0% and 0% for the Control group. CONCLUSION: Intra-arterial hepatic injection of 131I-labeled iodized oil is a safe and effective palliative treatment of HCC with portal vein thrombosis.

Slice simulation from a model of the parenchymous vascularization to evaluate texture features: work in progress.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate the usefulness of a model of the parenchymous vascularization to evaluate texture analysis methods. METHODS: Slices with thickness varying from 1 to 4 mm were reformatted from a 3D vascular model corresponding to either normal tissue perfusion or local hypervascularization. Parameters of statistical methods were measured on 16128x128 regions of interest, and mean values and standard deviation were calculated. For each parameter, the performances (discrimination power and stability) were evaluated. RESULTS: Among 11 calculated statistical parameters, three (homogeneity, entropy, mean of gradients) were found to have a good discriminating power to differentiate normal perfusion from hypervascularization, but only the gradient mean was found to have a good stability with respect to the thickness. Five parameters (run percentage, run length distribution, long run emphasis, contrast, and gray level distribution) were found to have intermediate results. In the remaining three, curtosis and correlation was found to have little discrimination power, skewness none. CONCLUSION: This 3D vascular model, which allows the generation of various examples of vascular textures, is a powerful tool to assess the performance of texture analysis methods. This improves our knowledge of the methods and should contribute to their a priori choice when designing clinical studies.

Modeling of the parenchymous vascularization and perfusion.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The authors sought to create a realistic model of the parenchymous vascularization and perfusion. METHODS: A three-dimensional vascular model has been developed that reproduces the growth process of a vascular tree (angiogenesis). This model follows physical laws related to blood flow in vessels (Poiseuille's law), takes into account anatomic constraints, and optimizes a cost function related to the blood volume. RESULTS: Vascular trees, the ramifications of which go from main arteries to small arterioles, were simulated. Vascular structures corresponding to either a normal tissue perfusion or an abnormal perfusion (for example, a local hypervascularization) were presented in three dimensions (volume rendering). Geometric and hemodynamic characteristics computed on these trees were consistent with those of real data found in the literature. The vascular model is also a good tool for studying the propagation of the contrast product in normal and abnormal vessels. CONCLUSIONS: The three-dimensional vascular model presented in this article provides insight into the simulation and the understanding of anatomic or physiologic vascular modifications.

Limitations of hyperselective intraarterial injections for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

The authors report the case of a cirrhotic patient with a multinodular hepatocellular carcinoma. Two nodules were located in the right liver lobe and a minute nodule was in the left lobe. Because of poor liver function, two injections of iodine-131-labeled Lipiodol were delivered in the right hepatic artery to protect the left lobe. The efficacy was obvious in the treated areas, but the minute lesion enlarged dramatically and was responsible for the patient's death.

Forceful sacrococcygeal injections in the treatment of postdiscectomy sciatica. A controlled study versus glucocorticoid injections.

UNLABELLED: The role of epidural fibrosis in postoperative sciatica is unclear. Few therapeutic trials have been published. We evaluated the mechanical effects of forceful saline injections through the sacrococcygeal hiatus comparatively with glucocorticoid injections. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-seven patients with postdiscectomy sciatica but no evidence of compression by computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging were included in a multicenter, randomized, controlled, parallel-group study comparing forceful injections of saline (20 ml) with or without prednisolone acetate (125 mg) to epidural prednisolone acetate (125 mg) alone. Each of the three treatments was given once a month for three consecutive months. Outcome measures were pain severity on a visual analog scale (VAS) and the scores on the Dallas algofunctional self-questionnaire on day 0, day 60, and day 120. Analysis of variance for repeated measures and Student's t test for paired series were used to evaluate the data. RESULTS: Forty-seven patients were evaluated. The VAS score improved significantly between day 0 and day 30 in the glucocorticoid group as compared to the forceful injection group (P = 0.01). No other significant differences were found across the groups. The VAS score improved steadily in the forceful injection group, producing a nearly significant difference on day 120 as compared to baseline (P = 0.08). CONCLUSION: Forceful epidural injections produced a non-significant improvement in postdiscectomy sciatica four months after surgery. Epidural glucocorticoids used alone induced short-lived pain relief.

Quantification of carotid stenoses using 3D morphometer, CT angiography and conventional angiography.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to compare the performances of 3D morphometer (M3D) regarding the quantification of extracranial carotid stenoses with selective 2D conventional angiography (reference technique) and spiral CT scan. METHODS: It is a prospective study, including 15 patients (mean age 75) presenting a symptomatic carotid lesion detected via duplex Doppler to be operated. Patients had to hold their breath for 20 seconds. Twenty-nine carotid bifurcations were studied by means of M3D and 2D conventional angiography (15 patients). Only 10 patients (19 bifurcations) underwent a CT scan. The measures were performed on a visual display unit by measuring the pixels as per the NASCET technique. Diameters (MIP technique) and surfaces (reformated axial slices) were measured. RESULTS: With MIP technique, a good correlation was found 20 times in 29 (69%) (overestimation: n=8/29) between M3D and angiography, but only in 9 of 19 cases (47%) between CT scan and angiography. Unlike with M3D, the slices re-oriented with CT scan gave better correlations: 15 times in 19 (79%). With the CT scan, the measures were impossible 8 times on MIP technique, and twice on reformated slices for calcified tight stenoses. Therefore, the quantification by means of spiral CT scan is easier by planimetry on slices. CONCLUSIONS: The reliability of these 3D explorations regarding quantification remains uncertain. The use of a morphometer, provided that technical adaptations are made, could replace selective sequences in multiple incidences that become accessible in the post-treatment period, with an acquisition field larger than the one of the CT scan.

Computed tomography guided thoracic sympatholysis for palmar hyperhidrosis.

METHODS: Sixteen patients (mean age 26.3 years; range 18-38) with palmar hyperhidrosis underwent 29 sympatholyses after unsuccessful medical, and in 8 ionophoresis, treatments. Sympatholysis was performed under local anesthesia with computed tomographic guidance. After opacification of the injection site at T3 with Iopamiron 200, phenolization was performed with 10 ml 6% phenol. RESULTS: Good immediate results evaluated on the basis of venous dilatation, and dryness and warmth of the skin were obtained in 23 cases (80%). There were 6 immediately unsuccessful procedures in 4 patients. At 20 months, good results, assessed on the basis of objective criteria and subjective patient self-evaluation were obtained in 22 cases (75% including immediate failures). Computed tomography guided thoracic sympatholysis performed under local anesthesia is an effective treatment for palmar hyperhidrosis. Morbidity is low and hospital stay is short. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that thoracic sympatholysis should be indicated as the first intention procedure when surgery is required in patients with palmar hyperhidrosis.

Computer assisted medical diagnosis using the Web.

The ADM (Aide au diagnostic Medical) project was started 15 years ago and was the first telematic project for physicians in France using the MINITEL terminal. The knowledge base contains information on more than 10000 diseases from all pathological fields, using more than 100000 signs or symptoms. The ADM system has two main functionalities for physicians: consultation of diseases descriptions and list of diseases containing one or more symptoms. The ADM knowledge base is supported by a relational database management system (DBMS ORACLE) and we developed a Web interface using the Perl language to produce HTML pages for the web server. We will describe our experience on redesigning a large existing medical knowledge base for diffusion on the web Internet.

A network of web multimedia medical information servers for a medical school and university hospital.

Modern medicine requires a rapid access to information including clinical data from medical records, bibliographic databases, knowledge bases and nomenclature databases. This is especially true for University Hospitals and Medical Schools for training as well as for fundamental and clinical research for diagnosis and therapeutic purposes. This implies the development of local, national and international cooperation which can be enhanced via the use and access to computer networks such as Internet. The development of professional cooperative networks goes with the development of the telecommunication and computer networks and our project is to make these new tools and technologies accessible to the medical students both during the teaching time in Medical School and during the training periods at the University Hospital. We have developed a local area network which communicates between the School of Medicine and the Hospital which takes advantage of the new Web client-server technology both internally (Intranet) and externally by access to the National Research Network (RENATER in France) connected to the Internet network. The address of our public web server is http:(/)/www.med.univ-rennesl.fr.

[Splenogastrorenal shunt in portal hypertension: a little known entity. Study of 6 cases and review of the literature]. / Le shunt spléno-gastro-rénal dans l'hypertension portale: une entité méconnue. Etude de 6 cas et revue de la littérature.

The authors report 6 cases of portal hypertension with gastrorenal shunt. This shunt did not arise from the left gastric vein, but from the splenic vein. Portal hypertension was related to alcoholic cirrhosis in 3 cases, to extensive portal thrombosis in 2 cases, and to nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver in one case. A gastrointestinal hemorrhage revealed portal hypertension and the liver disease in the 3 cases of alcoholic cirrhosis and complicated the course of the disease in the other cases. Hemorrhage was either massive and life-threatening or often recurred. It was related to a rupture of fundic varices in all cases. The fundic varices were not associated with esophageal varices in the 3 cases of cirrhosis. The degree of portal hypertension was above 20 mm Hg, as assessed by the portohepatic gradient (one case), or the pressure gradient between a tributary portal system vein and the inferior vena cava during laparotomy (5 cases). Definitive control of hemorrhage could not be achieved by endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy (2 cases) or percutaneous transhepatic embolization (one case). Portacaval shunt or splenectomy was performed in 5 cases. These findings suggest that spontaneous splenogastrorenal shunt is a clinical and hemodynamic entity which requires specific treatment when associated with gastric variceal bleeding.

[Correlation between hemodynamic parameters of the portal circulation in cirrhotic patients]. / Corrélation entre les paramètres hémodynamiques de la circulation portale chez le cirrhotique.

The aim was to study the relationships between portal hemodynamic parameters in cirrhotic patients. Portal hemodynamics was assessed by scintisplenoportography and sonography, and the measurement of portohepatic gradient. Gradient between wedged and free hepatic venous pressures was 2.71 +/- 0.90 kPa (SD), and extrahepatic shunting was 49 +/- 31 p. 100 (SD) in 27 cirrhotic patients. Intrahepatic shunting was present in 17 p. 100 out of 23 cirrhotics. Portal blood flow was 0.582 +/- 0.196 l/min (SD) and hepatic resistance to portal blood flow was 4.84 +/- 2.62 kPa/l/min (SD). Portal blood flow correlated neither with the pressure gradient, nor with portosystemic shunting. The pressure gradient was significantly correlated with portal systemic shunting (r = 0.64, p less than 0.001). Hepatic resistance to portal blood flow was significantly (p less than 0.05) correlated with portal systemic shunting, however the value of the correlation coefficient was low (r = 0.433). The pressure gradient and portosystemic shunting were higher in patients with large esophageal varices than in those with small ones (respectively t = 2.665, p less than 0.02 and t = 3.00, p less than 0.01). Hemodynamic pattern was not correlated with the degree of hepatocellular failure, as assessed by the Child-Pugh index. In conclusion this study provides further evidence for the forward theory of portal hypertension in human liver cirrhosis.