Current Practice in Pediatric Cow's Milk Protein Allergy-Immunological Features and Beyond.

Cow's milk protein allergy is one of the most common pediatric food allergies. It poses a significant socioeconomic burden in industrialized countries and has a profound effect on the quality of life of affected individuals and their families. Diverse immunologic pathways can lead to the clinical symptoms of cow's milk protein allergy; some of the pathomechanisms are known in detail, but others need further elucidation. A comprehensive understanding of the development of food allergies and the features of oral tolerance could have the potential to unlock more precise diagnostic tools and novel therapeutic approaches for patients with cow's milk protein allergy.

Influencing Factors of Cardiac Adaptation in Adolescent Athletes.

Endurance training-induced changes in left ventricular diastolic function and right ventricular parameters have been investigated extensively in adolescent athletes. Our aim was to examine the parameters for adolescent athletes (n=121, 15.1±1.6 years) compared to adult athletes and age-matched non-athletes. We explored the effects of influencing factors on the echocardiographic parameters. Significantly higher E/A (p<0.05) and e' values (p<0.001) were detected in adolescent athletes compared to age-matched non-athletes' and also adult athletes' parameters. Significantly lower structural and functional right ventricular parameters (p<0.05) were detected in adult athletes. In adolescent athletes significantly higher right ventricular diameters, tricuspid S wave, right ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic area values (p<0.05) were found compared to the matching parameters of non-athletes. We found significantly higher corrected tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion values (p<0.001) in athletes compared to the non-athletes. Based on multivariate analysis lean body mass, body surface area, age and cumulative training time were proved as strong predictive factors of both left ventricular diastolic and right ventricular parameters. Supernormal left ventricular diastolic function and significantly higher right ventricular parameters are indicative of cardiac adaptation. Well-defined cut-off values should be applied to discriminate pathological conditions in the relation of the influencing factors.

Diverse Integration of Simulated Patients in Medical Education for Communication, Language, and Clinical Skills in Hungary.

Medical education and communication training has been undergoing substantial changes recently in our globalized environment. Multidisciplinary simulation-based methods worldwide focus on improving effective clinical skills including history taking, physical examination, diagnostic skills, critical thinking, therapeutic skills, and others via interactions between medical students, trainees, and patients. Recently, Hungary has joined such global trends. The first simulated patient program in Hungary was developed at the University of Pécs Medical School in 2019 to aid effective patient-interviewing skills in language and communication classes. Under the supervision of linguists, communication specialists and medical professionals, the multidisciplinary program uses lay people to perform as simulated patients while using the languages of Hungarian, German, and English. Our simulated patient program plays a specific role in supporting students to learn languages for medical purposes, aiming to prepare them for handling the medical, linguistic, at the same, time emotional and sociocultural difficulties encountered while taking patient histories. Medical and linguistic experts evaluate student performance, provide feedback, and give tailored instruction so that students can advance their communicative and professional skills. This study discusses working formats and the role of constructive feedback exploring potential advantages and disadvantages, sharing ideas, and proposing recommendations on language- and communication-based integration of simulated patients. In our elective communication courses, undergraduate medical students learn to cope with a variety of patient situations through practicing medical emergencies, misunderstandings, and disagreements in a safe atmosphere provided by the MediSkillsLab. Among the benefits, we should emphasize that any course with a growing number of students can be accommodated by carefully designing the program, which allows for interprofessional collaboration. This program contributes to higher-quality medical education, promoting more skilled and compassionate healthcare specialists.

Differentiation of hemispheric white matter lesions in migraine and multiple sclerosis with similar radiological features using advanced MRI.

Background and aim: White matter hyperintensities (WMHs), presented on T2-weighted or fluid-attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences, are lesions in the human brain that can be observed in both migraine and multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: Seventeen migraine patients and 15 patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis with WMHs, and 17 healthy subjects age-and sex-matched to the migraine group were prospectively enrolled and underwent conventional and advanced MRI studies with diffusion-and perfusion-weighted imaging and single voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Results: In both disease groups, elevated T2 relaxation time, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values, and decreased N-acetyl-aspartate levels were found in the intralesional white matter compared to the contralateral normal-appearing white matter (NAWM), while there was no difference between the hemispheres of the control subjects. Migraine patients had the lowest intralesional creatine + phosphocreatine and myo-inositol (mI) values among the three groups, while patients with MS showed the highest intralesional T1 and T2 relaxation times, ADC, and mI values. In the contralateral NAWM, the same trend with mI changes was observed in migraineurs and MS patients. No differences in perfusion variables were observed in any groups. Conclusion: Our multimodal study showed that tissue damage is detectable in both diseases. Despite the differences in various advanced MRI measures, with more severe injury detected in MS lesions, we could not clearly differentiate the two white matter lesion types.

Volumetric alteration of brainstem in female migraineurs with and without aura.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Brainstem descending modulatory circuits have been postulated to be involved in migraine. Differences in brainstem volume between migraineurs and healthy controls have been demonstrated in previous research, nevertheless, the effect of migraine aura on brainstem volume is still uncertain. The aim of this study was to investigate the brainstem volume in migraineurs and examine the effect of migraine aura on brainstem volume. METHODS: Our study included 90 female migraine patients without white matter lesions. (29 migraine patients with aura (MwA) and 61 migraine patients without aura (MwoA) and 32 age-matched female healthy controls (HC). Using the FreeSurfer image analysis suite, the volumes of the entire brainstem and its subfields (medulla, pons, and midbrain) were measured and compared between migraine subgroups (MwA vs. MwoA) and the healthy control group. The possible effects of migraine characteristics (i.e., disease duration and migraine attack frequency) on brainstem volume were also investigated. RESULTS: Migraineurs had greater medulla volume (MwoA 3552 ± 459 mm3, MwA 3424 ± 448 mm3) than healthy controls (3236 ± 411 mm3). Statistically, MwA vs. HC p = 0.040, MwoA vs. HC p = 0.002, MwA vs. MwoA p = 0.555. A significant positive correlation was found between disease duration and the volume of medulla in the whole migraine group (r = 0.334, p = 0.001). Neither the whole brainstem nor its subfields were significantly different in volume between migraine subgroups. CONCLUSION: Brainstem volume changes in migraine are mainly localized to the medulla and not specific to the presence of aura.

The volume of the thalamus and hippocampus in a right-handed female episodic migraine group.

Background/aim: Migraine is a disabling headache with clinical and radiological complications. The aim of this study was to investigate the volume of the thalamus and hippocampus in migraineurs, the role of white matter lesions (WMLs), and the migraine characteristics in volume changes. Methods: Brain MRIs of 161 right-handed female episodic migraine patients and 40 right-handed, age-related, healthy women were performed. Left and right thalamus segmentation was performed on the 3D MPRAGE images using the Freesurfer 5.3 image analysis suite. Hippocampal subfield segmentation was based on a novel statistical atlas built primarily upon ultra-high-resolution ex vivo MRI data. Results: The left hippocampus had a smaller and the left thalamus had a larger total volume than the right one in both the control (p < 0.001) and migraine groups (p <0.001). Patients with white matter lesions (L+) showed smaller right thalamus and right hippocampal tail volumes than patients without lesions (L-) (p = 0.002 and p = 0.015, respectively) and controls (p = 0.039 and p = 0.025, respectively). For the right hippocampal body, we found significantly smaller volume in L+ patients when compared to L- patients (p = 0.018) and a similar trend when compared to the control group (p = 0.064). Patients without aura (A-) showed a larger right hippocampus (p = 0.029), right hippocampal body (p = 0.012), and tail volumes (p = 0.011) than patients with aura (A+). Inverse correlations were found between attack frequency and the volumes of the left and right hippocampal tails (p = 0.018 and p = 0.008, respectively). Conclusion: These findings indicate that WMLs may influence the volume of the right thalamus and hippocampus, while migraine aura and attack frequency may lead to volume changes in different parts of the hippocampi in migraine patients. These data support the necessity of effective migraine management to limit subcortical volume loss in migraineurs.

Fecal calprotectin levels in pediatric cow's milk protein allergy.

Introduction: The most prevalent food allergy in younger children is cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA), a hypersensitivity reaction to cow's milk protein and its most common clinical manifestation is allergic colitis. The goal of our recent study was to assess somatic symptoms of CMPA and to prospectively observe the effects of a dairy elimination diet using objective parameters and questionnaires. Methods: The County Hospital in Szekszárd, Hungary, investigated children aged 1 to 18 who had clinical signs that might indicate CMPA. Stool samples were taken and analyzed using a fecal calprotectin (FC) rapid test (Quantum Blue fCAL, Bühlmann Laboratories, Switzerland) at the time of the diagnosis and following 3 months of an elimination diet. At the baseline visit as well as the first and second follow-up, questionnaires were filled out. Patients were divided into two subgroups according to dietary guidelines based on the results of the questionnaires. Results: A total of 47 patients participated in the study [42.55% female, mean age: 7.36 (SD 4.22) years]. There was no significant difference in FC levels between baseline and after 3-month elimination diet [73.98 (71.12) µg/g and 68.11 (74.4) µg/g, respectively, p = 0.331]. After three months, there was a significant decrease in FC levels among patients who adhered to the strict diet [84.06 (79.48) µg/g and 41.11 (34.24) µg/g, respectively, p = 0.001]. Conclusion: The findings of our study suggest that FC can be an objective marker in confirming the diagnosis of CMPA. Significant improvement in clinical symptoms and in FC levels can only be expected after a strictly followed elimination diet.