Is AMR in Dairy Products a Threat to Human Health? An Updated Review on the Origin, Prevention, Treatment, and Economic Impacts of Subclinical Mastitis.

Background: Bovine mastitis is the most frequent and costly illness impacting dairy herds worldwide. The presence of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows has an impact on the decreased output of milk and milk quality, culling of affected cows, mortality rate, as well as mastitis-related treatment expenses, generating significant financial loss to the dairy industry. The pathogenic bacteria invade through the mammary gland, which then multiply in the milk-producing tissues causing infection, and the presence of pathogenic bacteria in milk is concerning, jeopardizes human health, and also has public health consequences. Intervention to promote herd health is essential to protect public health and the economy. Results: This review attempts to provide an overview of subclinical mastitis, including mastitis in different species, the effect of mastitis on human health and its pathogenic mechanism, the prevalence and incidence of subclinical mastitis, and current preventive, diagnostic, and treatment methods for subclinical mastitis. It also elaborates on the management practices that should be followed by the farms to improve herd immunity and health. Conclusion: This review brings the importance of the threat of antimicrobial resistance organisms to the dairy industry. Furthermore, this review gives a glimpse of the economic consequences faced by the farmers and a futuristic mastitis market analysis in the dairy industry.

Baseline survey of micro and mesoplastics in the gastro-intestinal tract of commercial fish from Southeast coast of the Bay of Bengal.

Plastics pollution is ubiquitous. Microplastics (<5 mm in diameter) and mesoplastics (5-20 mm in diameter) are emerging as the most common plastic particulates found in the marine environment. In this study, the occurrence of microplastics and mesoplastics in the gastrointestinal tract (GI) of some commercially important fish collected from Chennai and Nagapattinam of Tamil Nadu, Southeast coast of Bay of Bengal was assessed. A new and improved alkaline digestion method, using alcoholic potassium hydroxide (KOH) was carried out to destroy the organic matter. Following this method, twenty plastic particulates were isolated from the GI tract of 17 individual fish. Fourier Transform Infrared Radiation analysis (FTIR) showed that polymers found in GI tracts were of Polyethylene, Polyamide and Polyester types. Given the dry fish is India's biggest market and popular delicacy, the presence of microplastics in the fish gut is a potential serious human health concern, as they are directly consumed.