Regional ventilation changes in severe asthma after bronchial thermoplasty with (3)He MR imaging and CT.

PURPOSE: To quantify regional lung ventilation in healthy volunteers and patients with severe asthma (both before and after thermoplasty) by using a combination of helium 3 ((3)He) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and computed tomography (CT), with the intention of developing more effective image-guided treatments for obstructive lung diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: With approval of the local institutional review board, informed consent, and an Investigational New Drug Exemption, six healthy volunteers and 10 patients with severe asthma were imaged in compliance with HIPAA regulations by using both multidetector CT and (3)He MR imaging. Individual bronchopulmonary segments were labeled voxel by voxel from the CT images and then registered to the (3)He MR images by using custom software. The (3)He signal intensity was then analyzed by evaluating the volume-weighted fraction of total-lung signal intensity present in each segment (segmental ventilation percentage [ SVP segmental ventilation percentage ]) and by identifying the whole-lung defect percentage and the segmental defect percentage. Of the 10 patients with asthma, seven received treatment with bronchial thermoplasty and were imaged with (3)He MR a second time. Changes in segmental defect percentages and whole-lung defect percentages are presented. RESULTS: Ventilation measures for healthy volunteers yielded smaller segment-to-segment variation (mean SVP segmental ventilation percentage , 100% ± 18 [standard deviation]) than did the measures for patients with severe asthma (mean SVP segmental ventilation percentage , 97% ± 23). Patients with asthma also demonstrated larger segmental defect percentages (median, 13.5%; interquartile range, 8.9%-17.8%) than healthy volunteers (median, 6%; interquartile range, 5.6%-6.3%). These quantitative results confirm what is visually observed on the (3)He images. A Spearman correlation of r = -0.82 was found between the change in whole-lung defect percentage and the number of days between final treatment and second (3)He imaging. CONCLUSION: Regional quantification of lung ventilation is indeed feasible and may be a useful technique for image-guided treatment of obstructive lung diseases, such as bronchial thermoplasty for severe asthma. In these patients, ventilation defects decreased as a function of time after treatment.

Imaging mouse lung allograft rejection with (1)H MRI.

PURPOSE: To demonstrate that longitudinal, noninvasive monitoring via MRI can characterize acute cellular rejection in mouse orthotopic lung allografts. METHODS: Nineteen Balb/c donor to C57BL/6 recipient orthotopic left lung transplants were performed, further divided into control-Ig versus anti-CD4/anti-CD8 treated groups. A two-dimensional multislice gradient-echo pulse sequence synchronized with ventilation was used on a small-animal MR scanner to acquire proton images of lung at postoperative days 3, 7, and 14, just before sacrifice. Lung volume and parenchymal signal were measured, and lung compliance was calculated as volume change per pressure difference between high and low pressures. RESULTS: Normalized parenchymal signal in the control-Ig allograft increased over time, with statistical significance between day 14 and day 3 posttransplantation (0.046→0.789; P < 0.05), despite large intermouse variations; this was consistent with histopathologic evidence of rejection. Compliance of the control-Ig allograft decreased significantly over time (0.013→0.003; P < 0.05), but remained constant in mice treated with anti-CD4/anti-CD8 antibodies. CONCLUSION: Lung allograft rejection in individual mice can be monitored by lung parenchymal signal changes and by lung compliance through MRI. Longitudinal imaging can help us better understand the time course of individual lung allograft rejection and response to treatment.